
Book 



PRESENTED BY 



ALLEN 8? GREEJYOUGH'S LATIN SERIES 

Selections from Ovid 

CHIEFLY THE METAMORPHOSES 

EDITED BY 

J. H. and W. F. ALLEN and J. B. GREENOUGH 

REVISED BY 

HAROLD N. FOWLER 



WITH A SPECIAL VOCABULARY 

PREPARED BY 

JAMES B. GREENOUGH 




BOSTON, U.S.A. 

GINN & COMPANY 

1901 



TfUn'v 






Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1890, by 

J. H. and W. F. Allen and J. B. Greenough, 
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



All Rights Reserved. 



Gift from 
the Estate of Miss Ruth Putnam 
Oct.6,1931 



Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A. 



Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A. 



NOTE. 

This selection follows generally the text of Merkel (1866) though 
the readings of other editors are preferred in one or two instances. 
We have endeavored to exhibit as far as possible within our limits, 
the variety of Ovid's style and genius, and especially to preserve 
the more interesting biographical hints of the Amoves and the Tris- 
tia. The greater portion of the book is, however, made up, neces- 
sarily, from the Metamorphoses, of which we have taken about a 
third. By help of the Argument, which is given in full, we aim not 
merely to show the connection of the tales and the ingenuity of the 
transitions, — necessary to comprehend the poem as a whole, — but 
to put before the reader something like a complete picture of the 
Greek mythology ; at least of those narratives which have held their 
permanent place in the modern mind and have entered more or less 
into every modern literature. 

The first 88 lines of Book I. have been put in an appendix, to 
emphasize the editor's belief that they offer too many difficulties 
and too little interest to the young student or the beginner. For 
similar reasons xiii, 1-398, and xv, 1-487, which were included in 
the old edition, are omitted, their place being supplied by a number 
of shorter selections. 

The grammatical references are to Allen and Greenough's (§), 
Gildersleeve's (G.), and Harkness's (H.) Latin Grammars. 

The grammatical references are now (1897) to the latest editions 
of the grammars 

Exeter, N.H., June 13, 1890. 






THE LIFE OF OVID. 



Publius Ovidius Naso was a fashionable poet at Rome in 
the reign of the Emperor Augustus, perhaps the most fashion- 
able after the death of Virgil (b.c. 19) and Horace (b.c. 8). 

All that is worth knowing about his life is told by himself in 
a pleasing poem (Trist. iv. 10), which is given as the last but 
one in the present collection. Like most of the literary men 
of Rome, he was not a native of that city, 1 being born at Sulmo, 
in the country of the Peligni, about 90 miles from Rome. 
The year of his birth, B.C. 43, was that of Cicero's death. 
His father, a man of respectable fortune, removed to Rome to 
give his two boys a city education. Here the young poet was 
trained in the usual course of rhetoric and oratory, which he 
practised with fair success, going so far as to hold some subor- 
dinate political offices. His father was quite earnest to check 
his desire for a literary career. But the death of his elder 
brother left him with fortune enough for independence, and 
following his own strong bent Ovid became soon one of the 
favorite court poets of the brilliant era of Augustus. He was 
married three times, but was soon divorced from his first and 
second wives. The third, Fabia, remained faithful to him to 
the end. He had one daughter, who inherited something of 
his literary ability. After a career of great prosperity, he was 

1 Virgil was a native of Mantua, Horace ofVenusia, Catullus of Verona, Prop- 
ertius of Umbria, Ovid of fiulmo, Cicero of Arpinum, Sallust of Amiternum, 
Livy of Patavium. Of eminent writers of this age, only Caesar, Lucretius, and 
Tibullus were born in Rome. But then Rome, socially as well as politically, 
comprised the whole of Italy. 

V 



vi The Life of Ovid. 

suddenly, at the age of 51, banished to Tomi, a town on the 
western shore of the Black Sea, in the present Bulgaria. The 
cause of his banishment can only be guessed from his allusions 
to the anger of the Emperor at some weakness, folly or fault, 
which he says he is not free to tell. Some have thought he 
was indiscreet enough to make love to Julia, the bright, witty, 
and erratic daughter of the Emperor, wife of the grave Agrippa ; 
others that he unfortunately knew too much of some court 
scandal, probably connected with Julia or her ill-famed and 
ill-fated daughter; others that Augustus, as public patron of 
morals, took offence at the somewhat cynical indecorum of 
certain of his poems. At any rate, the Emperor was hardened 
against all his flatteries and prayers, and after an exile of about 
ten years he died at Tomi, a.d. 18. 

Besides the poems represented in this volume, Ovid was the 
author of the Ars Amatoria and the Remediiim A?noris (to 
which reference has just been made), and of numerous Ele- 
gies. As a poet, his fame is far below that of Virgil and 
Horace, — deservedly, since his loose and easy verse bears no 
comparison with the elaborate finish of theirs. For fancy and 
fine poetic feeling, however, many of the Elegies — both in the 
Tristia and Amores — show a vein of as good quality as either 
of his rivals ; while in absolute ease of handling the artificial 
structure of Latin verse it may be doubted whether he has ever 
had an equal. His chief merit, however, is as an excellent 
story-teller, — smooth, facile, fluent ; sometimes, it must be 
confessed, inordinately diffuse. As the most celebrated existing 
collection of the most famous fables of the ancient world, the 
Metamorphoses, in particular, makes the best of introductions 
to the nobler and more difficult verse of Virgil. 



Writings of Ovid. vii 



WRITINGS OF OVID. 

1. Heroides: a collection of twenty-one elegies, 1 being letters 
chiefly from leading " heroines " of the Homeric age. 

2. Amores : forty-nine elegies, in three books ; miscellaneous, 
but chiefly amatory or personal in their topics. 

3. Ars Amatoria: three books, on the means of winning and 
retaining the affections of a mistress ; and 

4. Remedium Amoris : a poem prescribing the means by which 
a foolish passion may be subdued. These two poems contain the 
passages supposed to have excited the anger of Augustus. 

5. Metamorphoseon Libri xv. The Met amor piloses was still 
unfinished when Ovid went into exile, and he committed it to the 
flames, apparently, with his own hand (Trist. i. 7. 11, seq.) ; but 
copies had been preserved by his friends. 

6. Fastorum Libri vi. : a poetic Calendar of the Roman months, 
from January to June, designed to be continued to the end of the 
year ; a storehouse of Roman custom and Italian legend. 

7. Tristium Libri v. ; and 

8. Epistolarum ex Ponto Libri iv. : elegies written in exile. 
Many of the letters implore the intercession of friends at Rome, to 
obtain favor from Augustus. 

9. Ibis, a poem of 646 verses written in exile : a bitter invective 
against some personal enemy. 

10. Halieuticon Liber: 132 hexameter verses, fragmentary 
natural history of Fishes. 

11. Medicamina Faciei: a fragment of 100 elegiac verses, on 
the use of Cosmetics. 

The following are included in some collections of Ovid's poems, 
but are probably not genuine : — 

Consolatio ad Liviam Augustam : an elegy of 474 verses 
addressed to the Emperor's wife on the death of her son Drusus. 

Nux ("the Nut-Tree"): lamentation of a Walnut-tree by the 
roadside, at the cruelties inflicted by wayfarers, and the vices of the 
age in general. 

1 The word Elegies, in this connection, describes not the topic or style of treat- 
ment, but only the versification, — hexameter verse alternating with pentameter 
making the " elegiac stanza." 



INDEX OF SELECTIONS. 



METAMORPHOSES. 

PAGE 

1. The Four Ages and the Flood (I. 89-415) 1 

2. Apollo and Daphne (I. 452-567) 12 

3. The Adventure of Phaethon (II. 1-400) 16 

4. The House of Envy (II. 760-796) 29 

5. The Rape of Europa (II. 833-875) 31 

6. The Search of Cadmus (III. 1-137) 33 

7. Actaeon (III. 138-252) 38 

8. Pyramus and Thisbe (IV. 55-166) 42 

9. Ino and Melicerta (IV. 432-542) 47 

10. Perseus and Andromeda (IV. 615-803) 51 

11. The Wandering of Ceres (V. 341-661) 58 

12. The Punishment of Arachne (VI. 1-145) 70 

13. The Pride and Grief of Niobe (VI. 165-312) .... 75 

14. The Enchantments of Medea (VII. 1-293) 80 

15. The Murder of Pelias (VII. 294-353) . „ 90 

16. The Myrmidons (VII. 614-657) . . 93 

17. The Flight of Daedalus (VIII. 152-259) 95 

18. The Calydonian Hunt (VIII. 260-546) 99 

19. Philemon and Baucis (VIII. 620-724) 109 

20. The Death of Hercules (IX. 134-272) 113 

21. OVpheus and Eurydice (X. 1-77) 118 

22. The Song of Orpheus (X. 86-219) • • I22 

23. Atalanta (X. 560-680) „ 126 

24. The Death of Orpheus (XI. 1-84) 130 

ix 



x Index of Selections. 



PAGE 



25. The Story of Midas (XL 85-193) 133 

26. Ceyx and Alcyone (XI. 583-748) 137 

27. The Chiefs at Troy (XII. 1-145) *43 

28. The Tale of Galatea (XIII. 750-897) 148 

29. The Deification of Romulus (XIV. 772-828) .... 155 

30. The Worship of ^Esculapius (XV. 622-744) 158 

31. The Apotheosis of Caesar (XV. 745-879) 163 

Appendix: The Creation (I. 1-88) . 202 



SHORTER POEMS. 

I. The Fasti. 

1. The Festival of Pales (IV. 721-808) 170 

2. The Founding of Rome (IV. 809-862) 172 

3. Ritual to avert Blight (IV. 901-942) 174 

II. Heroides: Penelope to Ulysses 176 

III. Amores. 

1. The Poet of Idleness (I. 15) 180 

2. Elegy on a Parrot (II. 6) 181 

3. Farewell to the Loves (III. 15) 183 

IV. Tristia. 

1. Banished from Rome (I. 3) 185 

2. The Exile's Sick Chamber (III. 3) 188 

3. To Perilla (III. 7) 191 

4. Winter Scenes in Thrace (III. 10) 193 

5. The Poet's Autobiography (IV. 10) 195 

V. Ex Ponto. 

To His Wife (I. 4) 200 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



ABBREVIATIONS OF WORKS REFERRED TO. 



Arch. Zeit. — Archaeologische Zeitung. 

Berlin. 
Baum. — Baumeister, Denkmaler des 

Klassischen Alterthums. Munich. 
H. &> P. — Herculanum et Pompei, par 

H. Roux Aine. Paris, 1840. 



Millin. — A. L. Millin, Gallerie mytholo- 
gique. Paris, 1811. 

Miiller. — Denkmaler der Alten Kunst, 
C. O. Miiller. Gbttingen, 1832. 

Roscher. — Roscher's Ausfiihrliches Lex- 
icon der griechischen nnd romischen 
Mythologie. Leipsic. 

Fig. 

1. Jupiter. [Wall painting.] H. & P. 

2. Jupiter destroying the Giants. [Gem.] Baum. 

3. A Faun with grafting implements. [Gem.] . . . Pine's Virgil. 

4. Neptune. [Relief.] Miiller. 

5. Nereid on a sea-monster. [Wall painting.] Miiller. 

. 6. Prometheus. [Relief.] Arch. Zeit. 

7. Apollo. [Statue.] Millin. 

8. Lucifer, Aurora, and the Sun rising from the ocean. [Vase.] 

Gerhard, Akademische Abhandlungen. 

9. Atlas. [Statue.] Miiller. 

10. Europa on the Bull. [Vase.] . Baum. 

11. Cadmus. slaying the Dragon. [Vase.] Millin. 

12. Diana. [Statue.] Baum. 

13. Actaeon torn by his hounds. [Relief.] ........ Baum. 

14. A Fury. [Vase.] Roscher. 

15. Tantalus, Ixion, and Sisyphus. [Relief.] 

Pietro Sante Bartoli, Gli Antichi Sepolcri. 

16. Medusa. [Relief.] Miiller. 

17. Ammon. [Coin.] Millin. 

18. Perseus and Andromeda. [Relief.] Millin. 

19. Mercury. [Wall painting.] Baum. 

20. Perseus with the Gorgon's Head. [Vase.] 

Gerhard, Herakles der Satyr und Dreifussrauber. 

xi 



xii List of Illust7'ations. 

Fig. 

21. Minerva. [Statue.] . . . . Mutter. 

22. Ceres. [Wall painting.] H. 6° P. 

23. Cupid. [Statue.] Mutter. 

24. The rape of Proserpina by Pluto. [Relief.] Baum. 

25. Syracuse From a Photograph. 

260 Sirens. [Engraved relief.] 

Mittheilungen des K. deutschen archdologischen Instituts, Athens. 

27. Return of Proserpina. [Vase.] . Baum. 

28. Head of Arethusa. [Coin.] Baum. 

29. Departure of Triptolemus. [Vase.] Baum. 

30. Woman spinning. [Relief.] .... Smith, Diet, of Antiquities. 

31. Penelope at her loom. [Vase.] Baum. 

32. Minerva's strife with Neptune. [Vase.] Baum. 

2,1- Pygmies fighting with Cranes. [Gem.] 

O. yahn, Arch'dologische Beitrage. 

34. Niobe. [Statue.] Mutter. 

35. Scylla. [Coin.] Mutter. 

36. Hecate. [Statue.] Mutter. 

37. Jason at Colchis. [Relief.] Baum. 

38. Bacchanal. [Marble Vase.] Waelcken. 

39. Medea making the Ram young. [Vase.] Baum. 

40. Theseus and the dead Minotaur. [Wall painting.] . . . H. & P. 

41. Bacchus finding Ariadne asleep. [Wall painting.] .... Mutter. 

42. Fistula and Flute. [Relief.] Baum. 

43. Daedalus making wings, while Icarus helps him. [Relief.] Roscher. 

44. Icarus lying dead on the shore. [Wall painting.] . . . H. &> P. 

45. The Calydonian Hunt. [Relief.] Baum. 

46. Hercules and Cerberus. [Vase.] Mutter. 

47. The Apotheosis of Hercules. [Vase.] Baum. 

48. Mercury conducting a soul to Charon. [Terra-cotta relief.] Arch. Zeit. 

49. Ganymede. [Statue.] Millin. 

50. Genius with Thyrsus and basket Thompson 's Horace. 

51. Bacchic procession. [Vase.] Arch. Zeit. 

52. Large crater, over which two youthful Satyrs are picking grapes. 

[Relief.] Millin. 

53. Silenus. [Statue.] Mutter. 

54. God of Sleep. [Relief.] Baum. 

55. Sacrifice of Iphigenia. [Wall painting.] Baum. 

56. Galatea and Polyphemus, with two Nereids and a Gpd of Love. [Wall 

painting.] Roscher. 



List of Illustratio7is. xiii 

Fig. 

57. Young River-god. [Bronze head.] Bautn. 

58. ^Esculapius. [Statue.] «, Miiller. 

59. Woman decorating a Hermes with a fillet. [Relief.] 

Liitzow, Munchener Antiken. 

60. The Serpent ^Esculapius landing on the Island. [Coin.] . . Miiller. 

61. Boreas. [Relief.] Millin. 



INTRODUCTION 



THE "METAMORPHOSES" OF OVID. 



The Mythology of the Greeks, adopted by the Romans, con- 
sists mainly of two distinct parts. The first is what is techni- 
cally called Theogony, "the generation of the gods," and was 
put in the shape best known to us by Hesiod, some time about 
800 B.C. It began, there is no reason to doubt, with rude 
personifications of the objects and forces of nature, such as 
would be natural to a people of active intelligence, lively imagi- 
nation, and childlike ignorance on all matters of science. The 
Sun, the Dawn, the Winds, the Floods, are easily conceived as 
superhuman persons. Some of the earlier fables are hardly 
any thing more than metaphors, or poetic images, put in the 
form of narrative. That the Sun is figured as a shepherd, and 
the fleecy clouds his flock, which are scattered by the wind and 
gathered again by his beams, — a very old bit of Eastern 
poetry, — easily gives rise to the stories of Apollo as the shep- 
herd of Admetus, and that which tells the stealing of his cattle 
by the rogue Hermes. That the maiden Artemis gazes with 
love on the sleeping prince Endymion, is hardly more than a 
poetical way of describing the beautiful spectacle of a full moon 
rising opposite the sun that is going down. 

But few fables can be explained in this simple way. By a 
very natural process, a group of divine or ideal Persons was 
conceived, whose family history or personal adventures became 
the subject of tales sometimes absolutely devoid of any sym- 



xvi Introduction. 

bolical meaning. In the system found in the Greek and 
Roman poets, nature is full of mythological beings, grouped — 
as subjects in a monarchy — about the one celestial or royal 
family, which has its abode on Mount Olympus. The King of 
Heaven, Zeus {Jupiter), with his sister queen Here {Juno), 
is the child of Kronos (Saturn) or Time, who again is the son 
of Ouranos and Gaia* (Heaven and Earth), beyond which 
imagination did not seek to go. His brothers are Poseidon 
{Neptune) and Hades (Pluto), kings of the Waters and of the 
Lower World. His sisters are Demeter (Ceres) and Hestia 
(Vesta), queens of the Harvest and of the Home. His sons 
are Apollo, god of the Sun, Ares (Mars) of War, and Hermes 
(Mercury) the Herald. His daughters are Athene (Minerva), 
goddess of Wisdom, Household Arts, and War, Aphrodite 
(Venus) goddess of Love and Beauty, and Artemis (Diana), 
goddess of the Moon and of the Chase. These are the twelve 
great divinities (dii majores) .j- And about them, in nearer or 
remoter kindred, are grouped the inferior deities, the heroes 
or demigods, their children by half-mortal parentage, and the 
innumerable progeny of fabulous beings inhabiting the king- 
doms of sky, water or earth, j 

The other department of mythology is that with which this 
poem chiefly deals. It consists of the miracles and adventures 
ascribed to these superhuman persons, — a vast field, in which 

* Ouranos was dethroned by his son Kronos, who was in turn overthrown 
by his son Zeus. Kronos belonged to the race of Titans, among whom were 
Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon), and the brothers Prometheus and Epi- 
metheus. Kronos and the Titans (with the exception of Prometheus), strug- 
gled against the power of Zeus, but in vain. 

f The ancients were not altogether consistent on this point. The list given 
above is, perhaps, the most usual, but Ares or Hermes is sometimes omitted, 
and HEPHAISTOS {Vulcan, god of Manual Arts) inserted. So, too, AMPHI- 
TRITE (a sea-goddess regarded as the wife of Poseidon) sometimes finds a place 
among the twelve great deities. 

\ The Greeks, even more than the Romans, regarded the world as full of 
divine beings; every spring had its nymph, every river its god, every grove its 
protecting genius, and all the occupations of men had their patron deities. 



Introduction. 



xvn 



ancient fancy rioted as freely as the modern fancy in novels 
and fairy tales. Some of them may possibly be explained as a 
picturesque way of recounting natural phenomena, or as exag- 
gerated tales of real events. But in general they seem purely 
fictions of the imagination. In a very large proportion they take 
the form of 7?ieta?norphoses, that is, transformations of men or 
other creatures into various shapes : and this feature gives the 
subject and the title of the present poem, the purpose and scope 
of which is expressed in the opening lines (Book i, 1-4) : 

In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas 
corpora : di coeptis (nam vos mutastis et illas) 
aspirate meis, primaque ab origine mundi 
ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen. 

The poet proposes to tell in a continuous narrative, beginning 
with the beginning of the world and continuing to his own time, 
those stories which have in them this element of the marvellous, 
— the transformations, particularly, of men into plants or animals. 
But as nearly all myths introduce some such feature first or last, 
he manages to include most of the important ones with more or 
less fulness. They are told in a rambling, discursive way, one 
story leading to another by the slightest possible link of associ- 
ation, — sometimes by what seems merely the poet's artifice, 
aiming to make a coherent tale out of the vast miscellany at his 
command.* 

With the primitive (fetichistic) notion of a separate life in 
every object, and the human soul differing in no essential regard 
from the life that dwells in things, it is easy to imagine the 
spirit of man, beast or plant as passing from one dwelling to 
another, for a longer or shorter stay. Such a transmigration 
was, in fact, taught as a creed by the school of Pythagoras (see 
Met. xv. 1-487). But, as against the Hindoo doctrine of 

* The connecting links between the several narratives contained in the 
present Selection are given, bracketed, in the headings, thus presenting the 
entire argument of the " Metamorphoses " as a connected whole. 



xviii hitroduction. 

transmigration into the very life of other animals, the Greeks 
held to the identity and continuity of the human soul, which 
after death had its abode assigned in the Lower World. The 
metamorphosis, therefore, is only an occasional miracle, not a 
real metempsychosis ;* it did not alter essentially the ordinary 
course of human life, but only marked the intimate connection 
between that and the life of external nature ; or, in a certain 
wild, pictorial way, showed the workings of human fancy, to 
account for the first creation of plants and animals, or other 
striking phenomena of the natural world, — a clear water-spring 
in a little island (Arethusa) , a mountain ridge of peculiar shape 
(At/as), a bird of plaintive note {Philomela), or a rock weep- 
ing with perpetual springs [Niobe). 

To give something like system, order, and development to 
this world of fable seems to have been a favorite aim of poetical 
composition with the ancients. This aim is partly religious and 
partly scientific, — if that can be called scientific which only 
fills with fancies a void that no science yet exists to fill. Thus 
the " Theogony " of Hesiod groups together the myths relating 
to the birth of gods and heroes — making a sort of pagan 
" Genesis " — in a form partly chronological, partly picturesque 
and poetical. This is apparently the first attempt of human 
thought to deal systematically with the phenomena of nature — 
so as, in a manner, to account for things — before men were 
sufficiently free from superstition to reject the early fables. 
The titles of several Greek works of the same kind are known j 
and Virgil, in the Sixth Eclogue, puts a similar song into the 
mouth of Silenus. 

* Thus the princess Io is changed into a heifer (Met. i. 611). She retains 
her human consciousness, deplores the change, and writes her own name on 
the sand, to inform her father of it. This is metamorphosis, or change of form. 
According to the oriental doctrine taught by Pythagoras (Met. xv. 459), the 
heifer in your stall was doubtless once a human being, perhaps your own 
mother or sister; it would be wicked to kill her, and impious to eat her flesh. 
But she has only a brute consciousness; and simply shares the universal life of 
man and brute. This is metempsychosis, or change of soul. 



Introduction. xix 

Any thing like a real belief in these fables had passed away- 
long before the time of Ovid. He was the popular poet of a 
sensual and artificial age, who found in these creations of 
ancient fancy a group of subjects suited to his graceful, ornate, 
and marvellously facile style of narrative, and who did not hesi- 
tate to alter or dress them up to suit his purpose. The 
" Metamorphoses " — Libri xv. Metamorphoseon (a Greek 
genitive) — is the most abundant and rich collection of these 
fables that exists. They are told in a diffuse, sentimental, often 
debased way, which contrasts strongly with the serious mean- 
ing that originally belonged to these myths ; but are wonder- 
fully fluent, easy, and melodious in their language, and show a 
skill of versification which seems never to weary or halt. The 
poem begins with the origin of things from chaos, the four 
ages of gold, silver, brass, and iron, the deluge, followed by the 
graceful and picturesque version of the tales of gods and heroes, 
through a long narrative, — about 12,000 verses in all, — end- 
ing with the apotheosis of Caesar, as a sequel to the tale of 
Troy. The series purports to be chronological ; but the order 
is often arbitrary and the connection forced or affected, as 
would naturally be the case with an author res diversissimas in 
speciem unius corporis colligentem (Quint, iv. 1, 77). 

The poems of Ovid are addressed to the cultivated society 
of his time, and he takes it for granted that his readers are 
already familiar with the most important fables. Some knowl- 
edge of Greek mythology is therefore necessary to an under- 
standing of the poet's allusions. The reader should at least be 
acquainted with the story of Hercules and that of the Trojan 
War. 

Hercules was the son of Jupiter and Alcmene, though he is 
sometimes spoken of as the son of Amphitryon, Alcmene's hus- 
band. Both Alcmene and Amphitryon were descendants of 
Perseus. Hercules was pursued throughout his life by the 
jealous hatred of Juno, who sent two serpents to kill him in his 
cradle. These serpents the infant hero strangled, thereby 



XX 



Introduction. 



betraying his divine origin. In his youth he performed many 
good deeds, killing the lion of Cithseron and freeing the The- 
bans from paying tribute to Orchomenus.* He then became, 
by command of Jupiter, the servant of King Eurystheus of 
Tiryns, who imposed upon him twelve great labors : i ) to kill 
the Nemean Lion; 2) to kill the Lemazan Hydra, a monster 
with nine heads of such terrible nature that when one head was 
cut off two more sprang forth to take its place ; 3) to bring 
alive to Eurystheus the huge Erymanthian Boar ; 4) to bring 
alive the Cerynitia?i Deer, an animal with golden horns ; 5) to 
drive away from lake Stymphalos the Stymphalian Birds, whose 
claws, wings, and beaks were of brass, and whose feathers could 
be shot like arrows ; 6) to bring the Girdle of Hippolyte, Queen 
of the warlike Amazons ; 7) to cleanse' in one day the Stable of 
King Augeas of Elis, which he did by turning the rivers Peneus 
and Alpheus through it; 8) to bring alive the Cretan Bull, 
which had been sent by Neptune to ravage Crete ; 9) to bring 
the Mares of Diomedes, King of the Bistones in Thrace, animals 
which were fed on human flesh ; 10) to bring the cattle of the 
three-bodied Geryones, which were kept in the extreme West 
under the care of the giant Eurytion, and the two-headed dog 
Orthros ; it) to bring up from the realms of the dead the 
three-headed watch dog of Hades, Cerberus ; 12) to bring the 
golden Apples of the Hespe rides, which were under the charge 
of the giant Atlas, who held the vault of heaven on his shoul- 
ders, and were guarded by the dragon Ladon. All these labors 
he performed, being constantly assisted by Minerva, Besides 
these labors Hercules took Troy and performed many other 
deeds, the last of which was the capture of (Echalia in Eubcea. 
He was married first to Megara, and afterwards to Dejaneira. 
At his death he was received among the number of the gods 
(see Met. ix. 134-272). 



* He was at one time sold as a slave to Omphale, a Lydian queen, by whom 
10 sit spinning among her handmaidens. 



Introduction. xxi 

Jupiter wished to join in marriage with Thetis, daughter of 
the sea-god Nereus. But it was prophesied that she should 
bear a son mightier than his father, so that Jupiter determined 
to wed her to a mortal, Peleus, son of ^Eacus. All the deities 
were invited to the wedding except Eris, goddess of discord. 
To avenge this slight Eris threw into the assembly a golden 
apple, upon which was inscribed " for the fairest." Juno, Min- 
erva, and Venus claimed the apple, and decided to submit their 
claims to the judgment of Paris, son of King Priam of Troy. Paris 
was then a shepherd of the royal flocks on Mt. Ida, having been 
cast into the wilderness at his birth because his mother had 
dreamed that she gave birth to a fire brand. Paris awarded the 
prize of beauty to Venus, who promised him the most beautiful 
woman in the world for his wife. This was Helen, wife of King 
Menelaus of Sparta, daughter of Tyndarus (or Jupiter) and Leda. 
Paris came to Sparta as a guest and carried Helen away to Troy. 

At the summons of Menelaus, and his brother Agamemnon, 
King of Mycenae, the Grecian chiefs assembled at Aulis to sail 
against Troy for the recovery of Helen. At Aulis they were 
detained by the winds until Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter 
Iphigenia to appease the anger of Diana (Met. xii. 1-34). The 
siege of Troy lasted ten years, and ended with the destruction 
of the city. The commander-in-chief of the Grecian force was 
Agamemnon. The chief heroes were : — Achilles, son of Peleus 
and Thetis, King of the Myrmidons in Phthia ; Ajax, son of 
Telamon, the brother of Peleus, King of Salamis ; Ulysses, son 
of Laertes, King of Ithaca ; and Diomedes, King of Argos, though 
many others played prominent parts in the siege, among them 
Philoctetes, who bore the arrows of Hercules. The foremost 
warrior of the Trojans was Hector, the greatest son of King 
Priam. ^Eneas, son of Venus and Anchises, was, perhaps, after 
Hector, the greatest of the Trojan chiefs. Cygnus, son of 
Neptune, Sarpedon, son of Jupiter, and Memnon, son of 
Aurora, were prominent allies of the Trojans. In returning from 
Troy many of the Greek chiefs met with various adventures. 



xxii Introduction. 

Ulysses, whose adventures are narrated in the Odyssey, was 
driven for ten years about the Mediterranean Sea before he 
reached Ithaca. 

The mythology of Ovid and the other Roman poets was 
Greek mythology dressed up in Roman names. It is not nec- 
essary to remind the reader that the stories here told related to 
Zeus, Athene, Artemis, and the other members of the Greek 
Olympus, and could never have been attributed to the sober 
abstractions of the Roman Pantheon. Nevertheless, in com- 
menting upon Ovid, it is impossible to avoid making use of the 
names in the same sense that he did, — the names long familiar 
in modern literature, which took them from the Romans and not 
the Greeks. 



METAMORPHOSES. 

I. The Four Ages and the Flood. 
[Book I. — 89-415.] 

[Proem (1-4). Description of Chaos (5-20). The Creator assigns 
the elements to their places, and divides the land from the waters : 
the zones and climates (26-58). The heavens are clear, and living 
things come forth upon the earth : lastly man, fashioned by Prome- 
theus in the image of the immortals (69-88). See p. 202.] 

The Four Ages : description of the Golden Age (89-112). The 
Age of Silver, Brass, and Iron : Astraea quits the earth ; the Giants, 
and men of violence that sprang from their blood (1 13-162). Jupiter 
recounts the crimes of Lycaon, and his transformation to a Wolf 
(163-243). He resolves to drown the world with a Flood rather 
than destroy it by Fire : description of the Deluge (244-312). The 
righteous Deucalion with his wife Pyrrha : when the waters are 
abated, they behold the earth desolate, and beseech aid at the shrine 
of Themis (313-380). Instructed by the oracle, they cast stones 
above their heads, which are miraculously converted into human 
beings, and thus repeople the earth (381-415). 

Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo, 
sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. 90 

poena metusque aberant, nee verba minacia fixo 
lere legebantur, nee supplex turba timebat 
judicis ora sui, sed erant sine judice tuti. 
nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem, 
montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas, 95 

nullaque mortales praeter sua litora norant. 



2 i. The Four Ages and the Flood. [Metam. 

nondurn praecipites cingebant oppida fossae : 

non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi, 

non galeae, non ensis erant ; sine militis usu 

mollia securae peragebant otia gentes. 100 

ipsa quoque immunis rastroque intacta, nee ullis 

saucia vomeribus, per se dabat omnia tellus : 

contentique cibis nullo cogente creatis, 

arbuteos fetus montanaque fraga legebant, 

cornaque et in duris haerentia mora rubetis, 105 

et quae deciderant patula Jovis arbore glandes. 

ver erat aeternum, placidique tepentibus auris 

mulcebant zephyri natos sine semine flores. 

mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat, 

nee renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis : no 

flumina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant, 

flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella. 

Postquam Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso 
sub Jove mundus erat, subiit argent ea proles, 
auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior aere. 115 

Juppiter antiqui contraxit tempora veris, 
perque hiemes aest usque et inaequales autumnos 
et breve ver spatiis exegit quattuor annum, 
turn primum siccis aer fervoribus ustus 
canduit, et ventis glacies adstricta pependit. 120 

turn primum subiere domus : domus antra fuerunt 
et densi frutices et vinctae cortice virgae. 
semina turn primum longis Cerealia sulcis 
obruta sunt, pressique jugo gemuere juvenci. 

Tertia post illas successit aenea proles, 125 

saevior ingeniis, et ad horrida promptior arma, 
non scelerata tamen. — De duro est ultima ferro. 
protinus inrupit venae pejoris in aevum 
omne nefas : fugere puclor verumque fidesque : 






I. 162.] The Four Ages. 3 

in quorum subiere locum fraudesque clolique 130 

insidiaeque et vis et amor sceleratus habendi. 
vela dabant ventis, — nee adhuc bene noverat illos 
navita, — quaeque diu steterant in montibus altis, 
fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae. 
communemque prius, ceu lumina solis et auras, 135 

cautus humum longo signavit limite mensor. 
nee tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives 
poscebatur humus, sed itum est in viscera terrae ; 
quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat umbris, 
effodiuntur opes, inritamenta malorum. 140 

Jamque nocens ferrum, ferroque nocentius aurum 
prodierat ; prodit Bellum, quod pugnat utroque, 
sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma. 
vivitur ex rapto : non hospes ab hospite tutus, 
non socer a genero ; fratrum quoque gratia rara est. 14s 
imminet exitio vir conjugis, ilia mariti ; 
lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae ; 
films ante diem patrios inquirit in annos. 
victa jacet pietas ; et virgo caede madentes, 
ultima caelestum, terras Astraea reliquit. 150 

neve foret terris securior arduus aether, 
affectasse ferunt regnum caeleste Gigantas, 
altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montes. 

Turn pater omnipotens misso perfregit Olympum 
fulmine, et excussit subjecto Pelion Ossae. 155 

obruta mole sua cum corpora dira jacerent, 
perfusam multo natorum sanguine Terram 
inmaduisse ferunt calidumque animasse cruorem, 
et, ne nulla suae stirpis monumenta manerent, 
in faciem vertisse hominum ; sed et ilia propago 160 

contemptrix superum saevaeque avidissima caedis 
et violenta fuit 



4 I. The Four Ages and the Flood. [Metam. 

Quae pater ut surama vidit Saturnius arce, 
ingemit ; et, facto nondum vulgata recenti, 
foeda Lycaoniae referens convivia mensae, 165 

ingentes animo et dignas Jove concipit iras, 
conciliumque vocat ; tenuit mora nulla vocatos. 
est via sublimis, caelo manifesta sereno : 
Lactea nomen habet, candore notabilis ipso, 
hac iter est superis ad magni tecta Tonantis 170 

regalemque domum ; dextra laevaque deorum 
atria nobilium valvis celebrantur apertis. 
plebs habitat diversa locis ; a fronte potentes 
caelicolae clarique suos posuere penates. 
hie locus est, quem, si verbis audacia detur, 175 

haud timeam magni dixisse Palatia caeli. 

Ergo ubi marmoreo superi sedere recessu, 
celsior ipse loco sceptroque innixus eburno 
terrificam capitis concussit terque quaterque 
caesariem, cum qua terram, mare, sidera movit. 180 

talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit : 

1 Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius ilia 
tempestate fui, qua centum quisque parabat 
inicere anguipedum captivo brachia caelo. 
nam quamquam ferus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno 185 
corpore et ex una pendebat origine bellum. 
nunc mihi qua totum Nereus circumsonat orbem, 
perdendum est mortale genus. Per flumina juro 
infera sub terras Stygio labentia luco, 
cuncta prius temptata ; sed inmedicabile vulnus 190 

ense reddendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur. 
sunt mihi semidei, sunt rustica numina, nymphae, 
faunique satyrique et monticolae Silvani. 
quos quoniam caeli nondum dignamur honore, 
quas dedimus, certe terras habitare sinamus. 195 



I. 228.] The Guilt of Lycaon. 5 

an satis, O superi, tutos fore creditis illos, 

cum mihi, qui fulmen, qui vos habeoque regoque, 

struxerit insidias notus feritate Lycaon ? ' 

Contremuere omnes, studiisque ardentibus ausum 
talia deposcunt. Sic, cum manus impia saevit 200 

sanguine Caesareo Romanum exstinguere nomen, 
attonitum tanto subitae terrore ruinae 
humanum genus est totusque perhorruit orbis. 
nee tibi grata minus pietas, Auguste, tuorum est, 
quam fuit ilia Jovi. Qui postquam voce manuque 205 
murmura compressit, tenuere silentia cuncti. 
substitit ut clamor, pressus gravitate regentis, 
Juppiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rupit : 

' Ule quidem poenas (curam hanc dimittite) solvit : 
quod tamen admissum, quae sit vindicta, docebo. 210 

contigerat nostras infamia temporis aures : 
quam cupiens falsam, summo delabor Olympo, 
et deus humana lustro sub imagine terras, 
longa mora est, quantum noxae sit ubique repertum 
enumerare ; minor fuit ipsa infamia vero. 215 

Maenala transieram, latebris horrenda ferarum, 
et cum Cyllene gelidi pineta Lycaei. 
Arcados hinc sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni 
ingredior, traherent cum sera crepuscula noctem. 
signa dedi venisse deum y vulgusque precari 220 

coeperat ; irridet primo pia vota Lycaon ; 
mox ait : Experiar, deus hie, discrimine aperto, 
an sit mortalis ; nee erit dubitabile verum. 
nocte gravem somno necopina perdere morte 
me parat ; haec illi placet experientia veri. 225 

'Nee contentus eo, missi de gente Molossa 
obsidis unius jugulum mucrone resolvit : 
atque ita semineces partim ferventibus artus 






6 i. The Four Ages and the Flood. [Metam. 

mollit aquis, partim subjecto torruit igni. 

quos simul imposuit mensis, ego vindice flamma 230 

in dominurn dignosque everti tecta Penates. 

territus ipse fugit, nactusque silentia ruris 

exululat, frustraque loqui conatur ; ab ipso 

colligit os rabiem, solitaeque cupidine caedis 

vertitur in pecudes, et nunc quoque sanguine gaudet. 235 

in villos abeunt vestes, in crura lacerti : 

fit lupus, et veteris servat vestigia formae. 

canities eadem est, eadem violentia vultus, 

idem oculi lucent, eadem feritatis imago. 

'Occidit una domus ; sed non domus una perire 240 
digna fuit ; qua terra patet, fera regnat Erinys. 
in f acinus jurasse putes. Dent ocius omnes 
quas meruere pati, sic stat sententia, poenas.' 

Dicta Jovis pars voce probant stimulosque frementi 
adiciunt, alii partes assensibus implent. 245 

est tamen humani generis jactura dolori 
omnibus, et, quae sit terrae mortalibus orbae 
forma futura, rogant ; quis sit laturus in aras 
tura ? ferisne paret populandas tradere terras ? 
talia quaerentes, sibi enim fore cetera curae, 250 

rex superum trepidare vetat, subolemque priori 
dissimilem populo promittit origine mira. 

Jamque erat in totas sparsurus fulmina terras : 
sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether 
conciperet flammas, longusque ardesceret axis. 255 

esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur, adfore tempus, 
quo marc, quo tcllus, correptaque regia caeli 
ardeat, et mundi moles operosa laboret. 
tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum. 

Poena placet diversa, genus mortale sub undis 260 

pcrdere, et ex omni nimbos demittere caelo. 



i. 294.] Gathering of the Waters. 7 

protinus Aeoliis aquilonem claudit in antris, 
et quaecumque fugant inductas flamina nubes, 
emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alis, 
terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum : 265 

barba gravis nimbis, canis nuit unda capillis, 
fronte sedent nebulae, rorant pennaeque sinusque, 
utque manu late pendentia nubila pressit, 
fit fragor, inclusi funduntur ab aethere nimbi, 
nuntia Junonis varios induta colores 270 

concipit Iris aquas, alimentaque nubibus adfert. 
sternuntur segetes et deplorata colonis 
vota jacent, longique perit labor irritus anni. 

Nee caelo contenta suo est Jovis ira, sed ilium 
caeruleus f rater juvat auxiliaribus undis. 275 

convocat hie amnes ; qui postquam tecta tyranni 
intravere sui, ' Non est hortamine longo 
nunc ' ait ' utendum ; vires effundite vestras, 
sic opus est ; aperite domos, ac mole remota 
fluminibus vestris totas inmittite habenas.' 280 

Jusserat ; hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant, 
et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cursu. 
ipse tridente suo terram percussit ; at ilia 
intremuit motuque vias patefecit aquarum. 
exspatiata ruunt per apertos numina campos, 285 

cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque 
tectaque, cumque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris. 
siqua domus mansit, potuitque resistere tanto 
indejecta malo, culmen tamen altior hujus 
unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turres. 290 

Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant : 
omnia pontus erat ; deerant quoque litora ponto. 
occupat hie collem ; cymba sedet alter adunca, 
et ducit remos illic, ubi nuper ararat ; 



8 i. The Four Ages and the Flood. [Metam. 

ille super segetes aut mersae culmina villae 295 

navigat ; hie summa piscem deprendit in ulmo. 

figitur in viridi, si fors tulit, anchora prato, 

aut subjecta terunt curvae vineta carinae. 

et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellae, 

nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phocae. 300 

mirantur sub aqua lucos urbesque domosque 

Nerei'des ; silvasque tenent delphines, et altis 

incursant ramis, agitataque robora pulsant. 

nat lupus inter oves, fulvos vehit unda leones, 

unda vehit tigres ; nee vires fulminis apro, 305 

crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo. 

quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sistere detur, 

in mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis. 

obruerat tumulos immensa licentia ponti, 

pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus. 310 

maxima pars unda rapitur : quibus unda pepercit, 

illos longa domant inopi jejunia victu. 

Separat Aonios Oetaeis Phocis ab arvis, 
terra ferax, dum terra fuit : sed tempore in illo 
pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum. 315 

mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus, 
.nomine Parnasus, superantque cacumina nubes. 
hie ubi Deucalion — nam cetera texerat aequor — 
cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit, 
Corycidas nymphas et numina montis adorant, 320 

fatidicamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat. 
non illo melior quisquam nee amantior aequi 
vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum. 

Juppiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem, 
et superesse virum de tot modo milibus unum, 325 

et superesse videt de tot modo milibus unam, 
innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos, 



I. 360.] The Waters are recalled. 9 

nubila disjecit, nimbisque aquilone remotis 

et caelo terras ostendit, et aethera terris. 

nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide telo 33a 

mulcet aquas rector pelagi, supraque profundum 

exstantem atque umeros innato murice tectum 

caeruleum Tritona vocat, conchaeque sonanti 

inspirare jubet, fluctusque et flumina signo 

jam revocare dato. Cava bucina sumitur illi 335 

tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo, — 

bucina, quae medio concepit ubi aera ponto, 

litora voce replet sub utroque jacentia Phoebo. 

tunc quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba 

contigit, et cecinit jussos inflata receptus, 34c 

omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis 

et quibus est undis audita, coercuit oranes. 

flumina subsidunt, collesque exire videntur : 

jam mare litus habet ; plenos capit alveus amnes ; 

surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis ; 345 

postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae 

ostendunt, limumque tenent in fronde relictum. 

Redditus orbis erat : quern postquam vidit inanem 
et desolatas agere alta silentia terras, 
Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham affatur obortis : 350 

'O soror, o conjunx, o femina sola superstes, 
quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo, 
deinde torus junxit, nunc ipsa pericula jungunt : 
terrarum, quascumque vident occasus et ortus, 
nos duo turba sumus ; possedit cetera pontus. 355 

haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae 
certa satis ; terrent etiam nunc nubila mentem. 
quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses, 
nunc animi, miseranda, foret ? quo sola timorem 
ferre modo posses ? quo consolante doleres ? 360 



10 I. The Four Ages and the Flood. [Metam. 

namque ego, crede mihi, si te quoque pontus haberet, 
te sequerer, conjunx, et me quoque pontus haberet. 
O utinam possim populos reparare paternis 
artibus, atque animas formatae infundere terrae ! 
nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus : 365 

sic visum superis ; hominumque exempla manemus.' 

Dixerat, et flebant ; placuit caeleste precari 
numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes. 
nulla mora est ; adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, 
ut nondum liquidas, sic jam vada nota secantes. 370 

inde ubi libatos inroravere liquores 
vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae 
ad delubra deae, quorum fastigia turpi 
pallebant musco, stabantque sine ignibus arae. 
ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque 375 

pronus humi, gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo. 
atque ita : ' Si precibus ' dixerunt ' numina justis 
victa remollescunt, si flectitur ira deorum, 
die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri 
arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus.' 380 

Mota dea est, sortemque dedit : ' Discedite templo, 
et velate caput, cinctasque resolvite vestes, 
ossaque post tergum magnae jactate parentis.' 
obstupuere diu, rumpitque silentia voce 
Pyrrha prior, jussisque deae parere recusat, 385 

detque sibi veniam, pavido rogat ore, pavetque 
laedere jactatis maternas ossibus umbras, 
interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris 
verba datae sortis secum, inter seque volutant. 
inde Promethiades placidis Epimethida dictis 390 

mulcet, et ' Aut fallax' ait 'est sollertia nobis, 
aut pia sunt, nullumque nefas oracula suadent. 
magna parens Terra est : lapides in corpore terrae 






I. 415.] Deucalion and Pyrrha. 11 

ossa reor dici : jacere hos post terga jubemur.' 

Conjugis augurio quamquam Titania mota est, 395 

spes tamen in dubio est ; adeo caelestibus ambo 
diffidunt monitis : — sed quid temptare nocebit ? 
descendunt, velantque caput, tunicasque recingunt, 
et jussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt. 
saxa — quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas? — 400 
ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem, 
mollirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam. 
mox, ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior illis 
contigit, ut quaedam, sic non manifesta, videri 
forma potest hominis, sed uti de marmore coepto, 405 
non exacta satis, rudibusque simillima signis. 
quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars humida suco 
et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum : 
quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ; 
quae modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit ; 410 

inque brevi spatio superorum numine saxa 
missa viri manibus faciem traxere virorum, 
et de femineo reparata est femina jactu. 
inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum, 
et documenta damus, qua simus origine nati. 415 



12 II. Apollo and Daphne. [Metam. 

II. Apollo and Daphne. 

[Among the creatures generated from the soil of the earth after 
the Deluge, had been the serpent Python, slain by Apollo, who 
thereon instituted the Pythian games. The prize of victory was at 
first the oak-leaf (416-451).] 

Apollo, proud of his victory over the Python, whom he had 
slain with his arrows, laughs at Cupid for playing with a bow. 
Cupid thereupon shoots two arrows, one of which makes Apollo 
love the nymph Daphne, while the other fills her with aversion to 
her lover. Apollo pursues her, but her mother Earth changes her 
to a laurel-tree. Apollo then adopts the laurel as his tree, and 
makes a laurel wreath the prize at the Pythian games (452-567). 

Primus amor Phoebi Daphne Penei'a, quem non 
fors ignara dedit, sed saeva Cupidinis ira. 
Delius hunc nuper, victo serpente superbus, 
viderat adducto flectentem cornua nervo, 455 

'Quid' que 'tibi, lascive puer, cum fortibus armis ?' 
dixerat ; ' ista decent umeros gestamina nostras, 
qui dare certa ferae, dare vulnera possumus hosti, 
qui modo pest if era tot jugera ventre prementem 
stravimus innumeris tumidum Pythona sagittis. 460 

tu face nescio quos esto contentus amores 
indagare tua, nee laudes assere nostras.' 
filius huic Veneris ' Figat tuus omnia, Phoebe, 
te meus arcus ; ' ait 'quantoque animalia cedunt 
cuncta deo, tanto minor est tua gloria nostra.' 4 o 

Dixit, et eliso percussis aere pennis 
impiger umbrosa Parnasi constitit arce 
eque sagittifera prompsit duo tela pharetra 
diversorum operum ; fugat hoc, facit illud amorem. 
quod facit, hamatum est et cuspide fulget acuta : 47 o 

quod fugat, obtusum est et habct sub harundine plumbum. 
deus in nympha Pene'fde fixit ; at illo 



I. 505.] The Love of Apollo. 13 

laesit Apollineas trajecta per ossa medullas. 

protinus alter amat ; fugit altera nomen amantis, 

silvarum tenebris captivarumque ferarum 475 

exuviis gaudens innuptaeque aemula Phoebes. 

vitta coercebat positos sine lege capillos. 

multi illam petiere, ilia aversata petentes 

impatiens expersque viri nemorum avia lustrat, 

nee quid Hymen, quid Amor, quid sint conubia, curat. 480 

saepe pater dixit 'Generum mihi, filia, debes.' 

saepe pater dixit 'Debes mihi, nata, nepotes.' 

ilia, velut crimen taedas exosa jugales 

pulchra verecundo suffunditur ora rubore, 

inque patris blandis haerens cervice lacertis, 485 

'Da mihi perpetua, genitor carissime,' dixit 

'virginitate frui. Dedit hoc pater ante Dianae.' 

Ille quidem obsequitur. Sed te decor iste quod optas 
esse vetat, votoque tuo tua forma repugnat. 
Phoebus amat, visaeque cupit conubia Daphnes, 490 

quodque cupit, sperat ; suaque ilium oracula fallunt. 
utque leves stipulae demptis adolentur aristis, 
ut facibus saepes ardent, quas forte viator 
vel nimis admovit, vel jam sub luce reliquit ; 
sic deus in flammas abiit, sic pectore toto 495 

uritur et sterilem sperando nutrit amorem. 
spectat inornatos collo pendere capillos, 
et ' Quid, si comantur ? ' ait. Videt igne micantes 
sideribus similes oculos, videt oscula, quae non 
est vidisse satis ; laudat digitosque manusque 500 

bracchiaque et nudos media plus parte lacertos : 
siqua latent, meliora putat. Fugit ocior aura 
ilia levi, neque ad haec revocantis verba resistit : 
' Nympha, precor, Penei, mane ! non insequor hostis : 
nympha, mane ! sic agna lupum, sic cerva leonem, 505 



14 II. Apollo and Daphne. [Metam. 

sic aquilam penna fugiimt trepidante columbae, 

hostes quaeque suos. Amor est mihi causa sequendi. 

me miserum ! ne prona cadas, indignave laedi 

crura notent sentes, et sim tibi causa doloris. 

aspera, qua properas, loca sunt. Moderatius, oro, 510 

curre, fugamque inhibe. Moderatius insequar ipse. 

cui placeas, inquire tamen. Non incola montis, 

non ego sum pastor, non hie armenta gregesque 

horridus observo. Nescis, temeraria, nescis, 

quern fugias, ideoque fugis. Mihi Delphica tellus 515 

et Claros et Tenedos Patareaque regia servit. 

Juppiter est genitor. Per me quod eritque fuitque 

estque, patet : per me concordant carmina nervis. 

certa quidem nostra est, nostra tamen una sagitta 

certior, in vacuo quae vulnera pectore fecit. 520 

inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem 

dicor, et herbarum subjecta potentia nobis. 

ei mihi, quod nullis amor est sanabilis herbis, 

nee prosunt domino quae prosunt omnibus, artes ! ' 

Plura locuturum timido Penei'a cursu 525 

fugit cumque ipso verba imperfecta reliquit, 
turn quoque visa decens. Nudabant corpora venti, 
obviaque adversas vibrabant flamina vestes, 
et levis impulsos retro dabat aura capillos ; 
auctaque forma fuga est. Sed enim non sustinet ultra 530 
perdere blanditias juvenis deus, utque movebat 
ipse amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu, 
ut canis in vacuo leporem cum Gallicus arvo 
vidit, et hie praedam pedibus petit, ille salutem ; 
alter inhaesuro similis jam jamque tenere 535 

sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro ; 
alter in ambiguo est, an sit comprensus, et ipsis 
morsibus eripitur tangentiaque ora relinquit : 



I. 567.] Daphne changed to a Laurel. 15 

sic deus et virgo, est hie spe celer, ilia timore. 

qui tamen insequitur, pennis adjutus amoris 540 

ocior est requiemque negat tergoque fugacis 

inminet et crinem sparsum cervicibus afflat. 

viribus absumptis expalluit ilia, citaeque 

victa labore fugae, spectans Penei'das undas, 

'Fer pater' inquit 'opera ! Tellus/ ait, 'hisce, vel istam, 545 

quae facit, ut laedar, mutando perde figuram ! ' 547 

Vix prece finita, torpor gravis occupat artus, 
mollia cinguntur tenui praecordia libro, 
in frondem crines, in ramos bracchia crescunt : 550 

pes modo tarn velox pigris radicibus haeret, 
ora cacumen obit. Remanet nitor unus in ilia. 
hanc quoque Phoebus amat, positaque in stipite dextra 
sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus, 
complexusque suis ramos, ut membra, lacertis 555 

oscula dat ligno : refugit tamen oscula lignum, 
cui deus 'At quoniam conjunx mea non potes esse, 
arbor eris certe ' dixit ' mea. Semper habebunt 
te coma, te citharae, te nostrae, laure, pharetrae. 
tu ducibus Laths aderis, cum laeta Triumphum 560 

vox canet et visent longas Capitolia pompas. 
postibus Augustis eadem fidissima custos 
ante fores stabis, mediamque tuebere quercum. 
utqjue meum intonsis caput est juvenale capillis, 
tu quoque perpetuos semper gere frondis honores.' 565 

Finierat Paean. Factis modo laurea ramis 
adnuit, utque caput visa est agitasse cacumen. 



16 in. The Adventiwe of Phaethon. [Metam. 



III. The Adventure of Phaethon. 

[Io, daughter of the river-god Inachus, beloved by Jupiter, is 
changed into a heifer by him, to escape the jealousy of Juno ; but is 
put by her in charge of Argus of the hundred eyes, who being 
soothed to sleep by Mercury — who sings the story of Syrinx con- 
verted to a water-reed to avoid the pursuit of Pan — is slain by him, 
and his hundred eyes are set in the peacock's tail. Io, fleeing to 
Egypt, becomes the goddess Isis, and the mother of Epaphus ; who 
denies against Phaethon his boast to be son of the Sun-god, as 
avouched by his mother Clymene (I. 568-779).] 

The palace of the Sun described (II. 1-18). Phcebus, the god of 
Day, receives Phaethon with affection, and owns him as his son, 
promising by oath to give him whatever boon he should desire 
(19-46). Phaethon demands the charge of the chariot and horses 
of the Sun for a single day, persisting in spite of his father's warning 
and appeal (47-102). He mounts, and attempts the celestial way: 
dread forms of the Zodiac : the steeds dash wildly from the path 
(103-205). Terror and devastation caused by the fiery chariot: 
blasting of mountains and rivers, and alarm of Neptune himself; 
Earth appeals to Jupiter, who blasts Phaethon with a thunderbolt 
(206-324). His sisters are converted to poplars, and their tears 
to amber (325-366) ; while his kinsman Cygnus, bewailing the 
calamity, becomes a Swan (367-380). The Sun, in grief and wrath, 
hides his head from the earth ; but, entreated by the gods and com- 
manded by Jupiter, collects again his scattered steeds, to resume 
their wonted course (381-400). 

Regia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis, 
clara micante auro flammasque imitante pyropo, 
cujus ebur nitidum fastigia sum ma tegebat ; 
argenti biforcs radiabant lumine valvae. 
materiam superabat opus ; nam Mulciber illic 5 

aequora caelarat medias cingentia terras, 
terrarumque orbcm, caelumque, quod imminet orbi. 
caeruleos habet unda deos, Tritona canorum, 
Proteaque ambiguum, balaenarumque prementem 



II. 4 2 -] Palace of the Sun. 17 

Aegaeona suis immania terga lacertis, 10 

Doridaque et natas ; quarum pars nare videtur, 

pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos, 

pisce vehi quaedam : facies non omnibus una, 

nee diversa tamen, qualem decet esse sororum. 

terra viros urbesque gerit, silvasque ferasque, 15 

fluminaque et nymphas et cetera numina ruris. 

haec super imposita est caeli fulgentis imago, 

signaque sex foribus dextris, totidemque sinistris. 

Quo simul acclivo Clymenei'a limite proles 
venit, et intravit dubitati tecta parentis, 20 

protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus, 
consistitque procul : neque enim propiora ferebat 
lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat 
in solio Phoebus claris lucente smaragdis. 
a dextra laevaque Dies et Mensis et Annus 25 

Saeculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus Horae, 
Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona ; 
stabat nuda Aestas et spicea serta gerebat ; 
stabat et Auctumnus, calcatis sordidus uvis ; 
et glacialis Hiemps, canos hirsuta capillos. 3° 

Inde loco medius, rerum novitate paventem 
Sol oculis juvenem, quibus aspicit omnia, vidit : 
' Quae ' que 'viae tibi causa ? quid hac ' ait 'arce petisti, 
progenies, Phaethon, haud infitiancla parenti ? ' 
ille refert : ' O lux inmensi publica mundi, 35 

Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum, 
nee falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine celat : 
pignora da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago 
credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris.' 

Dixerat. At genitor circum caput omne micantes 40 
deposuit radios, propiusque accedere jussit, 
amplexuque dato, ' Nee tu meus esse negari 



1 8 in. The Adventure of Phaethon. [Metam. 

dignus es, et Clymene veros' ait f edidit ortus. 
quoque minus dubites, quodvis pete munus, ut illud 
me tribuente feras : promissi testis adesto 45 

dis juranda palus, oculis incognita nostris.' 

Vix bene desierat, currus rogat ille paternos, 
inque diem alipedum jus et moderamen equorum. 
paenituit jurasse patrem : qui terque quaterque 
concutiens illustre caput, 'Temeraria' dixit 5° 

1 vox mea facta tua est ; utinam promissa liceret 
non dare ! confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem : 
dissuadere licet. Non est tua tuta voluntas : 
magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis 
munera conveniant, nee tarn puerilibus annis. 55 

sors tua mortalis ; non est mortale, quod optas. 
plus etiam, quam quod superis contingere fas est, 
nescius affectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit : 
non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe 
me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olympi, 6o 

qui fera terribili jaculatur fulmina dextra, 
non agat hos currus : et quid Jove majus habemus? 

1 Ardua prima via est, et qua vix mane recentes 
enituntur equi : medio est altissima caelo, 
unde mare et terras ipsi mihi saepe videre 65 

fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus : 
ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo : 
tunc etiam quae me subjectis excipit undis, 
ne ferar in praeceps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri. 
adde quod assidua rapitur vertigine caelum, 70 

sidcraque alta trahit, celerique volumine torquet. 
nitor in adversum, nee me qui cetera, vincit 
impetus, et rapido contrarius evehor orbi. 

' Finge datos currus : quid ages? poterisne rotatis 
obvius ire polis, ne te citus auferat axis ? 75 






II. 108.] Perils of the Celestial Road. 19 

forsitan et lucos illic urbesque deorum 

concipias animo, delubraque ditia donis 

esse ? per insidias iter est formasque ferarum. 

utque viam teneas, nulloque errore traharis, 

per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, 80 

Haemoniosque arcus, violentique ora Leonis, 

saevaque circuitu curvantem bracchia longo 

Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem bracchia Cancrum. 

nee tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis, 

quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, 85 

in promptu regere est : vix me patiuntur, ubi acres 

incaluere animi, cervixque repugnat habenis. 

' At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor, 
nate, cave, dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota. 
scilicet tit nostro genitum te sanguine credas, 9° 

pignora certa petis : do pignora certa timendo, 
et patrio pater esse metu probor. Aspice vultus 
ecce meos : utinamque oculos in pectora posses 
inserere, et patrias intus deprendere curas ! 
denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus, 9s 
eque tot ac tantis caeli terraeque marisque 
posce bonis aliquid : nullam patiere repulsam. 
deprecor hoc unum, quod vero nomine poena, 
non honor est : poenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis. 
quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis ? 100 

ne dubita, dabitur — Stygias juravimus undas! — 
quodcumque optaris : sed tu sapientius opta.' 

Finierat monitus, dictis tamen ille repugnat, 
propositumque premit, flagratque cupidine currus. 
ergo qua licuit, genitor cunctatus, ad altos 105 

deducit juvenem, Vulcania munera, currus. 
aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summae 
curvatura rotae, radiorum argenteus ordo. 



20 in. The Adventure of Phaethon. [Metam. 

per juga chrysolithi positaeque ex ordine gemmae 
clara repercusso reddebant lumina Phoebo. no 

dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur, opusque 
perspicit, ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu 
purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum 
atria ; cliff ugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit 
Lucifer, et caeli statione novissimus exit. 115 

Quae petere ut terras, mundumque rubescere vidit, 
cornuaque extremae velut evanescere lunae, 
jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis. 
jussa deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes, 
ambrosiae suco saturos, praesaepibus altis 120 

quadrupedes ducunt, adduntque sonantia frena. 
turn pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati 
contigit, et rapidae fecit patientia flammae, 
imposuitque comae radios, praesagaque luctus 
pectore sollicito repetens suspiria dixit : 125 

' Si potes his saltern monitis parere paternis, 
parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris. 
sponte sua properant ; labor est inhibere volentes. 
nee tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus. 
sectus in obliquum est lato curvamine limes, 130 

zonarumque trium contentus fine, polumque 
effugit australem, junctamque aquilonibus Arcton. 
hac sit iter : manifesta rotae vestigia ce'rnes. 
utque ferant aequos et caelum et terra calores, 
nee preme, nee summum molire per aethera currum. 135 
altius egressus caelestia tecta cremabis, 
inferius terras : medio tutissimus ibis. 
neu te dexterior tortum declinet ad Anguem, 
neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram : 
inter utrumque tene. Fortunae cetera mando, 14a 

quae juvet et melius quam tu tibi, consulat opto. 



II. 1 74-] The Steeds das li forward on the Course. 21 

dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas 
umida nox tetigit ; non est mora libera nobis, 
poscimur ; eff nlget tenebris aurora fugatis. 
corripe lora manu ; vel, si mutabile pectus 145 

est tibi, consiliis, non curribus utere nostris, 
dum potes, et solidis etiam nunc sedibus adstas, 
dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes, 
quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris.' 

Occupat ille levem juvenili corpore currum, 150 

statque super, manibusque datas contingere habenas 
gaudet, et invito grates agit inde parenti. 
interea volucres Pyrois Eoiis et Aethon, 
solis equi, quartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras 
flammiferis implent, pedibusque repagula pulsant. 155 
quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis, 
reppulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi, 
corripuere viam, pedibusque per aera motis 
obstantes scindunt nebulas, pennisque levati 
praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros. 160 

Sed leve pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent 
Solis equi, solitaque jugum gravitate carebat. 
utque labant curvae justo sine pondere naves, 
perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur, 
sic onere assueto vacuus dat in aere saltus, 165 

succutiturque alte, similisque est currus inani. 
quod simul ac sen sere, ruunt, tritumque relinquunt 
quadrijugi spatium, nee quo prius, ordine currunt. 
ipse pavet ; nee qua commissas flectat habenas, 
nee scit qua sit iter, nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 170 

Turn primum radiis gelidi caluere triones, 
et vetito frustra temptarunt aequore tingui, 
quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens, 
frigore pigra prius, nee formidabilis ulli, 



22 in. The Adventure of Phaethon. [Metam. 

incaluit sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras. 17s 

te quoque turbatum memorant fugisse, Boote, 
quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant. 

Ut vero summo despexit ab aethere terras 
infelix Phaethon, penitus penitusque jacentes, 
palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore, 180 

suntque oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen obortae. 
et jam mallet equos numquam tetigisse paternos ; 
jam cognosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando : 
jam Meropis dici cupiens, ita fertur, ut acta 
praecipiti pinus borea, cui victa remisit 185 

frena suus rector, quam dis votisque reliquit. 

Quid faciat ? multum caeli post terga relictum, 
ante oculos plus est : animo metitur utrumque. 
et modo quos illi fatum contingere non est, 
prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus. 190 

quidque agat, ignarus stupet, et nee frena remittit, 
nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum. 
sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula caelo 
vastarumque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum. 

Est locus, in geminos ubi bracchia concavat arcus 195 
Scorpios, et cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis 
porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum. 
hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni 
vulnera curvata minitantem cuspide vidit, 
mentis inops gelida formidine lora remisit. 200 

quae postquam summo tetigere jacentia tergo, 
exspatiantur equi, nulloque inhibente per auras 
ignotae regionis eunt, quaque impetus egit, 
hac sine lege ruunt ; altoque sub aethere fixis 
incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum. 205 

et modo summa petunt, modo per declive viasque 
praecipites spatio terrae propiore feruntur. 



II. 240.] Conflagration of the Earth. 23 

inferiusque suis fraternos currere Luna 
admiratur equos, ambustaque nubila fumant. 

Corripitur flammis ut quaeque altissima, tellus, 210 

fissaque agit rimas, et sucis aret ademptis. 
pabula canescunt ; cum frondibus uritur arbor, 
materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno. 
parva queror : magnae pereunt cum moenibus urbes, 
cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes 215 

in cinerem vertunt. Silvae cum montibus ardent : 
ardet Athos, Taurusque Cilix, et Tmolus et Oete, 
et turn sicca, prius celeberrima fontibus, Ida, 
virgineusque Helicon, et nondum Oeagrius Haemos. 
ardet in immensum geminatis ignibus Aetne, 220 

Parnasusque biceps, et Eryx et Cynthus et Othrys, 
et tandem nivibus Rhodope caritura, Mimasque 
Dindymaque et Mycale natusque ad sacra Cithaeron. 
nee prosunt Scythiae sua frigora : Caucasus ardet, 
Ossaque cum Pindo, majorque ambobus Olympus, ( 225 
aeriaeque Alpes, et nubifer Appenninus. 

Turn vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem 
aspicit accensum, nee tantos sustinet aestus, 
ferventesque auras velut e fornace profunda 
ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit. 230 

et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam 
ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique fumo. 
quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus 
nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum. 

Sanguine tunc credunt in corpora summa vocato 235 
Aethiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem ; 
turn facta est Libye raptis umoribus aestu 
arida ; turn nymphae passis fontesque lacusque 
deflevere comis ; quaerit Boeotia Dircen, 
Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pirenidas undas ; 240 



24 in. The Adventure of Pha'eikon. [Metam. 

nee sortita loco distantes flumina ripas 

tuta manent : mediis Tanai's fumavit in undis, 

Peneosque senex, Teuthranteusque Cai'cus, 

et celer Ismenos cum Phegiaco Erymantho, 

arsurusque iterum Xanthus, flavusque Lycormas, 245 

quique recurvatis ludit Maeandros in undis, 

Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurotas. 

Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes, 
Thermodonque citus, Gangesque, et Phasis, et Hister. 
aestuat Alpheos ; ripae Spercheides ardent ; 250 

quodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus, aurum ; 
et quae Maeonias celebrarant carmine ripas 
flumineae volucres, medio caluere Caystro. 
Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem, 
occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet : ostia septem 255 
pulverulenta vacant, septem sine flumine valles. 
fors eadem Ismarios Hebrum cum Strymone siccat, 
Hesperiosque amnes, Rhenum Rhodanumque Padumque, 
cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Thybrin. 

Dissilit omne solum, penetratque in Tartara rimis 260 
lumen, et infernum terret cum conjuge regem ; 
et mare contrahitur, siccaeque est campus arenae 
quod modo pontus erat, quosque altum texerat aequor 
exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent. 
ima petunt pisces, nee se super aequora curvi 265 

tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras, 
corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo 
exanimata natant : ipsum quoque Nerea fama est 
Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris. 
ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo bracchia vultu 270 

exserere ausus erat ; ter non tulit aeris ignes. 

Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto, 
inter aquas pelagi, contractos undique fontes, 



II. 3° 6 -] Appeal of the Earth to Jupiter. 25 

qui se condiderant in opacae viscera matris, 

sustulit oppressos collo tenus arida vultus : 275 

opposuitque manum fronti, magnoque tremore 

omnia concutiens paulum subsedit, et infra 

quam solet esse, fuit, sacraque ita voce locuta est : 

' Si placet hoc, meruique, quid O tua fulmina cessant, 
summe deum ? liceat periturae viribus ignis 280 

igne perire tuo, clademque auctore levare. 
vix equidem fauces haec ipsa in verba resolvo ' — 
presserat ora vapor — 'tostos en aspice crines, 
inque oculis tantum, tantum super ora favillae. 
hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem 285 

officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri 
rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno, 
quod pecori frondes alimentaque mitia fruges 
humano generi, vobis quoque tura ministro ? 
sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse ; quid undae, 29c 
quid meruit frater ? cur illi tradita sorte 
aequora decrescunt et ab aethere longius absunt ? 
quod si nee fratris, nee te mea gratia tangit, 
at caeli miserere tui ! circumspice utrumque : 
fumat uterque polus ; quos si vitiaverit ignis, 295 

atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat, 
vixque suis umeris candentem sustinet axem. 
si freta, si terrae pereunt, si regia caeli, 
in chaos 'antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis, 
siquid adhuc superest, et rerum consule summae.' 3° c 

Dixerat haec Tellus : neque enim tolerare vaporem 
ulterius potuit, nee dicere plura ; suumque 
rettulit os in se propioraque Manibus antra. 

At pater omnipotens, superos testatus et ipsum 
qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 3°5 

interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arcem, 



26 in. The Adventure of Phaethon. [Metam. 

unde solet latis nubes inducere terris, 

unde movet tonitrus, vibrataque fulmina jactat. 

sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes 

tunc habuit, nee quos caelo dimitteret, imbres. 310 

intonat, et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure 

misit in aurigam, pariterque animaque rotisque 

expulit, et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes. 

consternantur equi, et saltu in contraria facto 

colla jugo eripiunt, abruptaque lora relinquunt. 315 

illic frena jacent, illic temone revulsus 

axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum, 

sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus. 

At Phaethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos, 
volvitur in praeceps, longoque per aera tractu 320 

fertur, ut interdum de caelo stella sereno 
etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri. 
quern procul a patria diverso maximus orbe 
excipit Eridanus, fumantiaque abluit ora. 
Nai'des Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma 325 

corpora dant tumulo, signant quoque carmine saxum : 

HIC SITVS EST PHAETHON CVRRVS AVRIGA PATERNI 
QVEM SI NON TENVIT MAGNIS TAMEN EXCIDIT AVSIS. 

Nam pater obductos, luctu miserabilis aegro, 
condiderat vultus ; et si modo credimus, unum 330 

isse diem sine sole ferunt ; incendia lumen 
praebebant, aliquisque malo fuit usus in illo. 

At Clymene, postquam dixit quaecumque fuerunt 
in tantis dicenda malis, lugubris et amens 
et laniata sinus totum percensuit orbem : 335 

exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens, 
repperit ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa, 
incubuitque loco ; nomenque in marmore lectum 
perfudit lacrimis et aperto pectore fovit. 



II. 37 r -J The He Hades : Cycnus. 27 

Nee minus Heliades fletus et — inania morti 340 

munera — dant lacrimas, et caesae pectora palmis 
non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querellas 
nocte dieque vocant, adsternunturque sepulcro. 
luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem : 
illae more suo, nam morem fecerat usus, 34s 

plangorem dederant : e quis Phaethusa, sororum 
maxima, cum vellet terra procumbere, questa est 
deriguisse pedes ; ad quam conata venire 
Candida Lampetie, subita radice retenta est ; 
tertia, cum crinem manibus laniare pararet, 35° 

avellit frondes ; haec stipite crura teneri, 
ilia dolet fieri longos sua bracchia ramos. 
dumque ea mirantur, compiectitur inguina cortex, 
perque gradus uterum, pectusque, umerosque, ma- 

nusque 
ambit, et exstabant tantum ora vacantia matrem. 35s 

Quid faciat mater ? nisi, quo trahat impetus illam 
hue eat, atque illuc ? et, dum licet, oscula jungat ? 
non satis est ; truncis avellere corpora temptat, 
et teneros manibus ramos abrumpit : at inde 
sanguineae manant, tamquam de vulnere, guttae. 360 
' Parce, precor, mater,' quaecumque est saucia clamat, 
' parce, precor ! nostrum laceratur in arbore corpus, 
jamque vale ' — cortex in verba novissima venit. 
inde fluunt lacrimae, stillataque sole rigescunt 
de ramis electra novis, quae lucidus amnis 3 6 5 

excipit et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis. 

Adfuit huic monstro proles Stheneleia Cycnus, 
qui tibi materno quam vis a sanguine junctus, 
mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit ; ille relicto — 
nam Ligurum populos et magnas rexerat urbes — 370 
imperio, ripas virides amnemque querellis 



28 in. The Adventure of Phaethon. TMetam. 

Eridanum implerat, silvamque sororibus auctam : 
cum vox est tenuata viro, canaeque capillos 
dissimulant plumae, collumque a pectore longe 
porrigitur, digitosque ligat junctura rubentes, 375 

penna latus vestit, tenet os sine acumine rostrum. 
fit nova Cycnus avis ; nee se caeloque Jovique 
credit, ut injuste missi meraor ignis ab illo : 
stagna petit patulosque lacus, ignemqne perosus, 
quae colat, elegit contraria flumina flammis. 380 

Squalidus interea genitor Phaethontis, et expers 
ipse sui decoris, qualis cum deficit orbem 
esse solet, lucemque odit seque ipse diemque, 
datque animum in luctus, et luctibus adicit iram, 
officiumque negat mundo. ' Satis ' in quit ' ab aevi 3 8 5 
sors mea principiis fuit inrequieta, pigetque 
actorum sine fine mihi, sine honore laborum. 
quilibet alter agat portantes lumina currus : 
si nemo est, omnesque dei non posse fatentur, 
ipse agat ; ut saltern, dum nostras temptat habenas, 390 
orbatura patres aliquando fulmina ponat. 
turn sciet, ignipedum vires expertus equornm, 
non meruisse necem, qui non bene rexerit illos.' 

Talia dicentem circumstant omnia Solem 
numina, neve velit tenebras inducere rebus, 395 

supplice voce rogant ; missos quoque Juppiter ignes 
excusat, precibusque minas regaliter addit. 
colligit amentes et adhuc terrore paventes 
Phoebus equos, stimuloque domans et verbere caedit : 
saevit enim, natumque objectat et imputat illis. 400 



II. 77 8 The House of Envy. 29 

IV. The House of Envy. 
[Book II. — 760-796.] 

[Callisto, beloved by Jupiter, is transformed by Juno's jealousy 
into a bear, and set as a constellation in the heavens (401-530). 
Coronis is transformed into a raven ; Nyctimene into a night-owl, 
and the prophetic Ocyroe into a mare (531-675). Apollo serving 
Admetus as herdsman, his cattle are stolen by Mercury, who changes 
Battus to a stone, finding him ready to betray his secret (676-707). 
Aglauros, daughter of Cecrops, incurs the anger of Minerva by her 
curiosity. Herse, sister of Aglauros, is beloved by Mercury, who 
asks aid of Aglauros. Minerva, desiring to punish Aglauros, re- 
solves to employ the aid of Envy (708-759).] 

The house of Envy is described. . 

Protinus Invidiae nigro squalentia tabo 760 

tecta petit. Domus est imis in vallibus hujus 
abdita, sole carens, non ulli pervia vento, 
tristis et ignavi plenissima frigoris, et quae 
igne vacet semper, caligine semper abundet. 

Hue ubi pervenit belli metuenda virago, 765 

constitit ante domum, neque enim succedere tectis 
fas habet, et postes extrema cuspide pulsat. 
concussae patuere fores. Videt intus edentem 
vipereas carnes, vitiorum alimenta suorum, 
Invidiam, visaque oculos avertit. At ilia 770 

surgit humo pigre semesarumque relinquit 
corpora serpentum, passuque incedit inerti ; 
utque deam vidit formaque armisque decoram, 
ingemuit, vultumque ima ad suspiria duxit. 
pallor in ore sedet, macies in corpore toto, 775 

nusquam recta acies, livent rubigine dentes, 
pectora felle virent, lingua est suffusa veneno. 
risus abest, nisi quern visi movere dolores, 



30 iv. The House of Envy. [Metam. 

nee fruitur somno, vigilacibus excita curis, 
sed videt ingratos, intabescitque videndo, 780 

successus hominum, carpitque et carpitur una, 
suppliciumque suum est. Quamvis tamen oderat, illam 
talibus affata est breviter Tritonia dictis : 

' Infice tabe tua natarum Cecropis unam. 
sic opus est. Aglauros ea est.' Haud plura locuta 785 
fugit et inpressa tellurem reppulit hasta. 

Ilia deam obliquo fugientem lumine cernens 
murmura parva dedit, successurumque Minervae 
indoluit. Baculumque capit, quod spinea totum 
vincula cingebant ; adopertaque nubibus atris 79° 

quacumque ingreditur, florentia proterit arva, 
exuritque herbas et summa cacumina carpit, 
afflatuque suo populos urbesque domosque 
polluit, et tandem Tritonida conspicit arcem 
ingeniis opibusque et festa pace virentem, 795 

vixque tenet lacrimas, quia nil lacrimabile cernit. 



II. 854-] The Rape of Eiwopa. 3 1 

V. The Rape of Europa. 
[Book II. — 833-875.] 

[Aglauros is harassed by envy of her sister Herse, and is 
changed into a stone (797-832).] 

Europa, daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, being beloved 
by Jupiter, he sends Mercury to drive Ageno^s cattle to the shore, 
meanwhile transforming himself to a snow-white bull ; whom 
Europa mounts, and so is borne away upon the sea, to the island 
of Crete. 

Has ubi verborum poenas mentisque profanae 
cepit Atlantiades, dictas a Pallade terras 
linquit, et ingreditur jactatis aethera pennis. 835 

sevocat hunc genitor; nee causam fassus amoris, 
' Fide minister' ait 'jussorum, nate, meorum, 
pelle moram, solitoque celer delabere cursu : 
quaeque tuam matrem tellus a parte sinistra 
suspicit, indigenae Sidonida nomine dicunt, 840 

hanc pete ; quodque procul montano gramine pasci 
armentum regale vides, ad litora verte.' 

Dixit ; et expulsi jamdudum monte juvenci 
litora jussa petunt, ubi magni filia regis 
ludere virginibus Tyriis comitata solebat. 845 

non bene conveniunt, nee in una sede morantur 
majestas et amor. Sceptri gravitate relicta, 
ille pater rectorque deum, cui dextra trisulcis 
ignibus armata est, qui nutu concutit orbem, 
induitur faciem tauri ; mixtusque juvencis 850 

mugit, et in teneris formosus obambulat herbis. 
quippe color nivis est, quam nee vestigia duri 
calcavere pedis, nee solvit aquaticus auster ; 
colla toris extant ; armis palearia pendent ; 



32 v. The Rape of Eur op a. [Metam. 

cornua parva quidem, sed quae contendere possis 855 

facta raanu, puraque magis perlucida gemma. 

nullae in fronte minae, nee formidabile lumen : 

pacem vultus habet. Miratur Agenore nata, 

quod tarn formosus, quod proelia nulla minetur. 

sed quamvis mitem, metuit contingere primo : 860 

mox adit, et flores ad Candida porrigit ora. 

Nunc latus in fulvis niveum deponit arenis : 865 

paulatimque metu dempto, modo pectora praebet 
virginea palpanda manu, modo cornua sertis 
impedienda novis. Ausa est quoque regia virgo, 
nescia quern premeret, tergo considere tauri : 
cum deus a terra siccoque a litore sensim 870 

falsa pedum primis vestigia ponit in undis, 
inde abit ulterius, mediique per aequora ponti 
fert praedam. Pavet haec, litusque ablata relictum 
respicit, et dextra cornum tenet, altera dorso 
imposita est : tremulae sinuantur flamine vestes. 87s 



III. 19.] The Search of Cadmus. 33 

VI. The Search of Cadmus. 

[Book III. — 1-137.] 

Cadmus, brother of Europa, being sent by his father in search 
cf her, by guidance of an oracle follows a heifer; and when she 
lies down to rest, prepares for sacrifice (1-25). But meanwhile 
his companions, sent to a fountain of Mars for water, are devoured 
by a dragon (26-49). Seeking them, Cadmus encounters and 
slays the dragon (50-94). At the command of Pallas, he sows his 
teeth, which spring up armed men. These are all, excepting five, 
slain in mutual strife ; and, by help of the survivors, Cadmus 
founds the city Thebes, in Bceotia, which being interpreted is the 
land of kine (95-130). 

Jamque deus, posita fallacis imagine tauri, 
se confessus erat, Dictaeaque rura tenebat : 
cum pater ignarus Caclmo perquirere raptam 
imperat, et poenam, si non invenerit, addit 
exsilium : facto phis et sceleratus eodem. 5 

Orbe pererrato — quis enim deprendere possit 
furta Jovis ? — profugus patriamque iramque parentis 
vitat Agenorides, Phoebique oracula supplex 
consulit, et quae sit tellus habitanda requirit. 
' Bos tibi ' Phoebus ait ' solis occurret in arvis, 10 

nullum passa jugum, curvique immunis aratri. 
hac duce, carpe vias ; et qua requieverit herba, 
moenia fac condas, Boeotiaque ilia vocato.' 

Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro, 
incustoditam lente videt ire juvencam 15 

nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem. 
subsequitur, pressoque legit vestigia gressu, 
auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat. 
jam vada Cephisi, Panopesque evaserat arva : 



34 vi. The Seai'cJi of Cadmus. [Metam. 

bos stetit, et tollens speciosam cornibus altis 20 

ad caelum frontem, mugitibus impulit auras, 
atque ita respiciens comites sua terga sequentes, 
procubuit, teneraque latus summisit in herba. 

Cadmus agit grates, peregrinaeque oscula terrae 
figit, et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 25 

sacra Jovi facturus erat : jubet ire ministros, 
et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas. 
silva vetus stabat nulla violata securi, 
et specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus, 
efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum, 30 

uberibus fecundus aquis, ubi conditus antro 
Martius anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro : 
igne micant oculi, corpus tumet omne veneno, 
tresque vibrant linguae, triplici stant ordine dentes. 

Quern postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 35 

infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas 
urna dedit sonitum, longo caput extulit antro 
caeruleus serpens, horrendaque sibila misit. 
effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque relinquit 
corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 40 

ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes 
torquet, et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus : 
ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras 
despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpore, quanto 
si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 45 

nee mora, Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant, 
sive fugam, sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque, 
occupat : hos morsu, longis amplexibus illos, 
hos necat afflati funesta tabe veneni. 

Fecerat exiguas jam sol altissimus umbras : 50 

quae mora sit sociis, miratur Agenore natus, 
vestigatque viros : tegumen direpta leonis 



III. 85.] Fight with the Dragon. 35 

pellis erat, telum splendenti lancea ferro 

et jaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni. 

ut nemus intravit, letataque corpora vidit, 55 

victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem 

tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua, 

' Aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis, 

aut comes ' inquit ' ero. ' Dixit, dextraque molarem 

sustulit, et magnum magno conamine misit. 60 

illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis 

moenia mota forent : serpens sine vulnere mansit, 

loricaeque modo squamis defensus, et atrae 

duritia pellis, validos cute reppulit ictus. 

At non duritia jaculum quoque vicit eadem, 65 

quod medio lentae spinae curvamine fixum 
constitit, et totum descendit in ilia ferrum. 
ille, dolore ferox, caput in sua terga retorsit, 
vulneraque aspexit, fixumque hastile momordit, 
idque ubi vi multa partem labefecit in omnem, 7c 

vix tergo eripuit ; ferrum tamen ossibus haesit. 
turn vero postquam solitas accessit ad iras 
causa recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis, 
spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus, 
terraque rasa sonat squamis, quique halitus exit 75 

ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit auras, 
ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem 
cingitur, interdum longa trabe rectior exstat ; 
impete nunc vasto ceu concitus imbribus amnis 
fertur, et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. 80 

Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis 
sustinet incursus, instantiaque ora retardat 
cuspide praetenta : furit ille, et inania duro 
vulnera dat ferro, figitque in acumine dentes ; 
jamque venenifero sanguis manare palato 85 



36 vi. The Search of Cadmus. [Metam. 

coeperat, et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas : 
sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu, 
laesaque colla dabat retro, plagamque sedere 
cedendo arcebat, nee longius ire sinebat : 
donee Agenorides conjectural in gutture ferrum 9a 

usque sequens pressit, dum retro quercus eunti 
obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix, 
pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et imae 
parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae. 

Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis, 95 

vox subito audita est ; neque erat cognoscere promptum 
unde, sed audita est : ' Quid, Agenore nate, peremptum 
serpent em spectas ? et tu spectabere serpens.' 
ille diu pavidus pariter cum mente colorem 
perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant. 100 

ecce viri fautrix, superas delapsa per auras 
Pallas adest, motaeque jubet subponere terrae 
vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri. 
paret, et ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro, 
spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina, dentes. 105 

inde — fide majus — glebae coepere moveri, 
primaque de sulcis acies apparuit hastae ; 
tegmina mox capitum picto nutantia cono ; 
mox umeri pectusque onerataque bracchia telis 
exsistunt, crescitque seges clipeata virorum. no 

sic ubi tolluntur festis aulaea theatris, 
surgere signa solent, primumque ostendere vultus, 
cetera paulatim ; placidoque eclucta tenore 
tota patent, imoque pedes in margine ponunt. 

Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat : 115 
1 Ne cape ' de populo quern terra creaverat unus 
exclamat, ' nee te civilibus insere bellis.' 
atque ita terrigenis rigido de fratribus unum 



III. 137.] Foiniding of the City Thebes. 37 

cominus ense ferit : jaculo cadit eminus ipse. 

hunc quoque qui leto dederat, non longius illo 120 

vivit, et exspirat modo quas acceperat, auras. 

exemploque pari furit omnis turba, suoque 

marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres. 

jamque brevis vitae spatium sortita juventus 

sanguineo tepidam plangebat pectore matrem, 125 

quinque superstitibus, quorum fuit unus Echion. 

is sua jecit humo monitu Tritonidis arma, 

fraternaeque fidem pacis petiitque deditque. 

hos operis comites habuit Sidonius hospes, 

cum posuit jussam Phoebei's sortibus urbem. 130 

Jam stabant Thebae : poteras jam, Cadme, videri 
exsilio felix. Soceri tibi Marsque Venusque 
contigerant ; hue adde genus de conjuge tanta, 
tot natos natasque, et pignora cara, nepotes : 
hos quoque jam juvenes. Sed scilicet ultima semper 135 
exspectanda dies homini, dicique beatus 
ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet. 






38 vii. Actceon. [Metam. 

VII. AcTJEON. 

[Book III. — 138-252.] 

Action, grandson of Cadmus, having beheld Diana as she was 
bathing with her nymphs, is changed by her into a stag, and torn in 
pieces by his own hounds. 

Prima nepos inter tot res tibi, Cadme, secundas 
causa fuit luctus, alienaque cornua fronti 
addita, vosque canes satiatae sanguine erili. 140 

at bene si quaeras, fortunae crimen in illo, 
non scelus invenies. Quod enim scelus error habebat ? 
mons erat infectus variarum caede ferarum, 
iamque dies medius rerum contraxerat umbras 
et sol ex aequo meta distabat utraque : 145 

cum juvenis placido per devia lustra vagantes 
participes operum compellat Hyantius ore : 

1 Lina madent, comites, ferrumque cruore ferarum, 
fortunamque dies habuit satis. Altera lucem 
cum croceis invecta rotis Aurora reducet, 150 

propositum repetemus opus. Nunc Phoebus utraque 
distat idem creta, finditque vaporibus arva. 
sistite opus praesens, nodosaque tollite lina.' 

Jussa viri faciunt intermittuntque laborem. 
vallis erat piceis et acuta densa cupressu, 155 

nomine Gargaphie, succinctae sacra Dianae, 
cujus in extremo est antrum nemorale recessu, 
arte laboratum nulla : simulaverat artem 
ingenio natura suo ; nam pumice vivo 
et levibus tofis nativum duxerat arcum. 160 

fons sonat a dextra tenui perlucidus unda, 
margine gramineo patulos incinctus hiatus. 



III. 195.J Diana and her Nymphs. 39 

hie dea silvarum venatu fessa solebat 

virgineos artus liquido perfundere rore. 

quo postquam subiit, nympharum tradidit uni 165 

armigerae jaculum pharetramque arcusque retentos ; 

altera depositae subjecit bracchia pallae ; 

vincla duae pedibus demunt. Nam doctior illis 

Ismenis Crocale sparsos per colla capillos 

colligit in nodum, quamvis erat ipsa solutis. 170 

excipiunt laticem Nepheleque Hyleque Rhanisque 

et Psecas et Phiale, funduntque capacibus urnis. 

Dumque ibi perluitur solita Titania lympha, 
ecce nepos Cadmi dilata parte laborum 
per nemus ignotum non certis passibus errans 175 

pervenit in lucum : sic ilium fata ferebant. 
qui simul intravit rorantia fontibus antra, 
sicut erant, viso nudae sua pectora nymphae 
percussere viro, subitisque ululatibus omne 
implevere nemus, circumfusaeque Dianam 180 

corporibus texere suis. Tamen altior illis 
ipsa dea est, colloque tenus supereminet omnes. 

Qui color infectis adversi solis ab ictu 
nubibus esse solet aut purpureae aurorae, 
is fuit in vultu visae sine veste Dianae. 185 

quae quamquam comitum turba est stipata suarum, 
in latus obliquum tamen astitit, oraque retro 
flexit : et ut vellet promptas habuisse sagittas, 
quas habuit sic hausit aquas, vultumque virilem 
perfudit, spargensque comas ultricibus undis 19c 

addidit haec cladis praenuntia verba futurae : 
1 Nunc tibi me posito visam velamine narres, 
si poteris narrare, licet.' Nee plura minata 
dat sparso capiti vivacis cornua cervi, 
dat spatium collo, summasque cacuminat aures, 195 



40 vu. Actceon. [Metam. 

cum pedibusque manus, cum longis bracchia mutat 
cruribus, et velat maculoso vellere corpus ; 
additus et pavor est. Fugit Autonoei'us heros 
et se tarn celerem cursu miratur in ipso, 
ut vero vultus et cornua vidit in unda, 200 

' Me miserum ! ' dicturus erat, vox nulla secuta est : 
ingemuit, vox ilia fuit ; lacrimaeque per ora 
non sua fluxerunt. Mens tantum pristina mansit. 
Quid faciat ? repetatne domum et regalia tecta ? 
an lateat silvis ? pudor hoc, timor impedit illud. 205 

dum dubitat, videre canes : primumque Melampus 
Ichnobatesque sagax latratu signa dedere, 
Gnosius Ichnobates, Spartana gente Melampus. 
inde ruunt alii rapida velocius aura, 
Pamphagus et Dorceus et Oribasus, Arcades omnes, 210 
Nebrophonusque valens et trux cum Laelape Theron, 
et pedibus Pterelas, et naribus utilis Agre, 
Hylaeusque ferox nuper percussus ab apro, 
deque lupo concepta Nape, pecudesque secuta 
Poemenis, et natis comitata Harpyia duobus, 215 

et substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon 
et Dromas et Canace Sticteque et Tigris et Alee, 
et niveis Leucon, et villis Asbolus atris, 
praevalidusque Lacon et cursu fortis Aello 
et Thous et Cyprio velox cum fratre Lycisce, 220 

et nigram medio frontem distinctus ab albo 
Harpalos et Melaneus hirsutaque corpore Lachne, 
et patre Dictaeo, sed matre Laconide nati 
Labros et Agriodus, et acutae vocis Hylactor, 
quosque referre mora est. Ea turba cupidine praedae 225 
per rupes scopulosque adituque carentia saxa 
quaque est difficilis, quaque est via nulla, sequuntur. 
ille fugit per quae fuerat loca saepe secutus, 



III. 252.] Deatli of Actceon. 41 

heu famulos fugit ipse suos ! clamare Kbebat 

' Actaeon ego sum, dominum cognoscite vestrum ! ' 230 

verba animo desunt. Resonat latratibus aether. 

prima Melanchaetes in tergo vulnera fecit, 

proxima Theridamas ; Oresitrophus haesit in armo. 

tardius exierant, sed per compendia montis 

anticipata via est. Dominum retinentibus illis, 235 

cetera turba coit confertque in corpore dentes. 

iam loca vulneribus desunt. Gemit ille, sonumque, 

etsi non hominis, quern non tamen edere possit 

cervus, habet, maestisque replet iuga nota querellis. 

[et genibus pronis supplex similisque roganti 240 

circumfert tacitos tamquam sua bracchia vultus.] 

at comites rapidum solitis hortatibus agmen 

ignari instigant, oculisque Actaeona quaerunt, 

et velut absentem certatim Actaeona clamant — 

ad nomen caput ille refert — et abesse queruntur, 245 

nee capere oblatae segnem spectacula praedae. 

vellet abesse quidem, sed adest : velletque videre, 

non etiam sentire canum fera facta suorum. 

undique circumstant, mersisque in corpore rostris 

dilacerant falsi dominum sub imagine cervi. 250 

nee nisi finita per plurima vulnera vita 

ira pharetratae fertur satiata Dianae. 



42 viii. Pyrannis and Thisbe. [Metam. 

VIII. Pyramus and Thisbe. 
[Book IV. — 55-166.] 

[Semele, a descendant of Cadmus, became the Mother of Bacchus, 
but was destroyed by the presence of Jupiter, whom she desired to 
see clothed with flames and thunder (III. 253-315). Tiresias, the 
Theban seer, is made blind, but endowed with prophecy (316-338). 
The nymph Echo, pining with love of Narcissus, becomes a rock, 
her voice alone surviving (339-401 ) ; while Narcissus, gazing on his 
image in a fountain, perishes, and by the water-nymphs is converted 
to a flower (402-510). Pentheus, having denied the god Bacchus, 
and forbidden his solemnities, and caused him to be seized, is torn 
in pieces by Bacchanals, his mother and sisters aiding : Bacchus 
meanwhile (in the form of Acaetes) relates the miracle wrought by 
himself upon a Tyrrhenian crew, whose ship's tackle he had con- 
verted to serpents, and themselves to dolphins (511-733). Three 
Theban sisters (Minye'ides) likewise refrain from the rites of 
Bacchus : of whom one relates the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe 
(IV. 1-54).] 

These young lovers, dwelling in Babylon, had appointed a 
meeting at the tomb of king Ninus (55-92). Thisbe, coming 
first, is terrified by a lion and so escapes. Pyramus, soon arriving, 
finds tracks of the beast and the torn mantle of Thisbe ; and con- 
ceiving that she is slain, stabs himself with his sword, his blood 
reddening the fruit of the mulberry, at whose foot he lies (93-127). 
Thisbe, soon returning, finds him dying, and slays herself with the 
sword yet warm (128-166). 

Pyramus et Thisbe, juvenum pulcherrimus alter, 55 
altera, quas Oriens habuit, praelata puellis, 
contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam 
coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem. 
notitiam primosque gracilis vicinia fecit : 
tempore crevit amor ; taedae quoque jure colssent, 60 
sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare, 



IV. 94-] Meeting assigned at Ninns Tomb. 43 

ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo : 
conscius omnis abest ; nutu signisque loquuntur. 

Quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis, 
fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim 65 

cum fieret, paries domui communis utrique. 
id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum — 
quid non sentit amor ? — primi vidistis, amantes, 
et vocis fecistis iter ; tutaeque per illud 
murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant. 70 

saepe, ubi constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc, 
inque vices fuerat captatus anhelitus oris, 
' Invide ' dicebant ' paries, quid amantibus obstas ? 
quantum erat, ut sineres toto nos corpore jungi, 
aut hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! 75 

nee sumus ingrati ; tibi nos debere fatemur, 
quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures.' 
talia diversa nequiquam sede locuti, 
sub noctem dixere vale, partique dedere 
oscula quisque suae non pervenientia contra. 80 

Postera nocturnos aurora removerat ignes, 
solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas : 
ad solitum coi'ere locum. Turn murmure parvo 
multa prius questi, statuunt ut nocte silenti 
fallere custodes foribusque excedere temptent, 85 

cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque tecta relinquant ; 
neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo, 
conveniant ad busta Nini, lateantque sub umbra 
arboris : arbor ibi niveis uberrima pomis 
ardua moms erat, gelido contermina fonti. 90 

Pacta placent ; et lux, tarde discedere visa, 
praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox surgit ab isdem. 
callida per tenebras versato cardine Thisbe 
egreditur fallitque suos, adopertaque vultum 



44 viii. Pyramus and TJiisbe. [Metam. 

pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. 95 

audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti 

caede leaena boum spumantes oblita rictus, 

depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda. 

quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe 

vidit, et obscurum trepido pede fugit in antrum, 100 

dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit. 

ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda, 

dum redit in silvas, inventos forte sine ipsa 

ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus. 

Serius egressus, vestigia vidit in alto 105 

pulvere certa ferae, totoque expalluit ore 
Pyramus. Ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam 
repperit, ' Una duos ' inquit ' nox perdet amantes : 
e quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita, 
nostra nocens anima est : ego te, miseranda, peremi, no 
in loca plena metus qui jussi nocte venires, 
nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus, 
et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu, 
O quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones. 
sed timidi est optare necem.' — Velamina Thisbes 115 
toll it, et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram. 
utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula vesti,~ 
' Accipe nunc ' inquit ' nostri quoque sanguinis haustus ! ' 
quoque erat accinctus, demisit in ilia ferrum ; 
nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit. 120 

Ut jacuit resupinus humo, cruor emicat alte : 
non aliter, quam cum vitiato fistula plumbo 
scinditur, et tenui stridente foramine longas 
ejaculatur aquas, atque ictibus aera rumpit. 
arborei fetus aspergine caedis in atram 125 

vertuntur faciem, madefactaque sanguine radix 
puniceo tinguit pendentia mora colore. 



IV. i6o.] Death of both the Lovers. 45 

Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem, 
ilia redit, juvenemque oculis animoque requirit, 
quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit. 130 

utque locum, et visa cognoscit in arbore formam, 
sic facit incertam pomi color : haeret, an haec sit. 
dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare omentum 
membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo 
pallidiora gerens, exhorruit aequoris instar, 135 

quod tremit, exigua cum summura stringitur aura. 

Sed postquam remorata suos cognovit amores, 
percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos, 
et laniata comas, amplexaque corpus amatum, 
vulnera supplevit lacrimis, fletumque cruori 140 

miscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens, 
' Pyrame ! ' clamavit 'quis te mihi casus ademit ? 
Pyrame, responde : tua te carissima Thisbe 
nominat : exaudi, vultusque attolle jacentes ! ' 

Ad nomen Thisbes oculos jam morte gravatos 145 

Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia ; 
quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit, et ense 
vidit ebur vacuum, ' Tua te manus ' inquit ' amorque 
perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum 
hoc manus, est et amor ; dabit hie in vulnera vires. 150 
persequar exstinctum, letique miserrima dicar 
causa comesque tui ; quique a me morte revelli 
heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli. 
hoc tameri amborum verbis estote rogati, 
O multum miseri, meus illiusque parentes, 155 

ut quos certus amor, quos hora novissima junxit, 
componi tumulo non invideatis eodem. 
at tu, quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus 
nunc tegis unius, mox es tectum duorum, 
signa tene caedis, pullosque et luctibus aptos 160 



46 vm. Py ramus and Thisbe. [Metam. 

semper habe fetus, gemini monumenta cruoris.' 

Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum 
incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat. 
vota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes : 
nam color in porno est, ubi permaturuit, ater ; 165 

quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna. 



IV. 448.] Ino and Melicerta. 47 

IX. Ino and Melicerta. 
[Book IV. — 432-542.] 

[A second sister tells of Leucothoe, an eastern princess, beloved 
by the sun-god, who is by him changed after her burial into the herb 
frankincense ; and of Clytie, who, pining with hopeless love of the 
same divinity, becomes a sun-flower (IV. 167-270). The third 
sister, Leuconoe, tells the fable of the fountain-nymph Salmacis, 
to whose waters was given the power to unman whosoever might 
bathe in them (271-388). But the three sisters who had despised 
the rites of Bacchus, are themselves converted into bats (389-415).] 

Ino also, daughter of Cadmus and nurse of Bacchus, affronts 
Juno, who descends into Tartarus and sends a Fury against her. 
Ino and her husband Athamas are maddened. Athamas slays 
their eldest son, taking him for a wild beast, while Ino casts her- 
self with her son Melicerta into the sea. There she becomes the 
sea divinity Leucothea, and Melicerta becomes Palaemon. 

Est via declivis funesta nubila taxo ; 
ducit ad infernas per muta silentia sedes. 
Styx nebulas exhalat iners, umbraeque recentes 
descendunt iliac simulacraque functa sepulchris. 435 

pallor hiemsque tenent late loca senta. Novique 
qua sit iter, manes, Stygiam qua ducat ad urbem, 
ignorant, ubi sit nigri fera regia Ditis. 
mille capax aditus et apertas undique portas 
urbs habet. Utque fretum de tota flumina terra, 440 
sic omnes animas locus accipit ille, neculli 
exiguus populo est, turbamve accedere sentit. 
errant exsangues sine corpore et ossibus umbrae, 
parsque forum celebrant, pars imi tecta tyranni, 
pars aliquas artes, antiquae imitamina vitae. 44s 

Sustinet ire illuc caelesti sede relicta, 447 

tantum odiis iraeque dabat, Saturnia Juno. 



48 ix. Ino and Melicerta. [Metam. 

quo simul intravit, sacroque a corpore pressum 

ingemuit limen, tria Cerberus extulit ora 450 

et tres latratus simul edidit. . Ilia sorores 

nocte vocat genitas, grave et inplacabile numen : 

carceris ante fores clausas adamante sedebant, 

cumque suis atros pectebant crinibus angues. 

quam simul agnorunt inter caliginis umbras, 455 

surrexere deae : sedes Scelerata vocatur. 

viscera praebebat Tityos lanianda, novemque 

jugeribus distentus erat. Tibi, Tantale, nullae 

deprenduntur aquae ; quaeque imminet, effugit arbos. 

aut petis, aut urgues ruiturum, Sisyphe, saxum. 460 

volvitur Ixion et se sequiturque fugitque. 

molirique suis letum patruelibus ausae 

assiduae repetunt quas perdant, Belides undas. 

Quos omnes acie postquam Saturnia torva 
vidit, et ante omnes Ixiona, rursus ab illo 465 

Sisyphon aspiciens ' Cur hie e fratribus ' inquit 
' perpetuas patitur poenas, Athamanta superbum 
regia dives habet, qui me cum conjuge semper 
sprevit ? ' et exponit causas odiique viaeque, 
quidque velit. Quod vellet, erat, ne regia Cadmi 470 
staret, et in facinus traherent Athamanta sorores. 
imperium, promissa, preces confundit in unum, 
sollicitatque deas. Sic haec Junone locuta, 
Ti si phone canos, ut erat, turbata capillos 
movit et obstantes rejecit ab ore colubras, 475 

atque ita 'Non longis opus est ambagibus,' inquit 
'facta puta, quaecumque jubes : inamabile regnum 
desere, teque refer caeli melioris ad auras.' 
laeta redit Juno. Quam caelum intrare parantem 
roratis lustravit aquis Thaumantias Iris. 480 

Nee mora, Tisiphone madefactam sanguine sumit 



IV. 5 1 4-] Tisiphone. 49 

importuna facem, fluidoque cruore rubentem 

induitur pallam, tortoque incingitur angue, 

egrediturque domo. Luctus comitatur euntem 

et Pavor et Terror trepidoque Insania vultu. 485 

limine constiterat. Postes tremuisse feruntur 

Aeolii, pallorque fores infecit Avernus, 

solque locum fugit. Monstris exterrita conjunx, 

territus est Athamas. Tectoque exire parabant : 

obstitit infelix aditumque obsedit Erinys, 490 

nexaque vipereis distendens bracchia nodis 

caesariem excussit. Motae sonuere colubrae : 

parsque jacent umeris, pars circum pectora lapsae 

sibila dant saniemque vomunt linguaque coruscant. 

inde duos mediis abrumpit crinibus angues, 495 

pestiferaque manu raptos immisit. At illi 

lnoosque sinus Athamanteosque pererrant, 

inspirantque graves animas. Nee vulnera membris 

ulla ferunt ; mens est, quae cliros sentiat ictus. 

attulerat secum liquidi quoque monstra veneni, 50c 

oris Cerberei spumas et virus Echidnae, 

erroresque vagos caecaeque oblivia mentis, 

et scelus et lacrimas rabiemque et caedis amorem, 

omnia trita simul, quae sanguine mixta recenti 

coxerat aere cavo, viridi versata cicuta. 505 

dumque pavent illi, vergit furiale venerium 

pectus in amborum, praecordiaque intima movit. 

turn face j aetata per eundem saepius orbem 

consequitur motis velociter ignibus ignes. 

sic victrix jussique potens ad inania magni 510 

regna redit Ditis, sumptumque recingitur anguem. 

Protinus Aeolides media furibundus in aula 
clamat ' Io, comites, his retia tendite silvis ! 
hie modo cum gemina visa est mihi prole leaena,' 



5<D ix. Ino and Melicerta. [Metam. 

utque ferae sequitur vestigia conjugis amens, 515 

deque sinu matris ridentem et parva Learchum 

bracchia tendentem rapit et bis terque per auras 

more rotat fundae, rigidoque infantia saxo 

discutit ora ferox. Turn denique concita mater, 

seu dolor hoc fecit, seu sparsi causa veneni, 520 

exululat passisque fugit male sana capillis, 

teque ferens parvum nudis, Melicerta, lacertis 

' Euhoe Bacche ' sonat. Bacchi sub nomine Juno 

risit et ' Hos usus praestet tibi ' dixit 'alumnus.' 

Imminet aequoribus scopulus, pars ima cavatur 525 
fluctibus et tectas defendit ab imbribus undas, 
summa riget frontemque in apertum porrigit aequor. 
occupat hunc — vires insania fecerat — Ino, 
seque super pontum nullo tardata timore 
mittit onusque suum ; percussa recanduit unda. 530 

at Venus inmeritae neptis miserata labores 
sic patruo blandita suo est : ' O numen aquarum, 
proxima cui caelo cessit, Neptune, potestas, 
magna quidem posco, sed tu miserere meorum, 
jactari quos cernis in Ionio immenso, 535 

et dis adde tuis. Aliqua et mihi gratia ponto est, 
si tamen in dio quondam concreta profundo 
spuma fui, Graiumque manet mihi nomen ab ilia.' 

Annuit oranti Neptunus et abstulit illis 
quod mortale fuit, majestatemque verendam 54a 

imposuit, nomenque simul faciemque novavit : 
Leucotheeque deum cum matre Palaemona dixit. 






IV. 630.] Perseus and Andromeda. 51 

X. Perseus and Andromeda. 

[Book IV. — 615-803.] 

[The companions of Ino are changed to stones and birds (416- 
562). Cadmus and his wife Hermione, in great age, having wit- 
nessed these sorrows of their house, are at length converted into 
serpents, consoled only by the glories of their grandson Bacchus 

(563-614).] 

Perseus, returning from the slaying of Medusa, is refused hos- 
pitality by the Titan Atlas, whom by the Gorgon's head he converts 
into a mountain (615-662). Flying over /Ethiopia, he discovers the 
princess Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, fastened 
to a cliff to be devoured by a sea-monster, which he attacks and 
slays, and so wins Andromeda for his bride (663-739). The 
marvellous effect of Medusa's head, which changes leaves and 
twigs to coral ; and the tale told at Perseus 1 wedding feast, of 
Medusa, daughter of Phorcus, whose golden locks were by the 
wrath of Minerva changed to serpents. 

Viperei referens spolium memorabile monstri 615 

aera carpebat tenerum stridentibus alis ; 
cumque super Libycas victor penderet arenas, 
Gorgonei capitis guttae cecidere cruentae, 
quas humus exceptas varios animavit in angues : 
unde frequens ilia est infestaque terra colubris. 620 

Inde per immensum ventis discordibus actus 
nunc hue, nunc illuc, exempio nubis aquosae 
fertur, et ex alto seductas aethere longe 
despectat terras, totumque supervolat orbem. 
ter gelidas Arctos, ter Cancri bracchia vidit : 625 

saepe sub occasus, saepe est ablatus in ortus. 
jamque cadente die, veritus se credere nocti, 
constitit Hesperio, regnis Atlantis, in orbe ; 
exiguamque petit requiem, dum Lucifer ignes 
evocet Aurorae, currus Aurora diurnos. 630 



52 x. Perseus and Aiidromeda. [Metam. 

Hie hominum cunctos ingenti corpore praestans 
Iapetionides Atlas fuit. Ultima tellus 
rege sub hoc et pontus erat, qui Solis anhelis 
aequora subdit equis, et fessos excipit axes, 
mille greges illi, totidemque armenta per herbas 635 

errabant ; et humum vicinia nulla premebant. 
arboreae frondes auro radiante virentes, 
ex auro ramos, ex auro poma tegebant. 

' Hospes,' ait Perseus illi, 'seu gloria tangit 
te generis magni, generis mihi Juppiter auctor ; 640 

sive es mirator rerum, mirabere nostras : 
hospitium requiemque peto.' Memor ille vetustae 
sortis erat ; Themis hanc dederat Parnasia sortem : 
' Tempus, Atla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro 
arbor, et hunc praedae titulum Jove natus habebit.' 645 
id metuens, solidis pomaria clauserat Atlas 
moenibus, et vasto dederat servanda draconi, 
arcebatque suis externos finibus omnes. 
huic quoque ' Vade procul, ne longe gloria rerum, 
quam mentiris,' ait ' longe tibi Juppiter absit ; ' 650 

vimque minis addit, manibusque expellere temptat 
cunctantem, et placidis miscentem fortia dictis. 

Viribus inferior — quis enim par esset Atlanti 
viribus ? — ' At quoniam parvi tibi gratia nostra est, 
accipe munus,' ait ; laevaque a parte Medusae 655 

ipse retroversus squalentia prodidit ora. 
quantus erat, mons factus Atlas : nam barba comaeque 
in silvas abeunt, juga sunt umerique manusque : 
quod caput ante fuit, summo est in monte cacumen ; 
ossa lapis hunt. Turn partes auctus in omnes 660 

crevit in immensum — sic di statuistis — et omne 
cum tot sideribus caelum requievit in illo. 

Clauserat Hippotades aeterno carcere ventos, 



IV. 696.] The Giant Atlas. 53 

admonitorque operum caelo clarissimus alto 

Lucifer ortus erat. Pennis ligat ille resumptis 665 

parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco, 

et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit. 

gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis, 

Aethiopum populos Cepheaque conspicit arva. 

illic immeritam maternae pendere linguae 670 

Andromedan poenas immitis jusserat Ammon. 

Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes 
vidit Abantiades, — nisi quod levis aura capillos 
moverat, et tepido manabant lumina fletu, 
marmoreum ratus esset opus — trahit inscius ignes, 675 
et stupet, et visae correptus imagine formae, 
paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas. 
ut stetit, ' O ' dixit ' non istis digna catenis, 
sed quibus inter se cupidi junguntur amantes, 
pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque, 680 

et cur vincla gems.' Primo silet ilia, nee audet 
appellare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos 
celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset. 
lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis. 

Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri 685 

nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque, 
quantaque maternae fuerit fiducia formae, 
indicat. Et nondum memoratis omnibus unda 
insonuit, veniensque immenso belua ponto 
imminet, et latum sub pectore possidet aequor. 690 

Conclamat virgo ; genitor lugubris et una 
mater adest, ambo miseri, sed justius ilia, 
nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus 
plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent ; 
cum sic hospes ait : ' Lacrimarum longa manere 695 

tempora vos poterunt ; ad opem brevis hora ferendam est. 



54 x. Perseus and Andromeda. [Metam. 

hanc ego si peterem Perseus Jove natus et ilia, 
quam clausam implevit fecundo Juppiter auro, 
Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator, et alis 
aetherias ausus jactatis ire per auras, 7°° 

praeferrer cunctis certe gener. Addere tantis 
dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tempto; 
ut mea sit servata mea virtute, paciscor.' 
accipiunt legem — quis enim dubitaret ? — et orant, 
promittuntque super regnum dotale parentes. 7°5 

Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro 
sulcat aquas, juvenum sudantibus acta lacertis, 
sic fera dimotis impulsu pectoris undis 
tantum aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto 
funda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli : 7™ 

cum subito juvenis, pedibus tellure repulsa, 
arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo 
umbra viri visa est, visam fera saevit in umbram. 
utque Jovis praepes, vacuo cum vidit in arvo 
praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem, 715 

occupat aversum, neu saeva retorqueat ora, 
squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues : 
sic celer immisso praeceps per inane volatu 
terga ferae pressit, dextroque frementis in armo 
Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. 720 

vulnere laesa gravi, modo se sublimis in auras 
attollit, modo subdit aquis, modo more ferocis 
versat apri, quern turba canum circumsona terret. 
ille avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis ; 
quaque patent, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, 7 2 5 
nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda 
desinit in piscem, falcato verberat ense. 
belua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus 
ore vomit : maduere graves aspergine pennae. 



IV. 762.] Fight with the Sea-monster. 55 

Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus 730 

credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo 
stantibus exstat aquis, operitur ab aequore moto. 
nixus eo, rupisque tenens juga prima sinistra, 
ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. 
litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum 735 

implevere domos. Gaudent, generumque salutant, 
auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur 
Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis 
incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris. 

Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda : 740 

anguiferumque caput dura ne laedat arena, 
mollit humum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas 
sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae, 
virga recens bibulaque etiamnum viva medulla 
vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit hujus, 745- 

percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigorem. 
at pelagi nymphae factum mirabile temptant 
pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent, 
seminaque ex illis iterant j aetata per undas. 
nunc quoque curaliis eadem natura remansit, 75° 

duritiam tacto capiant ut ab aere, quodque 
vim en in aequore erat, fiat super aequora saxum. 

Dis tribus ille focos totidem de cespite ponit, 
laevum Mercurio, dextrum tibi, bellica Virgo ; 
ara Jovis media est : mactatur vacca Minervae, 755 

alipedi vitulus, taurus tibi, summe deorum. 
protinus Andromedan et tanti praemia facti 
indotata rapit. Taedas Hymenaeus Amorque 
praecutiunt ; largis satiantur odoribus ignes, 
sertaque dependent tectis, et ubique lyraeque 760 

tibiaque et cantus, animi felicia laeti 
argumenta, sonant. Reseratis aurea valvis 



56 x. Perseus and Andromeda. [Metam. 

atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu 
Cepheni proceres ineunt convivia regis. 

Postquam epulis functi generosi munere Bacchi 765 
diffudere animos, cultusque genusque locorum 
quaerit Lyncides, moresque animumque virorum ; 767 
qui simul edocuit, ' Nunc, O fortissime,' dixit 769 

1 fare precor, Perseu, quanta virtute, quibusque 770 

artibus abstuleris crinita draconibus ora.' 
narrat Agenorides gelido sub Atlante jacentem 
esse locum solidae tutum munimine molis, 
cujus in introitu geminas habitasse sorores 
Phorcidas, unius partitas luminis usum : 775 

id se sollerti furtim, dum traditur, astu 
subposita cepisse manu ; perque abdita longe 
deviaque et silvis horrentia saxa fragosis 
Gorgoneas tetigisse domos ; passimque per agros 
perque vias vidisse hominum simulacra ferarumque 780 
in silicem ex ipsis visa conversa Medusa : 
se tamen horrendae clipei, quod laeva gerebat, 
aere repercusso, formam aspexisse Medusae ; 
dumque gravis somnus colubrasque ipsamque tenebat, 
eripuisse caput collo ; pennisque fugacem 785 

Pegason et fratrem, matris de sanguine natos. 
addidit et longi non falsa pericula cursus : 
quae freta, quas terras sub se vidisset ab alto, 
et quae jactatis tetigisset sidera pennis. 
ante exspectatum tacuit tamen. Excipit unus 790 

ex numero procerum, quaerens, cur sola sororum 
gesserit alternis inmixtos crinibus angues. 

Hospes ait, ' Ouoniam scitaris digna relatu, 
accipe quaesiti causam. Clarissima forma 
multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum 79s 

ilia; nee in tota conspectior ulla capillis 



IV. 803.] The Marriage Festival. 57 

pars fuit. Inveni, qui se vidisse referret. 

hanc pelagi rector templo vitiasse Minervae 

dicitur. Aversa est et castos aegide vultus 

nata Jovis texit ; neve hoc impune fuisset, 80c 

Gorgoneum crinem turpes mutavit in hydros. 

nunc quoque, ut attonitos formidine terreat hostes, 

pectore in adverso quos fecit, sustinet angues.' 



58 xi. The Wandering of Ceres. [Metam. 

XL The Wandering of Ceres. 
[Book V. — 341-661.] 

[At the marriage feast of Perseus and Andromeda, her uncle 
Phineus, to whom she had been betrothed, out of jealousy caused 
a quarrel among the guests ; and a violent quarrel arising thence, 
with bloodshed on both sides, Perseus, by showing the Gorgon's 
head, suddenly turned into stone Phineus himself, with two hundred 
of his companions (V. 1-235). And by the same means, after his 
return to Argos, his enemies Prcetus and Polydectes were likewise 
converted into stone (236-249). Minerva (who had attended Per- 
seus thus far), coming to Helicon and inquiring of the Muses, is 
told the following : that having taken refuge from a tempest with 
Pyreneus of Daulia, in Phocis, when he offered them violence, they 
were changed to birds ; and he, attempting flight after them, was 
dashed in pieces (250-293). The Pierides, daughters of king 
Pierus, of Macedonia, having challenged them to a trial of skill, 
begin with the tale of the giant sons of Earth, who attempted to 
scale Olympus ; the terror of the gods before Typhoeus, and the 
various shapes they assumed in their flight ; to which the Muses 
respond by relating the Wandering of Ceres in her search for her 
daughter Proserpine (294-340).] 

When the monster Typhoeus had been buried beneath Mount 
/Etna, Pluto, god of the world below, alarmed at the convulsions 
caused by his agony, came forth to view. Now Venus had been 
jealous at the virginity of Proserpine, Ceres 1 daughter ; and at her 
bidding Cupid shot the king of Shadows with his dart. He then, 
beholding Proserpine, as she sported with her maidens in the vale 
of Enna, seized her, and bore her away in his chariot, driving his 
way through the fount of Cyane, who thereon was herself con- 
verted into water (341-437). Seeking her daughter in vain, by the 
light of torches kindled from yEtna, Ceres turned into a spotted 
lizard (stellio) the boy Stelles, who had mocked her eager thirst ; 
and into a horned owl Ascalaphus, who testified to having seen 
Proserpine in Hades eat seven pomegranate seeds, whereby she 
was compelled to remain in her new abode. Meanwhile, the 
virgin companions of Proserpine became winged Sirens. And, 



V. 359-] Proserpine is stolen by Pinto. 59 

by favor of Jupiter, Proserpine was permitted to pass half the year 
with her mother, and half with her wedded lord (438-567). 

Ceres, comforted that her daughter is thus partially restored to 
her, asks the nymph Arethusa about her flight and transformation ; 
who relates that, being pursued by the river-god Alpheus, in Elis 
of Greece, Diana, whose attendant nymph she was, provided for 
her escape by a passage beneath the sea, whereby she came to the 
isle of Ortygia, sacred to Diana, on the coast of Sicily (569-641). 

Ceres then, proceeding to Athens, gave her chariot to Tripto- 
lemus, that he might instruct mankind in the sowing and gathering 
of corn ; and Lyncus, seeking to kill him out of envy, is converted 
to a lynx (642-661). 

[So ends the tale sung by the Muses. And the Pierides, being 
adjudged defeated in their rivalry, are transformed to chattering 
magpies (662-678).] 



Prima Ceres unco glebam dimovit aratro, 
prima dedit fruges alimentaque mitia terris, 
prima dedit leges : Cereris sunt omnia munus. 
ilia canenda mihi est. Utinam modo dicere possem 
carmina digna dea : certe dea carmine digna est. 345 

Vasta giganteis ingesta est insula membris 
Trinacris, et magnis subjectum molibus urguet 
aetherias ausum sperare Typhoea sedes. 
nititur ille quidem, pugnatque resurgere saepe ; 
dextra sed Ausonio manus est subjecta Peloro, 350 

laeva, Pachyne, tibi ; Lilybaeo crura premuntur ; 
degravat Aetna caput, sub qua resupinus arenas 
ejectat, flammamque fero vomit ore Typhoeus. 
saepe remoliri luctatur pondera terrae, 
oppidaque et magnos devolvere corpore montes. 355 

inde tremit tellus ; et rex pavet ipse silentum, 
ne pateat, latoque solum retegatur hiatu, 
immissusque dies trepidanfes terreat umbras. 

Hanc metuens cladem, tenebrosa sede tyrannus 



60 xi. The Wandering of Ceres. [Metam. 

exierat, curruque atrorum ve'ctus equorum 360 

ambibat Siculae cautus fundamina terrae. 

postquam exploratum satis est, loca nulla labare, 

depositique metus, videt hunc Erycina vagantem 

monte suo residens, natumque amplexa volucrem^^-^- 

' Arma manusque meae, mea, nate, potentia,' dixit 365 

' ilia, quibus superas omnes, cape tela, Cupido, 

inque dei pectus celeres molire sagittas, 

cui triplicis cessit fortuna novissima regni. 

tu superos ipsumque Jovem, tu numina ponti 

victa domas, ipsumque regit qui numina ponti. 370 

Tartara quid cessant ? cur non matrisque tuumque 

imperium profers ? agitur pars tertia mundi. 

et tamen in caelo, quae jam patientia nostra est, 

spernimur, ac mecum vires minuuntur Amoris. 

Pallada nonne vides jaculatricemque Dianam 375 

abscessisse mihi ? Cereris quoque filia virgo, 

si patiemur, erit ; nam spes adfectat easdem. 

at tu, pro socio (siqua est ea gratia) regno, 

junge deam patruo.' Dixit Venus ; ille pharetram 

solvit, et, arbitrio matris, de mille sagittis 380 

unam seposuit, sed qua nee acutior ulla, 

nee minus incerta est, nee quae magis audiat arcus. 

oppositoque genu curvavit flexile cornu : 

inque cor hamata percussit arundine Ditem. 

Haud procul Hennaeis lacus est a moenibus altae, 385 
nomine Fergus, aquae. Non illo plura Caystros 
carmina eyenorum labentibus audit in undis. 
silva coronat aquas cingens latus omne, suisque 
frondibus u t velo Phoebeos submovet ignes. 
frigora dant rami, Tyrios humus umida flores : 390 

perpetuum ver est. Quo dum Proserpina luco 
ludit, et aut violas aut Candida lilia carpit, 



V. 425-] Proserpine is stolen by Pluto. 61 

dumque puellari studio calathosque sinumque 

implet, et aequales certat superare legendo, 

paene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Diti : 39s 

usque adeo est properatus amor. Dea territa maesto 

et matrem et comites, sed matrem saepius, ore 

clamat ; et ut summa vestem laniarat ab ora, 

collecti flores tunicis cecidere remissis. 

tantaque simplicitas puerilibus adfuit annis, 4°° 

haec quoque virgineum movit jactura dolorem. 

Raptor agit currus, et nomine quemque vocatos 
exhortatur equos, quorum per colla jubasque 
excutit obscura tinctas ferrugine habenas. 
perque lacus altos et olentia sulfure fertur 405 

stagna Palicorum, rupta ferventia terra ; _-- 
et qua Bacchiadae, bimari gens orta Corintho, 
inter inaequales posuerunt moenia portus. 

Est medium Cyanes et Pisaeae Arethusae, 
quod coit angustis inclusum cornibus aequor. 410 

hie fuit, a cujus stagnum quoque nomine dictum est, 
inter Sicelidas Cyane celeberrima nymphas. 
gurgite quae medio summa tenus exstitit alvo, 
agnovitque deam : ' Nee longius ibitis ' inquit ; 
' non potes invitae Cereris gener esse : roganda, 415 

non rapienda fuit. Quod si componere magnis 
parva mihi fas est, et me dilexit Anapis : 
exorata tamen, nee, ut haec, exterrita nupsi.' 
dixit, et in partes diversas bracchia tendens 
obstitit. Haud ultra tenuit Saturnius iram, 4 20 

terribilesque hortatus equos in gnrgitis ima 
contortum valido sceptrum regale lacerto 
condidit. Icta viam tellus in Tartara fecit, 
et pronos currus medio cratere recepit. 

At Cyane raptamque deam contemptaque fontis 425 



62 xi. The Wandering of Ceres. [Metam. 

jura sui maerens, inconsolabile vulnus 

mente gerit tacita, lacrimisque absumitur omnis ; 

et quarum fuerat magnum modo numen, in illas 

extenuatur aquas. Molliri membra videres, 

ossa pati flexus, ungues posuisse rigorem : 43° 

primaque de tota tenuissima quaeque liquescunt, 

caerulei crines, digitique et crura pedesque : 

nam brevis in gelidas membris exilibus undas 

transitus est ; post haec umeri tergusque latusque 

pectoraque in tenues abeunt evanida rivos. 43s 

denique pro vivo vitiatas sanguine venas 

lympha subit ; restatque nihil, quod prendere possis. 

Interea pavidae nequiquam filia matri 
omnibus est terris, omni quaesita profundo. 
illam non udis veniens Aurora capillis 440 

cessantem vidit, non Hesperus : ilia duabus 
flammiferas pinus manibus succendit ab Aetna, 
perque pruinosas tulit inrequieta tenebras. 
rursus ubi alma dies hebetarat sidera, natam 
solis ab occasu solis quaerebat ad ortus. 445 

fessa labore sitim collegerat, oraque nulli 
colluerant fontes ; cum tectam stramine vidit 
forte casam, parvasque fores pulsavit : at inde 
prodit anus, divamque videt, lymphamque roganti 
dulce dedit, tosta quod texerat ante polenta. 45° 

dum bibit ilia datum, duri puer oris et audax 
constitit ante deam, risitque, avidamque vocavit. 
offensa est ; neque adhuc epota parte loquentem 
cum liquido mixta perfudit diva polenta, 
combibit os maculas, et quae modo bracchia gessit, 455 
crura gerit ; cauda est mutatis addita membris : 
inque brevem formam, ne sit vis magna nocendi, 
contrahitur, parvaque minor mensura lacerta est. 






V. 49 J -] Her Weary Search. 63 

mirantem flentemque et tangere monstra parantem 
fugit anum, latebramque petit ; aptumque colori 460 

nomen habet, variis stellatus corpora guttis. 

Quas dea per terras et quas erraverit undas, 
dicere longa mora est. Quaerenti defuit orbis : 
Sicaniam repetit ; dumque omnia lustrat eundo, 
venit et ad Cyanen. Ea ni mutata fuisset, 465 

omnia narrasset ; sed et os et lingua volenti 
dicere non aderant, nee quo loqueretur, habebat. 
signa tamen manifesta dedit, notamque parenti, 
illo forte loco delapsam in gurgite sacro, 
Persephones zonam summis ostendit in undis. 47° 

quam simul agnovit, tamquam tunc denique raptam 
scisset, inornatos laniavit diva capillos, 
et repetita suis percussit pectora palmis. 
nescit adhuc ubi sit ; terras tamen increpat omnes, 
ingratasque vocat, nee frugum munere dignas : 475 

Trinacriam ante alias, in qua vestigia damni 
repperit. Ergo illic saeva vertentia glebas 
fregit aratra manu, parilique irata colonos 
ruricolasque boves leto dedit, arvaque jussit 
fallere depositum, vitiataque semina fecit. 480 

fertilitas terrae latum vulgata per orbem 
falsa jacet ; primis segetes moriuntur in herbis, 
et modo sol nimius, nimius modo corripit imber ; 
sideraque ventique nocent, avidaeque volucres 
semina jaeta legunt ; lolium tribulique fatigant 485 

triticeas messes, et inexpugnabile gramen. 

Turn caput Eleis Alpheias extulit undis, 
rorantesque comas a fronte removit ad aures, 
atque ait : ' O toto quaesitae virginis orbe 
et frugum genitrix, immensos siste labores, 490 

neve tibi fidae violenta irascere terrae : 



64 xi. The Wandering of Ceres. [Metam. 

terra nihil meruit, patuitque invita rapinae. 

nee sum pro patria supplex ; hue hospita veni : 

Pisa mihi patria est, et ab Elide ducimus ortus. 

Sicaniam peregrina colo, sed gratior omni 495 

haec mihi terra solo est. Hos nunc Arethusa penates, 

hanc habeo sedem ; quam tu, mitissima, serva. 

mota loco cur sim, tantique per aequoris undas 

advehar Ortygiam, veniet narratibus hora 

tempestiva meis, cum tu curaque levata 500 

et vultus melioris eris. Mihi pervia tellus 

praebet iter, subterque imas ablata cavernas, 

hie caput attollo, desuetaque sidera cerno. 

ergo dum Stygio sub terris gurgite labor, 

visa tua est oculis illic Proserpina nostris : 505 

ilia quidem tristis, neque adhuc interrita vultu, 

sed regina tamen, sed opaci maxima mundi, 

sed tamen inferni pollens matrona tyranni.' 

Mater ad auditas stupuit ceu saxea voces, 
attonitaeque diu similis fuit. Utque dolore 510 

pulsa gravi gravis est amentia, curribus auras 
exit in aetherias : ibi toto nubila vultu 
ante Jovem passis stetit invidiosa capillis : 
' Proque meo veni supplex tibi, Juppiter,' inquit, 
' sanguine, proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris, 515 
nata patrem moveat ; neu sit tibi cura, precamur, 
vilior illius, quod nostro est edita partu. 
en quaesita diu tandem mihi nata reperta est : 
si reperire vocas amittere certius, aut si 
scire, ubi sit, reperire vocas. Quod rapta, feremus, 520 
dummodo reddat earn : neque enim praedone marito 
filia digna tua est — si jam mea filia non est.' 

Juppiter excepit, ' Commune est pignus onusque 
nata mihi tecum ; sed si modo nomina rebus 






v - 557-] She discovers Proserpine's Abode. 65 

addere vera placet, non hoc injuria factum, 525 

verum amor est. Neque erit nobis gener ille pudori, 

tu modo, diva, velis. Ut desint cetera, quantum est 

esse Jovis fratrem ! Quid quod nee cetera desunt, 

nee cedit nisi sorte mihi ? Sed tanta cupido 

si tibi discidii est, repetet Proserpina caelum, 530 

lege tamen certa, si nullos contigit illic 

ore cibos : nam sic Parcarum foedere cautum est.' 

Dixerat ; at Cereri certum est educere natam : 
non ita fata sinunt, quoniam jejunia virgo 
solverat, et cultis dum simplex errat in hortis, 535 

poeniceum curva decerpserat arbore pomum, 
sumptaque pallenti septem de cortice grana 
presserat ore suo. Solusque ex omnibus illud 
Ascalaphus vidit, quern quondam dicitur Orphne, 
inter Avernales haud ignotissima nymphas, 540 

ex Acheronte suo silvis peperisse sub atris : 
vidit, et indicio reditum crudelis ademit. 
ingemuit regina Erebi, testemque profanam 
fecit avem, sparsumque caput Phlegethontide lympha 
in rostrum et plumas et grandia lumina vertit. 545 

ille sibi ablatus fulvis amicitur in alis, 
inque caput crescit, longosque reflectitur ungues, 
vixque movet natas per inertia bracchia pennas : 
foedaque fit volucris, venturi nuntia luctus, 
ignavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen. 550 

Hie tamen indicio poenam linguaque videri 
commeruisse potest. Vobis, Acheloi'des, unde 
pluma pedesque avium, cum virginis ora geratis ? 
an quia, cum legeret vernos Proserpina flores, 
in comitum numero, doctae Sirenes, eratis ? 555 

quam postquam toto frustra quaesistis in orbe, 
protinus ut vestram sentirent aequora curam, 



66 xi. The Wandering of Ceres. [Metam. 

posse super fluctus alarum insistere remis 

optastis, facilesque deos habuistis, et artus 

vidistis vestros subitis flavescere pennis. 560 

ne tamen ille canor mulcendas natus ad aures 

tantaque dos oris linguae deperderet usum, 

virginei vultus et vox humana remansit. 

At medius fratrisque sui maestaeque sororis 
Juppiter ex aequo volventem dividit annum. 565 

nunc dea, regnorum numen commune duorum, 
cum matre est totidem, totidem cum conjuge menses, 
vertitur extemplo facies et mentis et oris : 
nam modo quae poterat Diti quoque maesta videri, 
laeta deae frons est ; ut sol, qui tectus aquosis 570 

nubibus ante fuit, victis e nubibus exit. 

Exigit alma Ceres, nata secura recepta, 
quae tibi causa fugae, cur sis, Arethusa, sacer fons ? 
conticuere undae : quarum dea sustulit alto 
fonte caput, viridesque manu siccata capillos 575 

fluminis Elei veteres narravit amores : 
* Pars ego nympharum, quae sunt in Acha'ide,' dixit, 
1 una fui ; nee me studiosius altera saltus 
legit, nee posuit studiosius altera casses. 
sed quamvis formae numquam mihi fama petita est, 580 
quamvis fortis eram, formosae nomen habebam. 
nee mea me facies nimium laudata juvabat : 
quaque aliae gaudere solent, ego rustica dote 
corporis erubui, crimenque placere putavi. 

1 Lassa revertebar, memini, Stymphalide silva : 585 
aestus erat, magnumque labor geminaverat aestum. 
invenio sine vertice aquas, sine murmure euntes, 
perspicuas ad humum, per quas numerabilis alte 
calculus omnis erat, quas tu vix ire putares. 
can a salic.ta dabant nutritaque populus unda 590 






V. 624.] The Tale of Arethusa. 67 

sponte sua natas ripis declivibus umbras. 

accessi, primumque pedis vestigia tinxi, 

poplite deinde tenus ; neque eo contenta, recingor, 

molliaque impono salici velamina curvae, 

nudaque mergor aquis ; quas dum ferioque trahoque 595 

mille modis labens, excussaque bracchia jacto, 

nescio quod medio sensi sub gurgite murmur, 

territaque insisto propioris margine ripae. 

Quo prop eras, Arethusa? suis Alpheus ab undis, 

Quo properas? iterum rauco mihi dixerat ore. 600 

sicut eram, fugio sine vestibus : altera vestes 

ripa meas habuit : tanto magis instat, et ardet. 

sic ego currebam, sic me ferus ille premebat, 

ut fugere accipitrem penna trepidante columbae, 605 

ut solet accipiter trepidas urguere columbas. 

usque sub Orchomenon, Psophidaque, Cyllenenque, 

Maenaliosque sinus, gelidumque Erymanthon, et Elin 

currere sustinui ; nee me velocior ille. 

( Sed tolerare diu cursus ego, viribus impar, 610 

non poteram : longi patiens erat ille laboris. 
per tamen et campos, per opertos arbore montes, 
saxa quoque et rupes et qua via nulla, cucurri. 
sol erat a tergo : vidi praecedere longam 
ante pedes umbram — nisi si timor ilia videbat — 615 
sed certe sonitusque pedum terrebat, et ingens 
crinales vittas adflabat anhelitus oris, 
fessa labore fugae, Fer opem, deprendimur, inquam, 
armigerae, Dictynna, tuae, cui saepe dedisti 
ferre titos areas inclusaque tela pliaretra. 620 

' Mota dea est, spissisque ferens e nubibus unam 
me super in\ecit. Lustrat caligine tectam 
amnis, et ignarus circum cava nubila quaerit ; 
bisque locum, quo me dea texerat, inscius ambit, 



68 xi. The Wandering of Ceres. [Metam. 

et bis Io Arethusa ! Io Arethnsa ! vocavit. 625 

quid mihi tunc animi miserae fuit ? anne quod agnae 

est, 
siqua lupos audit circum stabula alta frementes ? 
aut lepori, qui vepre latens hostilia cernit 
ora canum, nullosque audet dare corpore motus ? 

' Non tamen abscedit ; neque enim vestigia cernit 630 
longius ulla pedum : servat nubemque locumque. 
occupat obsessos sudor mihi frigidus artus, 
caeruleaeque cadunt toto de corpore guttae. 
quaque pedem movi, manat lacus, eque capillis 
ros cadit ; et citius quam nunc tibi facta renarro, 635 

in latices mutor. Sed enim cognoscit amatas 
amnis aquas, positoque viri quod sumpserat ore, 
vertitur in proprias, ut se mihi misceat, undas. 
Delia rupit humum, caecisque ego mersa cavernis 
advehor Ortygiam, quae me cognomine divae 640 

grata meae superas eduxit prima sub auras.' 

Hac Arethusa tenus. Geminos dea fertilis angues 
curribus admovit, frenisque coercuit ora, 
et medium caeli terraeque per aera vecta est, 
atque levem currum Tritonida misit in urbem 645 

Triptolemo ; partimque rudi data semina jussit 
spargere humo, partim post tempora longa recultae. 
jam super Europen sublimis et Asida terram 
vectus erat juvenis ; Scythicas advertitur oras. 
rex ibi Lyncus erat. Regis subit ille penates ; 650 

qua veniat, causamque viae nomenque rogatus 
et patriam, 'Patria est clarae mihi' dixit 'Athenae; 
Triptolemus nomen. Veni nee puppe per undas, 
nee pede per terras : patuit mihi pervius aether, 
dona fcro Cereris, latos quae sparsa per agros 655 

frugiferas messes alimentaque mitia reddant.' 



V. 66i.] Triptotemus and Lyncus. 69 

barbarus invidit ; tantique ut muneris auctor 

ipse sit, hospitio recipit, somnoque gravatum 

adgreditur ferro. Conantem figere pectus 

lynca Ceres fecit, rursusque per aera jussit 660 

Mopsopium juvenem sacros agitare jugales. 



yo xii. The Punishment of Arachne. [Metam. 

XII. The Punishment of Arachne. 

[Book VI.— 1-145.] 

Minerva, having heard the tale of the Pierides, bethinks herself 
of a fit penalty for Arachne, a Lydian maid, who had boastfully 
challenged her to a trial of skill in embroidery. Visiting her in the 
guise of an old woman, and finding her still of the same mind, she 
assumes her proper shape, and works in her web the tale of sundry 
divine judgments, while Arachne weaves the story of numerous 
transformations of gods, impelled thereto by love. To punish her 
impiety and insolence, Minerva strikes her on the forehead ; and 
when Arachne in despair hangs herself, converts her to a spider, 
condemned to spin and hang for evermore. 

Praebuerat dictis Tritonia talibus aures, 
carminaque Aonidum justamque probaverat iram. 
turn secum ' laudare parum est ; laudemur et ipsae, 
numina nee sperni sine poena nostra sinamus ' 
Maeoniaeque animum fatis intendit Arachnes, 5 

quam sibi lanificae non cedere laudibus artis 
audierat. Non ilia loco nee origine gentis 
clara, sed arte fuit. Pater huic Colophonius Idmon 
Phocai'co bibulas tinguebat murice lanas : 
occiderat mater ; sed et haec de plebe suoque 10 

aequa viro fuerat. Lydas tamen ilia per urbes 
quaesierat studio nomen memorabile, quamvis 
orta domo parva parvis habitabat Hypaepis. 
hujus ut aspicerent opus admirabile, saepe 
deseruere sui nymphae vineta Timoli, 15 

deseruere suas nymphae Pactolides undas. 
nee factas solum vestes spectare juvabat ; 
turn quoque, cum fierent : tantus decor affuit arti. 
sive rudem primos lanam glomerabat in orbes, 



VI. 52.] The Pride of Arachne. yi 

seu digitis subigebat opus, repetitaque longo 20 

vellera mollibat nebulas aequantia tractu, 

sive levi teretem versabat pollice fusum, 

seu pingebat acu : scires a Pallade doctam. 

quod tamen ipsa negat, tantaque offensa magistra 

'Certet' ait ' mecum : nihil est, quod victa recusem.' 25 

Pallas anum simulat, falsosque in tempora canos 
addit et infirmos, baculum, quod sustinet artus. 
turn sic orsa loqui : ' Non omnia grandior aetas, 
quae fugiamus, babet. Seris venit usus ab annis. 
consilium ne sperne meum. Tibi fama petatur 30 

inter mortales faciendae maxima lanae ; 
cede deae, veniamque tuis, temeraria, dictis 
supplice voce roga : veniam dabit ilia roganti.' 
aspicit hanc torvis, inceptaque fila relinquit, 
vixque manum retinens, confessaque vultibus iram 35 
talibus obscuram resecuta est Pallada dictis : 

1 Mentis inops longaque venis confecta senecta, 
et nimium vixisse diu nocet. Audiat istas, 
siqua tibi nurus est, siqua est tibi filia, voces, 
consilii satis est in me mihi. Neve monendo 40 

profecisse putes, eadem est sententia nobis. 
cur non ipsa venit ? cur haec certamina vitat ? ' 
turn dea 'Venit ! ' ait, formamque removit anilem, 
Palladaque exhibuit. Venerantur numina nymphae 
Mygdonidesque nurus. Sola est non territa virgo, 45 
sed tamen exsiluit, subitusque invita notavit 
ora rubor, rursusque evanuit : ut solet aer 
purpureus fieri, cum primum aurora movetur, 
et breve post tempus candescere solis ab ortu. 
perstat in incepto, stolidaeque cupidine palmae 50 

in sua fata ruit. Neque enim Jove nata recusat 
nee monet ulterius nee jam certamina differt. 



xii. The Punishment of Arachne. [Metam. 

Haud mora, constituunt diversis partibus ambae 
et gracili geminas intendunt stamine telas. 
tela jugo vincta est, stamen secernit harundo, 55 

inseritur medium radiis subtemen acutis, 
quod digiti expediunt, atque inter stamina ductum 
percusso feriunt insecti pectine dentes. 
utraque festinant cinctaeque ad pectora vestes 
bracchia docta movent, studio fallente laborem. 60 

illic et Tyrium quae purpura sensit aenum 
texitur, et tenues parvi discriminis umbrae ; 
qualis ab imbre solet percussis solibus arcus 
inficere ingenti longum curvamine caelum : 
in quo diversi niteant cum mille colores, 65 

transitus ipse tamen spectantia lumina fallit : 
usque adeo quod tangit idem est ; tamen ultima distant, 
illic et lentum filis inmittitur aurum, 
et vetus in tela deducitur argumentum. 

Cecropia Pallas scopulum Mavortis in arce 70 

pingit et antiquam de terrae nomine litem, 
bis sex caelestes medio Jove sedibus altis 
augusta gravitate sedent. Sua quemque deorum 
inscribit facies. Jovis est regalis imago, 
stare deum pelagi longoque ferire tridente 75 

aspera saxa facit, medioque e vulnere saxi 
exsiluisse ferum ; quo pignore vindicet urbem. 
at sibi dat clipeum, dat acutae cuspidis hastam, 
dat galeam capiti ; defenditur aegide pectus ; 
percussamque sua simulat de cuspide terram 80 

edere cum bacis fetum canentis olivae : 
mirarique deos : operi victoria finis, 
ut tamen exemplis intellegat aemula laudis, 
quod pretium speret pro tarn furialibus ausis, 
quattuor in partes certamina quattuor addit 85 



II 



VI. 130.] The Web of Mi?terva. 73 

clara colore suo, brevibus distincta sigillis. 

Threi'ciam Rhodopen habet angulus unus et Haemon, 

nunc gelidos montes, mortalia corpora quondam, 

nomina summorum sibi qui tribuere deorum. 

altera Pygmaeae fatum miserabile matris 9c 

pars habet. Hanc Juno victam certamine jussit 

esse gruem populisque suis indicere bellum. 

pinxit et Antigonen ausam contendere quondam 

cum magni consorte Jovis, quam regia Juno 

in volucrem vertit ; nee prof uit Ilion illi 95 

Laomedonve pater, sumptis quin Candida pennis 

ipsa sibi plaudat crepitante ciconia rostro. 

qui superest solus, Cinyran habet angulus orbum ; 

isque gradus templi, natarum membra suarum, 

amplectens saxoque jacens lacrimare videtur. 100 

circuit extremas oleis pacalibus oras. 

is modus est, operisque sua facit arbore finem. 

Maeonis elusam designat imagine tauri 
Europam : verum taurum, freta vera putares ; 
ipsa videbatur terras spectare relictas 105 

et comites clamare suas, tactumque vereri 
assilientis aquae timidasque reducere plantas. 
fecit et Asterien aquila luctante teneri : 
fecit olorinis Ledam recubare sub alis : 
addidit, ut Satyri celatus imagine pulchram no 

Juppiter implerit gemino Nyctei'da fetu, 
Amphitryon fuerit, cum te, Tirynthia, cepit, 
aureus ut Danaen, Asopida luserit ignis, 
Mnemosynen pastor, varius Deoi'da serpens. 114 

ultima pars telae tenui circumdata limbo 127 

nexilibus flores hederis habet intertextos. 

Non illud Pallas, non illud carpere Livor 
possit opus. Doluit successu flava virago, 130 



74 xii. The Punishment of Arachne. [Metam. 

et rupit pictas, caelestia crimina, vestes. 

utque Cytoriaco radium de monte tenebat, 

ter quater Idmoniae frontem percussit Arachnes. 

non tulit infelix, laqueoque animosa ligavit 

guttera. Pendentem Pallas miserata levavit, 135 

atque ita 'Vive quidem, pende tamen, improba/ dixit 

' lexque eadem poenae, ne sis secura futuri, 

dicta tuo generi serisque nepotibus esto ' 

[post ea discedens sucis Hecatei'dos herbae] 

sparsit et extemplo tristi medicamine. Tactae 140 

defluxere comae, cum quis et naris et aures, 

fitque caput minimum, toto quoque corpore parva est ; 

in latere exiles digiti pro cruribus haerent, 

cetera venter habet : de quo tamen ilia remittit 

stamen, et antiquas exercet aranea telas. 145 






VI. i86.] The Pride of Niobe. 75 






XIII. The Pride and Grief of Niobe. 

[Book VI. — 165-312.] 

But the fate of Arachne does not warn Niobe, daughter of Tanta- 
lus, who, as the mother of seven sons and seven daughters, boasts 
herself above Latona. In wrath, therefore, and to avenge their 
mother, Apollo in one day smites all the sons of Niobe, and Diana 
all her daughters ; and so, being suddenly made childless, she is 
turned into marble, and her tears continue to flow forever. 

Ecce venit comitum Niobe celeberrima turba, 165 

vestibus intexto Phrygiis spectabilis auro, 
et, quantum ira sinit, formosa ; movensque decoro 
cum capite immissos umerum per utrumque capillos. 
constitit ; utque oculos circumtulit alta superbos, 
' Quis furor, auditos ' inquit ' praeponere visis 170 

caelestes ? aut cur colitur Latona per aras, 
numen adhuc sine ture meum est ? Mihi Tantalus auctor, 
cui licuit soli superorum tangere mensas. 
Plei'adum soror est genetrix mea ; maximus Atlas 
est avus, aetherium qui fert cervicibus axem ; 175 

Juppiter alter avus, socero quoque glorior illo. 

* Me gentes metuunt Phrygiae, me regia Cadmi 
sub domina est, fidibusque mei commissa mariti 
moenia cum populis a meque viroque reguntur. 
in quamcumque domus adverti lumina partem, 180 

immensae spectantur opes. Accedit eodem 
digna dea facies. Hue natas adice septem 
et totidem juvenes, et mox generosque nurusque. 
quaerite nunc, habeat quam nostra superbia causam ! 
nescio quoque audete satam Titan ida Coeo 185 

Latonam praeferre mihi, cui maxima quondam 



195 

:. TV, 



j6 XIII. The Pride and Grief of Niobe. [Metam, 

exiguam sedem pariturae terra negavit. 

nee caelo, nee humo, nee aquis dea vestra recepta est ; 

exsul erat mundi, donee miserata vagantem, 

Hospita tu terris erras, ego (dixit) in undis ; 19° 

instabilemque locum Delos dedit. Ilia duorum 

facta parens : uteri pars haec est septima nostri. 

' Sum felix : quis enim neget hoc ? felixque manebo : 
hoc quoque quis dubitet ? tutam me copia fecit, 
major sum, quam cui possit Fortuna nocere 
multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquit. 
excessere metum mea jam bona. Fingite demi 
huic aliquid populo natorum posse meorum : 
non tamen ad numerum redigar spoliata duorum, 
Latonae turbam : qua quantum distat ab orba ? 200 

ite, satisque superque sacri, laurumque capillis 
ponite.' Deponunt, infectaque sacra relinquunt, 
quodque licet, tacito venerantur murmure numen. 

Indignata dea est ; summoque in vertice Cynthi 
talibus est dictis gemina cum prole locuta ; 205 

' En ego vestra parens, vobis animosa creatis, 
et, nisi Junoni, nulli cessura dearum, 
an dea sim, dubitor ; perque omnia saecula cultis 
arceor, O nati, nisi vos succurritis, aris. 
nee dolor hie solus : diro convicia facto 210 

Tantalis adjecit, vosque est postponere natis 
ausa suis, et me, quod in ipsam recidat, orbam 
dixit, et exhibuit linguam scelerata paternam.' 

Adjectura preces erat his Latona relatis : 
Dcsiiie Phoebus ait ; poenae mora longa querella est. 215 
dixit idem Phoebe ; celerique per aera lapsu 
contigerant tecti Cadmei'da nubibus arcer m_ ^ 
planus erat lateque patens prope moenia campus, 
adsiduis pulsatus equis, ubi turba rotarum 



VI. 252.] The Sons of Niobe arc slain. yj 

duraque mollierat subjectas ungula glebas. 220 

Pars ibi de septem genitis Amphione fortes 
conscendunt in equos, Tyrioque rubentia suco 
terga premunt, auroque graves moderantur habenas : 
e quibus Ismenos, qui matri sarcina quondam 
prima suae fuerat, dum certum flectit in orbem 225 

quadrupedis cursus, spumantiaque ora coercet, 
Ei mihi ! conclamat J medioque in pectore fixa 
tela gerit, frenisque manu moriente remissis, 
in latus a dextro paulatim defluit armo. 

Proximus, audito sonitu per inane pharetrae, 230 

frena dabat Sipylus : veluti cum praescius imbris 
nube fugit visa, pendentiaque undique rector 
carbasa deducit, ne qua levis effluat aura, 
frena dabat : dantem non evitabile telum 
consequitur ; summaque tremens cervice sagitta 235 

haesit, et exstabat nudum de gutture ferrum. 
ille, ut erat pronus, per crura admissa jubasque 
volvitur, et calido tellurem sanguine foedat. 

Phaedimus infelix et aviti nominis heres 
Tantalus, ut solito finem imposuere labori, 240 

transierant ad opus nitidae juvenile palaestrae : 
et jam contulerant arto luctantia nexu 
pectora pectoribus ; cum tento concita nervo, 
sicut erant juncti, trajecit utrumque sagitta. 
ingemuere simul ; simul incurvata dolore 245 

membra solo posuere ; simul suprema jacentes 
lumina versarunt : animam simul exhalarunt. 

Adspicit Alphenor, laniataque pectora plangens 
advolat, ut gelidos complexibus allevet artus ; 
inque pio cadit officio, nam Delius illi 250 

intima fatifero rupit praecordia ferro. 
quod simul eductum, pars est pulmonis in hamis 



j% xiii. The Pride and Grief of Niobe. [Metam. 

eruta, cumque anima cruor est effusus in auras. 

At non intonsum simplex Damasichthona vulnus 
adficit. Ictus erat, qua crus esse incipit, et qua 255 

mol-lia nervosus facit internodia poples. 
dumque manu temptat trahere exitiabile telum, 
altera per jugulum pennis tenus acta sagitta est. 
expulit hanc sanguis, seque ejaculatus in altum 
emicat, et longe terebrata prosilit aura. 260 

Ultimus Ilioneus non profectura precando 
bracchia sustulerat, Di que O communiter omnes, 
dixerat, ignarus non omnes esse rogandos, 
parcite ! Motus erat, cum jam revocabile telum 
non fuit, Arcitenens ; minimo tamen occidit ille 265 

vulnere, non alte percusso corde sagitta. 

Fama mali populique dolor lacrimaeque suorum 
tarn subitae matrem certam fecere ruinae 
mirantem potuisse, irascentemque, quod ausi 
hoc essent superi, quod tantum juris haberent. 270 

nam pater Amphion, ferro per pectus adacto, 
finierat moriens pariter cum luce dolorem. 

Heu quantum haec Niobe Niobe distabat ab ilia, 
quae modo LatoYs populum summoverat aris, 
et mediam tulerat gressus resuplna per urbem, 275 

invidiosa suis ! at nunc miseranda vel hosti. 
corporibus gelidis incumbit, et ordine nullo 
oscula dispensat natos suprema per omnes. 
a quibus ad caelum liventia bracchia tollens, 
' Pascere, crudelis, nostro, Latona, dolore : 280 

pascere ' ait, ' satiaque meo tua pectora luctu : 
corque ferum satia ' dixit ; ' per funera septem 
efferor : exsulta, victrixque inimica triumpha. 
cur autem victrix ? miserae mihi plura supersunt, 
quam tibi felici. Post tot quoque funera vinco.' 285 



VI. 3i2.] The Grief of Niobe. 79 

Dixerat, et sonuit contento nervus ab arcu : 
qui praeter Nioben imam conterruit omnes. 
ilia malo est audax. Stabant cum vestibus atris 
ante toros fratrum demisso crine sorores ; 
e quibus una, trahens haerentia viscere tela 290 

imposito fratri, moribunda relanguit ore ; 
altera, solari miseram conata parentem, 
conticuit subito, duplicataque vulnere caeco est, 
oraque compressit, nisi postquam spiritus ibat ; 
haec frustra fugiens collabitur ; ilia sorori 295 

inmoritur ; latet haec ; illam trepidare videres. 

Sexque datis leto diversaque vulnera passis, 
ultima restabat ; quam toto corpore mater, 
tota veste tegens, ' Unam minimamque relinque ! 
de multis minimam posco ' clamavit 'et unam.' 300 

dumque rogat, pro qua rogat, occidit. Orba resedit 
exanimes inter natos natasque virumque, 
deriguitque malis. Nullos movet aura capillos, 
in vultu color est sine sanguine, lumina maestis 
stant immota genis, nihil est in imagine vivum. 3°5 

ipsa quoque interius cum duro lingua palato 
congelat, et venae desistunt posse moveri. 
nee flecti cervix, nee bracchia reddere motus, 
nee pes ire potest, intra quoque viscera saxum est : 
flet tamen, et validi circumdata turbine venti 3 10 

in patriam rapta est. Ibi fixa cacumine montis 
liquitur, et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant. 



80 xiv. The Enchantments of Medea. [Metam. 

XIV. The Enchantments of Medea. 
[Book VII.— 1-293.] 

[The doom of Niobe reminds one hearer of the vengeance 
inflicted on certain people of Lycia, who, having refused to Latona 
a draught of water from the lake in her extreme thirst, were by 
Jupiter turned into frogs (VI. 313-381) ; and another of the satyr 
Marsyas, who was conquered in music and flayed by Apollo ; and 
another of the crime of Tantalus, Niobe's father, who caused his 
son Pelops to be served up at meat to the gods (382-411). Pan- 
dion of Athens, attacked for refusing the friendship of Pelops, is 
helped by Tereus, king of Thrace, to whom he gives his daughter 
Progne to wife. But Tereus, having committed incest with 
Progne's sister Philomela, is dreadfully punished by the two, who 
serve to him in a banquet the body of his son Itys ; and as Tereus 
pursues them for vengeance, all are transformed to birds — Tereus 
becoming a hoopoe, Progne a swallow, Philomela a nightingale, and 
Itys a pheasant ; while Pandion, dying of grief, is succeeded by 
Erechtheus (412-676), whose daughter Orithyia is borne away by 
Boreas (the North Wind) to Thrace. Here she becomes mother of 
the winged heroes Zethes and Calais, who accompany Jason and 
the Argonauts in their voyage for the Golden Fleece (677-721).] 

Arriving at Colchis, Jason is met by the enchantress Medea, 
daughter of king ^Eetes ; who, moved by love, protects him by her 
enchantments from the Dragon guarding the fleece, and from the 
fire-breathing bulls, with which he ploughs the appointed field, 
sowing it with serpents' teeth (VII. 1-122). From these spring up 
armed men, who prepare to attack Jason ; but he, instructed by 
Medea, casts a stone among them, whereat they perish in mutual 
slaughter (123-143). Returning to Iolchos with Medea, he en- 
treats her to restore to youth his aged father. The magic is de- 
scribed at length, by which she prepares the juices of miraculous 
herbs ; and, these proving efficacious, ^son is converted to the 
fresh vigor of forty years before (144-293). 

Jamque fretum Minyae Pagasaea puppe secabant : 
perpetuaque trahens inopem sub nocte senectam 



VII. 33-1 Medea discourses with herself. 8 1 

Phineus visus erat, juvenesque Aquilone creati 
virgineas volucres miseri senis ore fugarant ; 
multaque perpessi claro sub Iasone tandem 5 

contigerant rapidas limosi Phasidos undas. 

Dumque adeunt regem, Phrixeaque vellera poscunt, 
voxque datur numeris magnorum horrenda laborum, 
concipit interea validos Aeetias ignes ; 
et luctata dm, postquam ratione furorem io 

vincere non poterat, ' Frustra, Medea, repugnas : 
nescio quis deus obstat ' ait, ' mirumque, nisi hoc est, 
aut aliquid certe simile huic, quod amare vocatur. 
nam cur jussa patris nimium mihi dura videntur ? 
sunt quoque dura nimis. Cur, quern modo denique 

vidi, 15 

ne pereat, timeo ? quae tanti causa timoris ? 
excute virgineo conceptas pectore flammas, 
si potes, infelix. Si possem, sanior essem : 
sed gravat invitam nova vis ; aliudque cupido, 
mens aliud suadet. //Video meliora, proboque : 20 

deteriora sequor. Quid in hospite, regia virgo, 
ureris, et thalamos alieni concipis orbis ? 
haec quoque terra potest, quod ames, dare. Vivat, an 

ille 
occidat, in dis est. Vivat tamen : idque precari 
vel sine amore licet. Quid enim commisit Iason ? 25 
quern, nisi crudelem, non tangat Iasonis aetas 
et genus et virtus ? quem non, ut cetera desint, 
ore movere potest ? certe mea pectora movit. 

' At nisi opem tulero, taurorum adflabitur ore, 
concurretque suae segetis tellure creatis 3° 

hostibus, aut avido dabitur fera praeda draconi. 
hoc ego si patiar, turn me de tigride natam, 
turn ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde fatebor. 



82 xiv. The Enchantments of Medea. [Metam, 

cur non et specto pereuntem, oculosque videndo 
conscelero ? cur non tauros exhortor in ilium, 35 

terrigenasque feros, insopitumque draconem ? 

1 Di meliora velint : quamquam non ista precanda, 
sed facienda mihi. Prodamne ego regna parentis, 
atque ope nescio quis servabitur advena nostra, 
ut per me sospes sine me det lintea ventis, 40 

virque sit alterius, poenae Medea relinquar ? 
si facere hoc, aliamve potest praeponere nobis, 
occidat ingratus. Sed non is vultus in illo, 
non ea nobilitas animo est, ea gratia formae, 
ut timeam fraudem meritique oblivia nostri. 45 

et dabit ante fidem ; cogamque in foedera testes 
esse deos. Quin tuta times ! accingere, et omnem 
pelle moram : tibi se semper debebit Iason, 
te face solemni junget sibi, perque Pelasgas 
servatrix urbes matrum celebrabere turba. s° 

' Ergo ego germanam fratremque patremque deosque 
et natale solum, ventis ablata, relinquam ? 
nempe pater saevus, nempe est mea barbara tellus, 
frater adhuc infans : stant mecum vota sororis ; 
maximus intra me deus est. Non magna relinquam ; 55 
magna sequar : titulum servatae pubis Achivae, 
notitiamque loci melioris, et oppida, quorum 
hie quoque fama viget, cultusque artesque locorum ; 
quemque ego cum rebus, quas totus possidet orbis, 
Aesoniden mutasse velim, quo conjuge felix 60 

et dis cara ferar, et vertice sidera tangam. 

1 Quid, quod nescio qui mediis incurrere in undis 
dicuntur montes, ratibusque inimica Charybdis 
nunc sorbere fretum, nunc reddere, cinctaque saevis 
Scylla rapax canibus Siculo latrare prof undo ? 65 

nempe tenens quod amo, gremioque in Iasonis haerens, 



VII. 99- J She meets with Jason. 83 

per freta longa ferar. Nihil ilium amplexa verebor ; 
aut, si quid metuam, metuam de conjuge solo, 
conjugiumne vocas, speciosaque nomina culpae 
imponis, Medea, tuae ? quiii aspice, quantum 70 

aggrediare nefas, et dum licet, effuge crimen.' 
dixit ; et ante oculos rectum pietasque pudorque 
constiterant, et victa dabat jam terga Cupido. 

Ibat ad antiquas Hecates Persei'dos aras, 
quas nemus umbrosum secretaque silva tegebat. 75 

et jam fortis erat, pulsusque recesserat ardor ; 
cum videt Aesoniden, exstinctaque flamma revixit. 
erubuere genae, totoque recanduit ore, 
utque solet ventis alimenta assumere, quaeque 
parva sub inducta latuit scintilla favilla, 80 

crescere, et in veteres agitata resurgere vires, 
sic jam lentus amor, jam quern languere putares, 
ut vidit juvenem, specie praesentis inarsit. 

Et casu solito formosior Aesone natus 
ilia luce fuit : posses ignoscere amanti. 85 

spectat, et in vultu veluti turn denique viso 
lumina fixa tenet, nee se mortalia demens 
ora videre putat, nee se declinat ab illo. 
ut vero coepitque loqui, dextramque prehendit 
hospes, et auxilium summissa voce rogavit, 90 

promisitque torum, lacrimis ait ilia profusis : 
' Quid faciam video ; nee me ignorantia veri 
decipiet, sed amor. Servabere munere nostro : , 
servatus promissa dato.' Per sacra triformis 
ille deae, lucoque foret quod numen in illo, 95 

perque patrem soceri cernentem cuncta futuri, 
eventusque suos et tanta pericula jurat, 
creditus accepit cantatas protinus herbas, 
edidicitque usum, laetusque in tesca recessit. 



84 xiv. The Enchantments of Medea. [Metam. 

Postera depulerat Stellas aurora micantes : ioo 

conveniunt populi sacrum Mavortis in arvum, 
consistuntque jugis. Medio rex ipse resedit 
agmine, purpureus sceptroque insignis eburno. 
ecce adamanteis volcanum naribus efflant 
aeripedes tauri, tactaeque vaporibus herbae 105 

ardent. Utque solent pleni resonare camini, 
aut ubi terrena silices fornace soluti 
concipiunt ignem liquidarum aspargine aquarum : 
pectora sic intus clausas volventia flammas 
gutturaque usta sonant. Tamen illis Aesone natus no 
obvius it : vertere truces venientis ad ora 
terribiles vultus praefixaque cornua ferro, 
pulvereumque solum pede pulsavere bisulco, 
fumificisque locum mugitibus impleverunt. 

Deriguere metu Minyae. Subit ille, nee ignes 115 
sentit anhelatos, — tantum medicamina possunt, — 
pendulaque audaci mulcet palearia dextra, 
subpositosque jugo pondus grave cogit aratri 
ducere, et insuetum ferro proscindere campum. 
mirantur Colchi : Minyae clamoribus augent, 120 

adiciuntque animos. Galea turn sumit aena 
vipereos dentes, et aratos spargit in agros. 
semina mollit humus valido praetincta veneno, 
et crescunt, fiuntque sati nova corpora dentes. 124 

Quos ubi viderunt praeacutae cuspidis bastas 131 

in caput Haemonii juvenis torquere parantes, 
demisere metu vultumque animumque Pelasgi. 
ipsa quoque extimuit, quae tutum fecerat ilium : 
utque peti vidit juvenem tot ab hostibus unum, 135 

palluit, et subito sine sanguine frigida sedit ; 
neve parum valeant a se data gramina, carmen 
auxiliare canit, secretasque advocat artes. 



VII. 1 7i.] yason fulfils his Task. 85 

ille, gravem medios silicem jaculatus in hostes, 
a se depulsum Martem convertit in ipsos. 140 

terrigenae pereunt per mutua vulnera fratres, 
civilique cadunt acie. Gratantur Achivi, 
victoremque tenent, avidisque amplexibus haerexit. 
Tu quoque victorem complecti, barbara, velles : 
obstitit incepto pudor ; at complexa fuisses, 145 

sed te, ne faceres, tenuit reverentia famae. 
quod licet, adfectu tacito laetaris, agisque 
carminibus grates et dis auctoribus horum. 

Pervigilem superest herbis sopire draconem, 
qui crista linguisque tribus praesignis et uncis 15c 

dentibus horrendus custos erat arietis aurei. 
hunc postquam sparsit Lethaei gramine suci, 
verbaque ter dixit placidos facientia somnos, 
quae mare turbatum, quae concita flumina sistunt : 
somnus in ignotos oculos sibi venit, et auro 15* 

heros Aesonius potitur ; spolioque superbus, 
muneris auctorem secum, spolia altera, portans, 
victor Iolciacos tetigit cum conjuge portus. 

Haemoniae matres pro gnatis dona receptis 
grandaevique ferunt patres, congestaque flamma 160 

tura liquefaciunt, inductaque cornibus aurum 
victima vota cadit. Sed abest gratantibus Aeson, 
jam propior leto, fessusque senilibus annis. 
cum sic Aesonides : * O cui debere salutem 
confiteor, conjunx, quamquam mihi cuncta dedisti, 165 
excessitque fidem meritorum summa tuorum : 
si tamen hoc possunt (quid enim non carmina possint ?) 
deme meis annis, et demptos adde parenti : ' 
nee tenuit lacrimas. Mota est pietate rogantis, 
dissimilemque animum subiit Aeeta relictus. 170 

Nee tamen affectus tales confessa, ' Quod ' inquit 



86 xiv. The Enchantments of Medea. [Metam. 

'excidit ore pio, conjunx, scelus ? ergo ego cuiquam 

posse tuae videor spatium transcribere vitae ? 

nee sinat hoc Hecate, nee tu petis aequa. Sed isto, 

quod petis, experiar majus dare munus, Iason. 175 

arte mea soceri longum temptabimus aevum, 

non annis revocare tuis : modo diva triformis 

adjuvet, et praesens ingentibus adnuat ausis.' 

Tres aberant noctes, ut cornua tota coirent 
efneerentque orbem. Postquam plenissima fulsit, 180 
ac solida terras spectavit imagine luna, 
egreditur tectis vestes induta recinctas, 
nuda pedem, nudos umeris infusa capillos, 
fertque vagos mediae per muta silentia noctis 
incomitata gradus. Homines volucresque ferasque 185 
solverat alta quies ; nullo cum murmure saepes ; 
immotaeque silent frondes ; silet umidus aer ; 
sidera sola micant. Ad quae sua bracchia tendens 
ter se convertit, ter sumptis flumine crinem 
inroravit aquis, ternisque ululatibus ora 190 

solvit ; et in dura summisso popHte terra : — 

' Nox ' ait ' arcanis fidissima, quaeque diurnis 
aurea cum luna succeditis ignibus, astra, 
tuque triceps Hecate, quae coeptis conscia nostris 
adjutrixque venis, cantusque artesque magorum 19s 

quaeque magos, Tellus, pollentibus instruis herbis, 
auraeque et venti montesque amnesque lacusque, 
dique omnes nemorum, dique omnes noctis adeste, 
quorum ope, cum volui, ripis mirantibus amnes 
in fontes rediere suos, concussaque sisto, 200 

stantia concutio cantu freta, nubila pello, 
nubilaque induco, ventos abigoque vocoque, 
vipereas rumpo verbis et carmine fauces, 
vivaque saxa, sua convulsaque robora terra 



VII. 237-] Her Moo7iligJit hicantations. 87 

et silvas moveo, jubeoque tremescere montes 205 

et mugire solum, manesque exire sepulchris ; 

'Te quoque, Luna, traho, quamvis Temesaea labores 
aera tuos minuant, currus quoque carmine nostro 
pallet avi, pallet nostris Aurora venenis : — 
vos mihi taurorum flammas hebetastis, et unco 210 

impatiens oneris collum pressistis aratro. 
vos serpentigenis in se fera bella dedistis ; 
custodemque rudem somni sopistis, et aurum 
vindice decepto Graias misistis in urbes. 

1 Nunc opus est sucis, per quos renovata senectus 215 
in florem redeat, primosque recolligat annos. 
et dabitis ; neque enim micuerunt sidera frustra, 
nee frustra volucrum tractus cervice draconum 
currus adest.' Aderat demissus ab aethere currus. 

Quo simul ascendit, frenataque colla draconum 220 
permulsit, manibusque leves agitavit habenas, 
sublimis rapitur, subjectaque Thessala Tempe 
despicit, et Threces regionibus applicat angues ; 
et quas Ossa tulit, quas altum Pelion herbas, 
Othrys quas Pindusque et Pindo major Olympus, 225 
perspicit, et placitas partim radice revellit, 
partim succidit curvamine falcis aenae. 
multa quoque Apidani placuerunt gramina ripis, 
multa quoque Amphrysi ; neque eras immunis, Enipeu ; 
nee non Peneus, nee non Sperchei'des undae 230 

contribuere aliquid, juncosaque litora Boebes. 
carpsit et Euboifca vivax Anthedone gramen, 
nondum mutato vulgatum corpore Glauci. 

Et jam nona dies curru pennisque draconum, 
nonaque nox omnes lustrantem viderat agros, 235 

cum rediit : neque erant tacti, nisi odore, dracones, 
et tamen annosae pellem posuere senectae. 



88 xiv. The Enchantments of Medea. [Metam 

constitit adveniens citra limenque foresque, 

et tantum caelo tegitur, refugitque viriles 

contactus ; statuitque aras e cespite binas, 24a 

dexteriore Hecates, ast laeva parte Juventae. 

Has ubi verbenis silvaque incinxit agresti, 
haud procul egesta scrobibus tellure duabus 
sacra facit, cultrosque in guttura velleris atri 
conicit, et patulas perfundit sanguine fossas. 245 

turn super invergens liquidi carchesia bacchi, 
aeneaque invergens tepidi carchesia lactis, 
verba simul fudit, terrenaque numina civit, 
umbrarumque rogat rapta cum conjuge regem, 
ne properent artus anima fraudare senili. 250 

Quos ubi placavit precibusque et murmure longo, 
Aesonis effetum proferri corpus ad auras 
jussit, et in plenos resolutum carmine somnos, 
exanimi similem stratis porrexit in herbis. 
hinc procul Aesoniden, procul hinc jubet ire ministros, 255 
et monet arcanis oculos removere profanos. 
diffugiunt jussi ; passis Medea capillis, 
bacchantum ritu, flagrantes circuit aras : 
multifidasque faces in fossa sanguinis atra 
tinguit, et intinctas geminis accendit in aris ; 260 

terque senem flamma, ter aqua, ter sulfure lustrat. 

Interea validum posito medicamen aeno 
fervet, et exsultat spumisque tumentibus albet. 
illic Haemonia radices valle resectas 
seminaque floresque et sucos incoquit acres. 265 

adicit cxtremo lapides Oriente petitos, 
et quas Oceani refluum mare lavit arenas, 
addit et exceptas luna pernocte pruinas, 
et strigis infames ipsis cum carnibus alas, 
inque virum soliti vultus mutare ferinos 270 



VII. 293.] The Magic Caldron. 89 

ambigui prosecta lupi ; nee defuit illic 
squamea Cinyphii tenuis membrana chelydri, 
vivacisque jecur cervi, quibus insuper addit 
ora caputque novem cornicis saecula passae. 

His et mille aliis postquam sine nomine rebus 275 

propositum instruxit remorari Tartara munus, 
arenti ramo jampriclem mitis olivae 
omnia confudit, summisque immiscuit ima. 
ecce vetus calido versatus stipes aeno 
fit viridis primo, nee longo tempore frondes 280 

induit, et subito gravidis oneratur olivis. 
at quacumque cavo spumas ejecit aeno 
ignis, et in terram guttae cecidere calentes, 
vernat humus, floresque et mollia pabula surgunt. 

Quae simul ac vidit, stricto Medea recludit 285 

ense senis jugulum, veteremque exire cruorem 
passa, replet sucis. Quos postquam conbibit Aeson, 
aut ore acceptos aut vulnere, barba comaeque 
canitie posita nigrum rapuere colorem ; 
pulsa fugit macies, abeunt pallorque situsque, 29c 

adjectoque cavae supplentur corpore rugae, 
membraque luxuriant. Aeson miratur, et olim 
ante quater denos hunc se reminiscitur annos. 



90 xv. The Murder of Pelias. [Metam. 

XV. The Murder of Pelias. 

[Book VII. — 294-353.] 

Medea restores the nurses of Bacchus to youth. Then she per- 
forms a similar miracle upon an aged ram, and persuades the 
daughters of Pelias, Jason's enemy, to kill their father in order 
that she may make him young again. But no sooner is he slain 
than Medea takes to flight in a chariot drawn by winged dragons. 

Viderat ex alto tanti miracula monstri 
Liber. Et admonitus juvenes nutricibus annos 295 

posse suis reddi, capit hoc a Colchide munus. 

Neve doli cessent, odium cum conjuge falsum 
Phasias assimulat, Peliaeque ad limina supplex 
confugit. Atque illam, quoniam gravis ipse senecta est, 
excipiunt natae. Quas tempore callida parvo 300 

Colchis amicitiae mendacis imagine cepit, 
dumque refert inter meritorum maxima, demptos 
Aesonis esse situs, atque hac in parte moratur, 
spes est virginibus Pelia subjecta creatis, 
arte suum parili revirescere posse parentem. 305 

jamque petunt, pretiumque jubent sine fine pacisci. 
ilia brevi spatio silet et dubitare videtur, 
suspenditque animos ficta gravitate rogantum. 
mox ubi pollicita est, ' Quo sit fiducia major 
muneris hujus,' ait ' qui vestras maximus aevo est 310 
dux gregis inter oves, agnus medicamine net.' 

Protinus innumeris effetus laniger annis 
attrahitur flexo circum cava tempora cornu : 
cujus ut Haemonio marcentia guttura cultro * 
fodit, et exiguo maculavit sanguine ferrum, 315 

membra simul pecudis validosque venefica sucos 



VII. 349-] The Ram restored to Youth. 91 

mergit in aere cavo : [minuunt en corporis artus, 

cornuaque exurunt, nee non cum cornibus annos : 

et tener auditur medio balatus aeno. 

nee mora, balatum] mirantibus exsilit agnus, 3 2 ° 

lascivitque fuga, lactantiaque ubera quaerit. 

obstipuere satae Pelia : promissaque postquam 

exhibuere fidem, turn vero impensius instant. 

Ter juga Phoebus equis in Hibero fiumine mersis 
dempserat, et quarta radiantia nocte micabant 325 

sidera, cum rapido fallax Aeetias igni 
imponit purum laticem et sine viribus herbas. 
jamque neci similis resoluto corpore regem 
et cum rege suo custodes somnus habebat, 
quern dederant cantus magicaeque potentia linguae. 330 
intrarant jussae cum Colchide limina natae, 
ambierantque torum. ' Quid nunc dubitatis inertes ? 
stringite ' ait ' gladios, veteremque haurite cruorem, 
ut repleam vacuas juvenali sanguine venas. 
in manibus vestris vita est aetasque parentis. 335 

[si pietas ulla est, nee spes agitatis inanes,] 
officium praestate patri, telisque senectam 
exigite, et saniem conjecto emittite ferro.' 
his, ut quaeque pia est, hortatibus impia prima est, 
[et ne sit scelerata, facit scelus. Haud tamen ictus 340 
ulla suos spectare potest, oculosque reflectunt,] 
caecaque dant saevis aversae vulnera dextris. 
ille, cruore fluens, cubito tamen allevat artus, 
semilacerque toro temptat consurgere, et inter 
tot medius gladios pallentia bracchia tendens 345 

' Quid facitis, gnatae ? quid vos in fata parentis 
armat ? ' ait. Cecidere illis animique manusque. 
plura locuturo cum verbis guttura Colchis 
abstulit, et calidis laniatum mersit in undis. 



92 xv. The Murder of Pelias. [Metam. 

Quod nisi pennatis serpentibus isset in auras, 350 

non exempta foret poenae. Fugit alta superque 
Pelion umbrosum, Philyrei'a tecta, superque 
Othryn et eventu veteris loca nota Cerambi. 



VII. 631.] The Myrmidons. 93 

XVI. The Myrmidons. 
[Book VII. — 614-657.] 

[Passing over the scene of many transformations, Medea comes 
to Athens ; whence (her attempted poisoning of Theseus being 
foiled by the recognition of his father yEgeus) she suddenly vanishes 
(350-424). A feast is celebrated in honor of Theseus 1 exploits; 
and hostility ensuing with Minos (Europa's son) of Crete, Cephalus 
is sent as envoy to /Egina, where he is received by King /Eacus and 
his sons. In answer to questions of Cephalus, /Eacus tells how his 
land was visited by a severe pestilence (425-613).] 

The loss of life caused by the pestilence is made good by the 
marvellous transformation of ants into men who are therefore called 
Myrmidons. 

Attonitus tanto miserarum turbine rerum, 
* Juppiter o ! ' dixi 'si te non falsa loquuntur 615 

dicta sub amplexus Aeginae Asopidos isse, 
nee te, magne pater, nostri pudet esse parentem : 
aut mihi redde meos, aut me quoque conde sepulchro/ 
ille notam fulgore dedit tonitruque secundo. 
'Accipio, sintque ista, precor, felicia mentis 620 

signa tuae ! ' dixi 'quod das mihi, pigneror omen.' 
forte fuit juxta patulis rarissima ramis 
sacra Jovi quercus de semine Dodonaeo. 
hie nos frugilegas aspeximus agmine longo 
grande onus exiguo formicas ore gerentes 625 

rugosoque suum servantes cortice callem. 
dum numerum miror, ' Totidem, pater optime,' dixi 
1 tu mihi da cives, et inania moenia supple.' 
intremuit ramisque sonum sine flamine motis 
alta dedit quercus. Pavido mihi membra timore 630 

horruerant stabantque comae. Tamen oscula terrae 



94 xvi. The Myrmidons. [Metam. 

roboribusque dedi : nee me sperare fatebar, 
sperabam tamen atque animo mea vota fovebam. 
nox subit, et curis exercita corpora somnus 
occupat. Ante oculos eadem mihi quercus adesse 635 
et promittere idem, totidemque animalia ramis 
ferre suis visa est, pariterque tremiscere motu, 
graniferumque agmen subjectis spargere in arvis ; 
crescere quod subito et majus maj usque videri, 
ac se tollere humo rectoque assistere trunco, 640 

et maciem numerumque pedum nigrumque colorem 
ponere, et humanam membris inducere formam. 
somnus abit. Damno vigilans mea visa, querorque 
in superis opis esse nihil. At in aedibus ingens 
murmur erat, vocesque hominum exaudire videbar 645 
jam mihi desuetas. Dum suspicor has quoque somni, 
ecce venit Telamon properus, foribusque reclusis 
'Speque fideque, pater/ dixit 'majora videbis. 
egredere ! ' Egredior : qualesque in imagine somni 
visus eram vidisse viros, ex ordine tales 65a 

aspicio noscoque. Adeunt, regemque salutant. 
vota Jovi solvo, populisque recentibus urbem 
partior et vacuos priscis cultoribus agros : 
Myrmidonasque voco, nee origine nomina fraudo. 
corpora vidisti : mores quos ante gerebant, 655 

nunc quoque habent, parcumque genus patiensque la- 

borum, 
quaesitique tenax et quod quaesita reservet. 



Viil. 163.] The Flight of Dcedalns. 95 

XVII. The Flight of Daedalus. 
[Book VIIL — 152-259.] 

[Cephalus had received from his wife Procris a hound and a 
dart that never missed its aim ; and, as he delighted greatly in hunt- 
ing, Procris being jealous watched him from a thicket; and he, 
taking her movement for that of some wild creature, shot her with 
that dart which was her own gift (661-865). Minos, making war 
on Athens to avenge the slaying of his son Androgeos r comes first 
to Megara ; where Scylla, daughter of the king Nisus, out of love 
for Minos cuts the purple lock on which her father's kingdom and 
life depend. Disdained by Minos, she is changed to a sea-mew, 
and Nisus to an osprey (VIII . 1-151).] 

Theseus, in his escape from the Cretan labyrinth, had borne 
away Ariadne, daughter of Minos ; who, forsaken by him, is com- 
forted by Bacchus, who sets her coronet among the stars (152-182). 
Daedalus, builder of the labyrinth, being imprisoned, escapes with 
his son Icarus by means of wings fastened with wax ; but Icarus, 
soaring too near the sun, and the wax melting, falls into the sea 
named for him (183-234). His fall is gladly seen by Perdix, once 
sister's son to Daedalus, and slain by him out of envy, but changed 
by Minerva to a partridge (235-259). 

Vota Jovi Minos taurorum corpora centum 
solvit, ut, egressus ratibus, Curetida terram 
contigit, et spoliis decorata est regia fixis. 
creverat opprobrium generis, foedumque patebat 155 

matris adulterium monstri novitate biformis. 
destinat hunc Minos thalamis removere pudorem, 
multiplicique domo caecisque includere tectis. 

Daedalus ingenio fabrae celeberrimus artis 
ponit opus, turbatque notas, et lumina flexum 160 

ducit in errorem variarum ambage viarum. 
non secus ac liquidus Phrygiis Maeandros in arvis 
ludit, et ambiguo lapsu refluitque fluitque, 






g6 xvii. The Flight of Dcedalus. [Metam. 

occurrensque sibi venturas aspicit undas, 

et nunc ad fontes, nunc ad mare versus apertum 165 

incertas exercet aquas : ita Daedalus implet 

innumeras errore vias ; vixque ipse reverti 

ad limen potuit, tanta est fallacia tecti. 

Quo postquam geminam tauri juvenisque figuram 
clausit, et Actaeo bis pastum sanguine monstrum 170 
tertia sors annis domuit repetita novenis, 
utque ope virginea nullis iterata priorum 
janua difficilis filo est inventa relecto, 
protinus Aegides rapta Minoi'de Diam 
vela dedit, comitemque suam crudelis in illo 17s 

litore destituit. Desertae et multa querenti 
amplexus et opem Liber tulit, utque perenni 
sidere clara foret, sumptam de fronte coronam 
immisit caelo. Tenues volat ilia per auras ; 
dumque volat, gemmae nitidos vertuntur in ignes, 180 
consistuntque loco, specie remanente coronae, 
qui medius Nixique genu est, Anguemque tenentis. 

Daedalus interea Creten longumque perosus 
exsilium, tactusque loci natalis amore, 
clausus erat pelago. ' Terras licet ' inquit c et undas 185 
obstruat, at caelum certe patet : ibimus iliac, 
omnia possideat, non possidet aera Minos.' 
dixit ; et ignotas animum dimittit in artes, 
naturamque novat : nam ponit in ordine pennas, 
a minima coeptas, longam breviore sequenti, 190 

ut clivo crevisse putes. Sic rustica quondam 
fistula disparibus paulatim surgit avenis. 
turn lino medias et ceris adligat imas, 
atque ita compositas parvo curvamine flectit, 
ut veras imitetur aves. Puer Icarus una 195 

stabat, et, ignarus sua se tractare pericla, 



VIII. 229.] His Wanting to Icarus. 97 

ore renidenti modo quas vaga moverat aura, 

captabat plumas, flavam modo pollice ceram 

mollibat, lusuque suo mirabile patris 

impediebat opus. Postquam manus ultima coeptis 200 

imposita est, geminas opifex libravit in alas 

ipse suum corpus, motaque pependit in aura. 

Instruit et natum, c Medio ' que ' ut limite curras, 
Icare/ ait ' moneo, ne, si demissior ibis, 
unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat : 205 

inter utrumque vola. Nee te spectare Booten 
aut Helicen jubeo, strictumque Ononis ensem : 
me duce carpe viam.' Pariter praecepta volandi 
tradit, et ignotas umeris adcommodat alas : 
inter opus monitusque genae maduere seniles, 210 

et patriae tremuere manus. Dedit oscula nato 
non iterum repetenda suo ; pennisque levatus 
ante volat, comitique timet, velut ales, ab alto 
quae teneram prolem produxit in aera nido ; 
hortaturque sequi, damnosasque erudit artes, 215 

et movet ipse suas et nati respicit alas. 

Hos aliquis tremula dum captat ar undine pisces, 
aut pastor baculo, stivave innixus arator, 
vidit, et obstupuit, quique aethera carpere possent, 
credidit esse deos. Et jam Junonia laeva 220 

parte Samos fuerat, Delosque Parosque relictae, 
dextra Lebinthos erat, fecundaque melle Calymne, 
cum puer audaci coepit gaudere volatu, 
deseruitque ducem, caelique cupidine tractus 
altius egit iter. Rapidi vicinia solis 225 

mollit odoratas, pennarum vincula, ceras. 
tabuerant cerae : nudos quatit ille lacertos, 
remigioque carens non ullas percipit auras, 
oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen 



98 xvii. The Flight of Dcedalus. [Metam. 

excipiuntur aqua, quae nomen traxit ab illo. 230 

at pater infelix, nee jam pater, ' Icare,' dixit, 

' Icare,' dixit ' ubi es ? qua te regione requiram ? ' 

' Icare ' dicebat, pennas aspexit in undis : 

devovitque suas artes, corpusque sepulcro 

condidit, et tellus a nomine dicta sepulti. 235 

Hunc miseri tumulo ponentem corpora nati 
garrula limoso prospexit ab elice perdix, 
et plausit pennis, testataque gaudia cantu est : 
unica tunc volucris, nee visa prioribus annis, 
factaque nuper avis, longum tibi, Daedale, crimen. 240 
namque huic tradiderat, fatorum ignara, docendam 
progeniem germana suam, natalibus actis 
bis puerum senis, animi ad praecepta capacis. 
ille etiam medio spinas in pisce notatas 
traxit in exemplum, ferroque incidit acuto 245 

perpetuos dentes, et serrae repperit usum ; 
primus et ex uno duo ferrea bracchia nodo 
vinxit, ut aequali spatio distantibus illis 
altera pars staret, pars altera duceret orbem. 
Daedalus invidit, sacraque ex arce Minervae 250 

praecipitem misit, lapsum mentitus ; at ilium 
quae favet ingeniis, excepit Pallas, avemque 
reddidit, et medio velavit in aere pennis. 
sed vigor ingenii quondam velocis in alas 
inque pedes abiit ; nomen quod et ante, remansit. 255 
non tamen haec alte volucris sua corpora tollit, 
nee facit in ramis altoque cacumine nidos : 
propter humum volitat, ponitque in saepibus ova, 
antiquique memor metuit sublimia casus. 



VIII. 276.] The Calydonian Hunt* 99 

XVIII. The Calydonian Hunt. 

[Book VIII. — 260-546.] 

Diana, angry with king CEneus, because her sacrifice had been 
neglected, sent a fierce boar to ravage the country of Calydon 
(260-298). ' Meleager, son of (Eneus, summons the bravest youth 
of Greece to hunt the monster ; and among them comes Atalanta 
of Arcadia, whom Meleager beholds with love (299-328). After a 
difficult chase, Atalanta is first to wound the boar, which is finally 
killed by Meleager (329-439). He bestows the boar's head, as the 
prize of victory, on Atalanta ; which being resented by the brothers 
of his mother Althaea, they are slain by him in the quarrel, and 
Althaea, incensed at their death, after long debate with herself, 
plunges into the flames the fatal brand on which the life of her son 
depends, so that he perishes miserably (440-546). 

Jamque fatigatum tellus Aetnaea tenebat 
Daedalon, et sumptis pro supplice Cocalus armis 
mitis habebatur. Jam lamentabile Athenae 
pendere desierant Thesea laude tributum ; 
templa coronantur, bellatricemque Minervam 
cum Jove disque vocant aliis, quos sanguine voto 265 

muneribusque datis et acerris turis adorant ; 
sparserat Argolicas nomen vaga fama per urbes 
Theseos, et populi, quos dives Achai'a cepit, 
hujus opem magnis imploravere periclis. 

Hujus opem Calydon, quamvis Meleagron haberet, 270 
sollicita supplex petiit prece. Causa petendi 
sus erat, infestae famulus vindexque Dianae. 
Oenea namque ferunt pleni successibus anni 
primitias frugum Cereri, sua vina Lyaeo, 
Palladios flavae latices libasse Minervae ; 275 

coeptus ab agricolis superos pervenit ad omnes 



ioo xvin The Calydonian Hunt. [Metam. 

ambitiosus honor : solas sine ture relictas 
praeteritae cessasse ferunt Latoi'dos aras. 

Tan git et ira deos : ' At non impune feremus, 
quaeque inhonoratae, non et dicemur inultae ' 280 

inquit ; et Oeneos ultorem spreta per agros 
misit aprum, quanto majores herbida tauros 
non habet Epiros, sed habent Sicula arva minores. 
sanguine et igne micant oculi, riget ardua cervix, 
et setae similes rigidis hastilibus horrent ; 285 

fervida cum rauco latos stridore per armos 
spuma fluit ; dentes aequantur dentibus Indis ; 
fulmen ab ore venit ; frondes adflatibus ardent. 

Is modo crescentes segetes proculcat in herba, 290 

nunc matura metit fleturi vota coloni, 
et Cererem in spicis intercipit. Area frustra, 
et frustra expectant promissas horrea messes, 
sternuntur gravidi longo cum palmite fetus, 
bacaque cum ramis semper frondentis olivae. 295 

saevit et in pecudes : non has pastorve canesve, 
non armenta truces possunt defendere tauri. 

DifTugiunt populi, nee se nisi moenibus urbis 
esse putant tutos : donee Meleagros et una 
lecta manu.s juvenum co'iere cupidine laudis : — 3 00 

Tyndaridae gemini, spectatus caestibus alter, 
alter equo ; primaeque ratis molitor Iason ; 
et cum Pirithoo, felix concordia, Theseus ; 
et duo Thestiadae ; proles Apharei'a, Lynceus 
et velox Idas ; et jam non femina Caeneus ; 3°5 

Leucippusque ferox, jaculoque insignis Acastus; 
Hippothousque, Dryasque, et cretus Amyntore Phoenix ; 
Actoridaeque pares, et missus ab Elide Phyleus ; 
nee Telamon aberat, magnique creator Achillis ; 
cumque Pheretiade et Hyanteo Iolao 3™ 



VIII. 343] Scene of the Chase. 101 

impiger Eurytion, et cursu invictus Echion ; 
Naryciusque Lelex, Panopeusque, Hyleusque, feroxque 
Hippasus, et primis etiamnum Nestor in annis ; 
et quos Hippocoon antiquis misit Amyclis ; 
Penelopesque socer cum Parrhasio Ancaeo ; 31s 

Ampycidesque sagax, et adhuc a conjuge tutus 
Oeclides, nemorisque decus Tegeaea Lycaei. 

Rasilis huic summam mordebat fibula vestem ; 
crinis erat simplex, nodum collectus in unura ; 
ex umero pendens resonabat eburnea laevo 3 2 ° 

telorum custos ; arcum quoque laeva tenebat : 
talis erat cultu ; facies, quam dicere vere 
virgineam in puero, puerilem in virgine possis. 

Hanc pariter vidit, pariter Calydonius heros 
optavit, renuente deo, flammasque latentes 3 2 5 

hausit, et ' O felix, si quern dignabitur ' inquit 
' ista virum ! ' Nee plura sinit tempusque pudorque 
dicere : majus opus magni certaminis urguet. 

Silva frequens trabibus, quam nulla ceciderat aetas, 
incipit a piano, devexaque prospicit arva . 33° 

quo postquam venere viri, pars retia tendunt, 
vincula pars adimunt canibus, pars pressa sequuntur 
signa pedum, cupiuntque suum reperire periclum. 
concava vallis erat, quo se demittere rivi 
adsuerant pluvialis aquae : tenet ima lacunae 335 

lenta salix ulvaeque leves juncique palustres, 
viminaque et longa parvae sub arundine cannae. 

Hinc aper excitus medios violentus in hostes 
fertur, ut excussis elisi nubibus ignes. 
sternitur incursu nemus, et propulsa fragorem 340 

silva dat. Exclamant juvenes, praetentaque forti 
tela tenent dextra lato vibrantia ferro. 
ille ruit spargitque canes, ut quisque furenti 



102 xviii. TJie Calydonian Hunt. [Metam. 

obstat, et obliquo latrantes dissipat ictu. 

cuspis Echionio primum contorta lacerto 345 

vana fuit, trimcoque dedit leve vulnus acerno. 

proxima, si nimiis mittentis viribus usa 

non f oret, in tergo visa est haesura petito — 

longius it : auctor teli Pagasaeus Iason. 

' Phoebe/ ait Ampycides ' si te coluique coloque, 35° 

da mihi quod petitur certo contingere telo ! ' 

qua potuit, precibus deus annuit. Ictus ab illo est, 

sed sine vulnere, aper : ferrum Diana volanti 

abstulerat jaculo ; lignum sine acumine venit. 

Ira feri mota est, nee fulmine lenius arsit : 35s 

emicat ex oculis, spirat quoque pectore flamma. 
utque volat moles adducto concita nervo, 
cum petit aut muros, aut plenas milite turres, 
in juvenes certo sic impete vulnificus sus 
fertur, et Eupalamon Pelagonaque, dextra tuentes 360 
cornua, prosternit. Socii rapuere jacentes ; 
at non letiferos effugit Enaesimus ictus 
Hippocoonte satus : trepidantem et terga parantem 
vertere succiso liquerunt poplite nervi. 
forsitan et Pylius citra Trojana perisset 365 

tempora : sed sumpto posita conamine ab hasta 
arboris insiluit, quae stabat proxima, ramis, 
despexitque, loco tutus, quem fugerat hostem. 

Dentibus ille ferox in querno stipite tritis 
imminet exitio, fidensque recentibus armis 370 

Ornytidae magni rostro femur hausit adunco. 
at gemini, nondum caelestia sidera, fratres, 
ambo conspicui, nive candidioribus ambo 
vectabantur equis, ambo vibrata per auras 
hastarum tremulo quatiebant spicula motu. 375 

vulnera fecissent, nisi setiger inter opacas 



VIII. 4°9-] The Wild Boar at Bay. 103 

nee jaculis isset nee equo loca pervia, silvas. 

Persequitur Telamon, studioque incautus eundi 
pronus ab arborea cecidit radice retentus. 
dum levat hunc Peleus, celerem Tegeaea sagittam 380 
imposuit nervo, sinuatoque expulit arcu. 
fixa sub aure feri suramum destringit arundo 
corpus, et exiguo rubefecit sanguine setas. 
nee tamen ilia sui successu laetior ictus, 
quam Meleagros erat. Primus vidisse putatur, 385 

et primus sociis visum ostendisse cruorem, 
et ' Meritum ' dixisse ' feres virtutis honorem.' 
erubuere viri, seque exhortantur, et addunt 
cum clamore animos, jaciuntque sine ordine tela : 
turba nocet jactis, et quos petit, impedit ictus. 390 

Ecce furens contra sua fata bipennifer Areas 
' Discite, femineis quid tela virilia praestent, 

juvenes, operique meo concedite' dixit ; 

1 ipsa suis licet hunc Latonia protegat armis, 

invita tamen hunc perimet mea dextra Diana.' 395 

talia magniloquo tumidus memoraverat ore, 
ancipitemque manu tollens utraque securim 
institerat digitis, primos suspensus in artus. 
occupat audentem, quaque est via proxima leto, 
summa ferus geminos direxit ad inguina dentes. 40a 

concidit Ancaeus, glomerataque sanguine multo 
viscera lapsa fluunt, madefactaque terra cruore est. 

Ibat in adversum proles Ixionis hostem 
Pirithoiis, valida quatiens venabula dextra. 
cui procul Aegides ' O me mihi carior ' inquit 405 

' pars animae consiste meae ! licet eminus esse 
fortibus : Ancaeo nocuit temeraria virtus.' 
dixit, et aerata torsit grave cuspide cornum : 
quo bene librato votique potente futuro 



104 xviii. The Calydonian Hunt. [Metam. 

obstitit aesculea frondosus ab arbore ramus. 410 

misit et Aesonides jaculum, quod casus ab illo 
vertit in immeriti fatum latrantis, et inter 
ilia conjectum tellure per ilia fixum est. 

At manus Oenidae variat ; missisque duabus 
hasta prior terra, medio stetit altera tergo. 415 

nee mora : dum saevit, dum corpora versat in orbem, 
stridentemque novo spumam cum sanguine fundit, 
vulneris auctor adest, hostemque irritat ad iram, 
splendidaque adversos venabula condit in armos. 
gaudia testantur socii clamore secundo, 420 

victricemque petunt dextrae conjungere dextra'm. 
immanemque ferum multa tellure jacentem 
mirantes spectant ; neque adhuc contingere tutum 
esse putant, sed tela tamen sua quisque cruentat. 
ipse pede imposito caput exitiabile pressit, 425 

atque ita : ' Sume mei spolium, Nonacria, juris ' 
dixit 'et in partem veniat mea gloria tecum.' 
protinus exuvias, rigidis horrentia setis 
terga dat, et magnis insignia dentibus ora. 

Illi laetitiae est cum munere muneris auctor ; 430 

invidere alii, totoque erat agmine murmur. 
e quibus ingenti tendentes bracchia voce 
' Pone age, nee titulos intercipe, femina, nostros ' 
Thestiadae clamant, ' nee te fiducia formae 
decipiat, ne sit longe tibi captus amore 435 

auctor' : et huic adimunt munus, jus muneris illi. 
non tulit, et tumida frendens Mavortius ira, 
' Discite, raptores alieni ' dixit ' honoris, 
facta minis quantum distent ; ' hausitque nefando 
pectora Plexippi, nil tale timentia, ferro. 440 

Toxea, quid faciat dubium, pariterque volentem 
ulcisci fratrem fraternaque fata timentem, 



VIII. 475-3 The Fatal Brand. 105 

haud patitur dubitare diu, calidumque priori 
caede recalfecit consorti sanguine telum. 

Dona deum templis, nato victore, ferebat, 445 

cum videt exstinctos fratres Althaea referri. 
quae plangore dato maestis clamoribus urbem 
implet, et auratis mutavit vestibus atras. 
at simul est auctor necis editus, excidit omnis 
luctus, et a lacrimis in poenae versus amorera est. 450 

Stipes erat, quern, cum partus enixa jaceret 
Thestias, in flammam triplices posuere sorores ; 
staminaque impresso fatalia pollice nentes 
' Tempora ' dixerunt ' eadem lignoque tibique, 
O modo nate, damus.' Quo postquam carmine dicto 455 
excessere deae, flagrantem mater ab igne 
eripuit torrem, sparsitque liquentibus undis. 
ille diu fuerat penetralibus abditus imis, 
servatusque tuos, juvenis, servaverat annos. 
protulit hunc genetrix, taedasque et fragmina poni 460 
imperat, et positis inimicos admovet ignes. 

Turn conata quater flammis imponere ramum, 
coepta quater tenuit. Pugnant materque sororque, 
et diversa trahunt unum duo nomina pectus, 
saepe metu sceleris pallebant ora futuri ; 465 

saepe suum fervens oculis dabat ira ruborem. 
et modo nescio quid similis crudele minanti 
vultus erat, modo quern misereri credere posses ; 
cumque ferus lacrimas animi siccaverat ardor, 
inveniebantur lacrimae tamen. Utque carina, 470 

quam ventus, ventoque rapit contrarius aestus, 
vim geminam sentit, paretque incerta duobus — 
Thestias haud aliter dubiis affectibus errat, 
inque vices ponit, positamque resuscitat iram. 

Incipit esse tamen melior germana parente, 475 



io6 xviii. The Calydonian Hunt. [Metam. 

et consanguineas ut sanguine leniat umbras, 

impietate pia est : nam postquam pestifer ignis 

convaluit, ' Rogus iste cremet mea viscera ' dixit ; 

utque manu dira lignum fatale tenebat, 

ante sepulcrales infelix adstitit aras, 480 

' Poenarum ' que 'deae triplices, furialibus,' inquit 

1 Eumenides, sacris vultus advertite vestros. 

ulciscor, facioque nefas : mors morte pianda est. 

in scelus addendum scelus est, in funera funus ; 

per coacervatos pereat domus impia luctus. 4 8 5 

an felix Oeneus nato victore fruetur, 

Thestius orbus erit ? Melius lugebitis ambo. 

vos modo, fraterni manes, animaeque recentes, 

officium sentite meum, magnoque paratas 

accipite inferias, uteri mala pignora nostri. 490 

1 Ei mihi ! quo rapior ? fratres ignoscite matri ! 
deficiunt ad coepta manus. Meruisse fatemur 
ilium, cur pereat : mortis mihi displicet auctor. 
ergo impune feret, vivusque et victor et ipso 
successu tumidus regnum Calydonis habebit ? 495 

vos cinis exiguus gelidaeque jacebitis umbrae ? 
haud equidem patiar. Pereat sceleratus, et ille 
spemque patris regnique trahat patriaeque ruinam. 
mens ubi materna est ? ubi sunt pia jura parentum ? 
et quos sustinui bis mensum quinque labores ? 500 

O utinam primis arsisses ignibus infans, 
idque ego passa forem ! Vixisti munere nostro : 
nunc merito moriere tuo. Cape praemia facti, 
bisque datam, primum partu, mox stipite rapto, 
redde animam, vel me fraternis adde sepulcris. 505 

' Et cupio, et nequeo ; quid agam ? modo vulnera 
f rat rum 
ante oculos mihi sunt, et tantae caedis imago : 



VIII. 539-] Death of Meleager. 107 

nunc animum pietas maternaque nomina frangunt. 
me miseram ! male vincetis, sed vincite, fratres : 
dummodo quae dedero vobis solacia, vosque 510 

ipsa sequar.' Dixit, dextraque aversa trementi 
funereum torrem medios conjecit in ignes. 
aut dedit, aut visus gemitus est ille dedisse 
stipes, ut invitis correptus ab ignibus arsit. 

Inscius atque absens flararaa Meleagros ab ilia 515 

uritur, et caecis torreri viscera sentit 
ignibus, ac magnos superat virtute dolores. 
quod tamen ignavo cadat et sine sanguine leto, 
maeret, et Ancaei felicia vulnera dicit ; 
grandaevumque patrem fratresque piasque sorores 520 
cum gemitu, sociamque tori vocat ore supremo ; 
forsitan et matrem. Crescunt ignisque dolorque, 
languescuntque iterum : simul est exstinctus uterque, 
inque leyes abiit paulatim spiritus auras 
paulatim cana prunam velante favilla. 5 2 5 

Alta jacet Calydon : lugent juvenesque senesque, 
vulgusque proceresque gemunt, scissaeque capillos 
planguntur matres Calydonides Eueninae. 
pulvere canitiem genitor vultusque seniles 
foedat humi fusus, spatiosumque increpat aevum. 530 

nam de matre manus diri sibi conscia facti 
exegit poenas, acto per viscera ferro. 
non mihi si centum deus ora sonantia Unguis, 
ingeniumque capax, totumque Helicona dedisset, 
tristia persequerer miserarum dicta sororum.* 535 

inmemores decoris liventia pectora tundunt ; 
dumque manet corpus, corpus refoventque foventque ; 
oscula dant ipsi, posito dant oscula lecto ; 
post cinerem cineres haustos ad pectora pressant ; 
adfusaeque jacent tumulo, signataque saxo 54° 



io8 



xviii. The Calydonian Hunt. 



[Metam. 



nomina complexae lacrimas in nomina fundunt. 
quas Parthaoniae tandem Latonia clade 
exsatiata domus, praeter Gorgenque nurumque 
nobilis Alcmenae, natis in corpore pennis 
allevat, et longas per bracchia porrigit alas, 
corneaque ora facit, versasque per aera mittit. 



545 



VIII. 638.] Philemon and Baucis. 109 

XIX. Philemon and Baucis. 
[Book VIII. — 620-724.] 

[Theseus, returning from the Calydonian Hunt, is entertained 
with his friends by the river-god Achelous, who recounts the fate of 
certain nymphs, turned into rocks and islands. These prodigies 
are mocked by Pirithous, son of Ixion, who is among them. To 
silence his cavil, Lelex relates the following tale (549-619).] 

Jupiter and Mercury, journeying once in Phrygia, were refused 
hospitality by all the inhabitants of a certain place, except two 
pious rustics, Philemon and his wife Baucis, who provide such 
entertainment as they are able (620-688). While the inhospitable 
town was drowned in a marsh, the poor hut of Philemon became 
a temple, of which he and his wife were made attendants ; until in 
a good old age they were both transformed to trees, he to an oak 
and she to a linden (689-724). 

Tiliae contermina quercus 620 

collibus est Phrygiis, modico circumdata muro. 621 

haud procul huic stagnum est, tellus habitabilis olim, 624 
nunc celebres mergis fulicisque palustribus undae. 625 
Juppiter hue specie mortali, cumque parente 
venit Atlantiades, positis caducifer alis. 
mille domos adiere, locum requiemque petentes : 
mille domos clausere serae. Tamen una recepit, 
parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri : 630 

sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon 
ilia sunt annis juncti juvenilibus, ilia 
consenuere casa ; paupertatemque fatendo 
effecere levem, nee iniqua mente ferendo. 
nee refert, dominos illic, famulosne requiras : 635 

tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque jubentque. 

Ergo ubi caelicolae parvos tetigere penates, 
summissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes. 



HO xix. Philemon and Baucis. [Metam. 

membra senex posito jussit relevare sedili, 

quo superinjecit textum rude sedula Baucis, 640 

inde foco tepidum cinerem dimovit, et ignes 

suscitat hesternos, foliisque et cortice sicco 

nutrit, et ad flammas anima producit anili, 

multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto 

detulit, et minuit, parvoque admovit aeno. 645 

quodque suus conjunx riguo collegerat horto, 

truncat olus foliis. Furca levat ille bicorni 

sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno ; 

servatoque diu resecat de tergore partem 

exiguam, sectamque domat ferventibus undis. 650 

Interea medias fallunt sermonibus horas, 
concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulva 655 

impositum lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis. 
vestibus hunc velant, quas non nisi tempore festo 
sternere consuerant ; sedet haec vilisque vetusque 
vestis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno. 

Accubuere dei. Mensam succincta tremensque 660 
ponit anus : mensae sed erat pes tertius impar : 
testa parem fecit. Quae postquam subdita clivum 
sustulit, aequatam mentae tersere virentes. 
ponit ur hie bicolor sincerae baca Minervae ; 
conditaque in liquida corna autumnalia faece ; 665 

intibaque, et radix, et lactis massa coacti, 
ovaque non acri leviter versata favilla, — 
omnia fictilibus. Post haec caelatus eodem 
sistitur argento crater, fabricataque fago 
pocula, qua cava sunt, flaventibus illita ceris. 670 

Parva mora est, epulasque foci misere calentes, 
nee longae rursus referuntur vina senectae, 
dantque locum mensis paulum seducta secundis. 
hie nux, hie mixta est rugosis carica palmis, 



VIII. 707.] Their Humble Hospitality. 1 1 1 

prunaque, et in patulis redolentia mala canistris, 675 

et de purpureis collectae vitibus uvae. 
candidus in medio favus est. Super omnia vultus 
accessere boni, nee iners pauperque voluntas. 

Interea totiens haustum cratera repleri 
sponte sua, per seque vident succrescere vina. 680 

attoniti novitate pavent, manibusque supinis 
concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon, 
et veniam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant. 

Unicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae, 
quem dis hospitibus domini mactare parabant. 685 

ille ceJer penna tardos aetate fatigat, 
eluditque diu, tandemque est visus ad ipsos 
confugisse deos. Superi vetuere necari : 
' Di ' que ' sumus, meritasque luet vicinia poenas 
impia' dixerunt ; 'vobis immunibus hujus 690 

esse mali dabitur : modo vestra relinquite tecta, 
ac nostros comitate gradus, et in ardua montis 
ite simul.' Parent ambo, baculisque levati 
nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo. 

Tantum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta 695 
missa potest : flexere oculos, et mersa palude 
cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta manere. 
dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum, 
ilia vetus, dominis etiam casa parva cluobus 
vertitur in templum ; furcas subiere columnae ; 7°° 

stramina flavescunt, aurataque tecta videntur, 
caelataeque fores, adopertaque marmore tellus. 

Talia turn placido Saturnius edidit ore : 
' Dicite, juste senex, et femina conjuge justo 
digna, quid optetis.' Cum Baucide pauca locutus, 705 
judicium superis aperit commune Philemon : 
' Esse sacerdotes, delubraque vestra tueri 



112 xix. Philemon and Baucis. [Metam. 

poscimus ; et quoniam Concordes egimus annos, 
auferat hora duos eadem, nee conjugis umquam 
busta meae videam, neu sim tumulandus ab ilia.' 710 

Vota fides sequitur : templi tutela fuere, 
donee vita data est. Annis aevoque soluti, 
ante gradus sacros cum starent forte, locique 
inciperent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis, 
Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon. 715 

jamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus 
mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta, Vale que 
O conjunx dixere simul, simul abdita texit 
ora frutex. Ostendit adhuc Thinei'us illic 
incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos. 720 

haec mihi non vani — neque erat cur fallere vellent — 
narravere senes : equidem pendentia vidi 
serta super ramos ; ponensque recentia, dixi : 
Cura pii dis sunt, et qui coluere coluntur. 



IX. i4i.] The Report of Hercules Love. 113 

XX. The Death of Hercules. 
[Book IX. — 134-272.] 

[Achelous, continuing the discourse, tells of the transforma- 
tions of Proteus ; and of Mestra, daughter of Erysichthon, who 
(receiving this power from Neptune) long, by cheats and wiles, 
sustained her father cursed with extreme rage of hunger for the 
violation of a grove of Ceres (VIII. 725-884). And as Theseus 
inquires the cause of his broken horn, Achelous replies that con- 
tending once with Hercules for the possession of Dejanira, sister 
of Meleager, that horn had been wrested off, and, being filled by 
the Naiads with autumn fruits, became the horn of Plenty (IX. 
1-100). In defence of the same Dejanira, Hercules had once 
slain the centaur Nessus ; who, dying, gave her a tunic stained 
with his blood, mixed with venom of the Lernaean hydra, which (he 
said) would recall her husband's love if ever it should wander or 
cool (101-133).] 

Afterward, Hercules being about to wed Iole, daughter of Eury- 
tus, Dejanira sent to him this tunic as a marriage gift. But when 
it took heat from the altar flames as he was about to sacrifice, Her- 
cules, being in extreme torment, and unable to tear it off, cast into 
the sea the bearer of the gift, Lichas, who was converted into a 
rock, retaining his human form (134-227). Then Hercules, build- 
ing a great funeral pile upon Mount CEta of Thessaly, burned 
himself thereon; and his mortal parts being purged away, was 
received into the company of the gods (228-272). 

Longa fuit medii mora temporis, actaque magni 
Herculis implerant terras odiumque novercae. 135 

victor ab Oechalia Cenaeo sacra parabat 
vota Jovi, cum fama loquax praecessit ad aures, 
Dei'anira, tuas, quae veris addere falsa 
gaudet, et e minimo sua per mendacia crescit, 
Amphitryoniaden Ioles ardore teneri. 140 

Credit amans, venerisque novae perterrita fama 



114 XX. The Death of Hercules. [Metam. 

indulsit primo lacrimis, flendoque dolorem 
diff udit miseranda suum. Mox deinde, ' Quid autem 
flemus ? ' ait : i pel] ex lacrimis laetabitur istis. 
quae quoniam adveniet, properandum, aliquidque novan- 
dum est, 145 

dum licet, et nondum thalamos tenet altera nostros. 
conquerar, an sileam ? repetam Calydona, morerne ? 
excedam tectis ? an, si nihil amplius, obstem ? 
quid si me, Meleagre, tuam memor esse sororem 
forte paro facinus, quantumque injuria possit 15a 

femineusque dolor, jugulata pellice testor?' 

Incursus animus varios habet : omnibus illis 
praetulit imbutam Nesseo sanguine vestem 
mittere, quae vires defecto reddat amori. 
ignaroque Lichae, quid tradat nescia, luctus 155 

ipsa suos tradit, blandisque miserrima verbis, 
dona det ilia viro, mandat. Capit inscius heros, 
induiturque umeris Lernaeae virus echidnae. 

Tura dabat primis et verba precantia flammis, 
vinaque marmoreas patera fundebat in aras : 160 

incaluit vis ilia mali, resolutaque flammis 
Herculeos abiit late diffusa per artus. 
dum potuit, solita gemitum virtute repressit ; 
victa malis postquam est patientia, reppulit aras, 
implevitque suis nemorosum vocibus Oeten. 165 

nee mora, letiferam conatur scindere vestem : 
qua trahitur, trahit ilia cutem, foedumque relatu, 
aut haeret membris frustra temptata revelli, 
aut laceros artus et grandia detegit ossa. 
ipse cruor, gelido ceu quondam lamina candens 17a 

tincta lacu, stridit, coquiturque ardente veneno. 

Nee modus est : sorbent avidae praecordia flammae, 
caeruleusque fluit toto de corpore sudor, 



IX. 206.] The Poisoned Shirt of Nessus. 1 1 5 

ambustique sonant nervi, caecaque medullis 

tabe liquefactis tendens ad sidera palmas, 175 

' Cladibus ' exclamat, ' Saturnia, pascere nostris : 

pascere, et hanc pestem specta, crudelis, ab alto, 

corque ferum satia. Vel si miserandus et hosti 

hoc aestu tibi sum, diris cruciatibus aegram 

invisamque animam natamque laboribus aufer. 180 

mors mihi munus erit : decet haec dare dona novercam. 

ergo ego foedantem peregrino templa cruore 

Busirin domui ? saevoque alimenta parentis 

Antaeo eripui ? nee me pastoris Hiberi 

forma triplex, nee forma triplex tua, Cerbere, movit ? 185 

vosne, manus, validi pressistis cornua tauri ? 

vestrum opus Elis habet, vestrum Stymphalides undae, 

Partheniumque nemus ? vestra virtute relatus 

Thermodontiaco caelatus balteus auro, 

pomaque ab insomni concustodita dracone ? 190 

nee mihi Centauri potuere resistere, nee mi 

Arcadiae vastator aper ? nee profuit hydrae 

crescere per damnum, geminasque resumere vires ? 

quid, cum Thracis equos humano sanguine pingues 

plenaque corporibus laceris praesaepia vidi, 195 

visaque dejeci, dominumque ipsosque peremi ? 

his elisa jacet moles Nemeaea lacertis ; 

hac caelum cervice tuli. Defessa jubendo est 

saeva Jovis conjunx : ego sum indefessus agendo. 

sed nova pestis adest, cui nee virtute resisti, 200 

nee telis armisque potest. Pulmonibus errat 

ignis edax imis, perque omnes pascitur artus. 

at valet Eurystheus ! Et sunt, qui credere possint 

esse deos ? ' Dixit, perque altum saucius Oeten 

haud aliter graditur, quam si venabula taunts 205 

corpore fixa gerat, factique refugerit auctor. 



1 1 6 xx. The Death of Hercules. [Metam. 

saepe ilium gemitus edentem, saepe frementem, 
saepe retemptantem totas refringere vestes, 
sternentemque trabes, irascentemque videres 
montibus, aut patrio tendentem bracchia caelo. 210 

Ecce Lichan trepidum latitantem rupe cavata 
aspicit ; utque dolor rabiem collegerat omnem, 
' Tune, Licha,' dixit * feralia dona dedisti ? 
tune meae necis auctor eris ? ' Tremit ille, pavetque 
pallidus, et timide verba excusantia dicit. 215 

dicentem genibusque manus adhibere parantem 
corripit Alcides, et terque quaterque rotatum 
mittit in Euboi'cas tormento fortius undas. 
ille per aerias pendens induruit auras ; 
utque ferunt imbres gelidis concrescere ventis, 220 

inde nives fieri, nivibus quoque molle rotatis 
astringi, et spissa glomerari grandine corpus : 
sic ilium validis actum per inane lacertis 
exsanguemque metu nee quicquam umoris habentem, 
in rigidos versum silices prior edidit aetas. 225 

nunc quoque in Euboico scopulus brevis emicat alto 
gurgite, et humanae servat vestigia formae, 
quern, quasi sensurum, nautae calcare verentur, 
appellantque Lichan. 

At tu, Jovis inclita proles, 
arboribus caesis, quas ardua gesserat Oete, 230 

inque pyram structis, arcum pharetramque capacem 
regnaque visuras iterum Trojana sagittas 
ferre jubes Poeante satum, quo flamma ministro 
subclita ; dumque avidis comprenditur ignibus agger, 
congeriem silvae Nemeaeo vellere summam 235 

sternis, et imposita clavae cervice recumbis, 
baud alio vultu, quam si conviva jaceres 
inter plena meri redimitus pocula sertis. 



IX. 272.] Hercules is raised to Heaven. ny 

Jamque valens et in omne latus diffusa sonabat, 
securosque artus contemptoremque petebat 240 

flamma suum. Timuere dei pro vindice terrae : 
quos ita, sensit enim, laeto Saturnius ore 
Juppiter adloquitur : ' Nostra est timor iste voluptas, 
O superi ; totoque libens mihi pectOre grator, 
quod memoris populi dicor rectorque paterque, 245 

et mea progenies vestro quoque tuta favore est. 
nam quamquam ipsius datur hoc immanibus actis, 
obligor ipse tamen. Sed enim, ne pectora vano 
fida metu paveant, Oetaeas spernite fiammas. 
omnia qui vicit, vincet, quos cernitis, ignes ; 250 

nee nisi materna vulcanum parte potentem 
sentiet. Aeternum est a me quod traxit, et expers 
atque immune necis, nullaque domabile flamma : 
idque ego defunctum terra caelestibus oris 
accipiam, cunctisque meum laetabile factum 255 

dis fore confido. Siquis tamen Hercule, siquis 
forte deo doliturus erit, data praemia nolet : 
sed meruisse dari sciet, invitusque probabit.' 

Assensere dei ; conjunx quoque regia visa est 
cetera non duro, duro tamen ultima vultu 260 

dicta tulisse Jovis, seque indoluisse notatam. 

Interea quodcumque fuit populabile flammae, 
Mulciber abstulerat ; nee cognoscenda remansit 
Herculis effigies, nee quicquam ab imagine ductum 
matris habet, tantumque Jovis vestigia servat. 265 

utque novus serpens posita cum pelle senecta 
luxuriare solet, squamaque virere recenti : 
sic ubi mortales Tirynthius exuit artus, 
parte sui meliore viget, majorque videri 
coepit, et augusta fieri gravitate verendus. 270 

quern pater omnipotens inter cava nubila raptum 
quadrijugo curru radiantibus intulit astris. 



1 1 8 xxi. OrpJieus and Eurydice. [Metam. 

XXI. Orpheus and Eurydice. 
[Book X. — 1-77.] 

[Alcmene, mother of Hercules, to entertain Iole (who had 
married his son Hyllus), relates the tale of Hercules 1 birth, which 
was long delayed, but at last brought about by the artifice of Galan- 
this, a waiting-maid ; who, for the falsehood she told, was turned 
into a weasel by Ilithyia, whom she had deceived (IX. 273-323). 
Iole relates in turn of her sister Dryope, changed to a lotus 
(324-339). The restoring of Iolaus to youth, and the miraculous 
manhood bestowed on the children of Callirhoe, having moved the 
displeasure of some of the gods, Jupiter reminds them of the pain- 
ful old age of his own son Minos (400-442). The tale is told of 
Byblis, daughter of Miletus (who had migrated from Crete to Asia) ; 
she, filled with a guilty love for her brother Cannus, became a foun- 
tain in Caria (443-665). Iphis, daughter of Ligdus of Crete, having 
been brought up as a youth to avoid her father's displeasure that a 
daughter was born to him, was at length changed to a young man 
by Isis, and so became the husband of Ianthe (666-797).] 

Hymen, proceeding to Thrace, after the marriage of Iphis, 
united Orpheus to Eurydice, but not happily, for she died from the 
bite of a serpent. To recover her, Orpheus penetrated the shadows 
of the Lower World, where even the Furies are moved to tears at 
his song, the pains of hell are stayed, and Proserpine is won to 
yield him back his wife, only on condition that he shall not look 
behind him until he reaches the upper world. Turning about too 
soon, in his eagerness to see her, he loses her again, and is not 
suffered a second time to enter Hades (X. 1-77). 

Inde per immensum croceo velatus amictu 
aethera digreditur, Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad oras 
tendit, et Orphea nequiquam voce vocatur. • 
adfuit ille quidem ; sed nee sollemnia verba, 
nee laetos vultus, nee felix attulit omen. 5 

fax quoque, quam tenuit, lacrimoso stridula fumo 



X. 38.] Half -won, but lost again. 1 19 

usque fuit, nullosque invenit motibus ignes. 

exitus auspicio gravior ; nam nupta, per herbas 

dum nova naiadum turba comitata vagatur, 

occidit, in talum serpentis dente recepto. 10 

Quam satis ad superas postquam Rhodope'ius auras 
deflevit vates, ne non temptaret et umbras, 
ad Styga Taenaria est ausus descendere porta ; 
perque leves populos simulacraque functa sepulcro 
Persephonen adiit, inamoenaque regna tenentem 15 

umbrarum dominum. Pulsisque ad carmina nervis 
sic ait : ' O positi sub terra numina mundi, 
in quern recidimus, quicquid mortale creamur ; 
si licet, et falsi positis ambagibus oris 
vera loqui sinitis, non hue, ut opaca viderem 20 

Tartara, descendi, nee uti villosa colubris 
terna Medusaei vincirem guttura monstri. 
causa viae conjunx, in quam calcata venenum 
vipera diffudit, crescentesque abstulit annos. 
posse pati volui, nee me temptasse negabo : 25 

vicit Amor. Supera deus hie bene notus in ora est : 
an sit et hie, dubito, sed et hie tamen auguror esse, 
famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae, 
vos quoque junxit Amor. Per ego haec loca plena 

timoris, 
per Chaos hoc ingens, vastique silentia regni, 30 

Eurydices, oro, properata retexite fata, 
omnia debemur vobis, paulumque morati 
serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam. 
tendimus hue omnes, haec est domus ultima ; vosque 
humani generis longissima regna tenetis. 35 

haec quoque, cum justos matura peregerit annos, 
juris erit vestri. Pro munere poscimus usum. 
quod si fata negant veniam pro conjuge, certum est 



120 xxi. Orpheus and Etirydice. [Metam. 

nolle redire mihi : leto gaudete duorum/ 

Talia dicentem nervosque ad verba moventem 40 

exsangues flebant animae ; nee Tantalus undam 
captavit refugam, stupuitque Ixionis orbis, 
nee carpsere jecur volucres, urnisque vacarunt 
Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo. 
tunc primum lacrimis victarum carmine fama est 45 

Eumenidum maduisse genas. Nee regia conjunx 
sustinet oranti, nee qui regit ima, negare : 
Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat ilia recentes 
inter, et incessit passu de vulnere tardo. 
hanc simul et legem Rhodopeius accipit heros, 50 

ne flectat retro sua lumina, donee Avernas 
exierit valles, aut irrita dona futura. 

Carpitur acclivis per muta silentia trames, 
arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca. 
nee procul afuerunt telluris margine summae : 55 

hie, ne deficeret metuens, avidusque videndi, 
flexit amans oculos ; et protinus ilia relapsa est, 
bracchiaque intendens prendique et prendere captans 
nil nisi cedentes infelix arripit auras, 
jamque iterum moriens non est de conjuge quicquam 60 
questa suo : quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam ? 
supremumque Vale ! quod jam vix auribus*ille 
acciperet, dixit, revolutaque rursus eodem est. 

Non aliter stupuit gemina nece conjugis Orpheus, 
quam tria qui timidus, medio portante catenas, 65 

colla canis vidit ; quern non pavor ante reliquit, 
quam natura prior, saxo per corpus oborto : 
quique in se crimen traxit voluitque videri 
Olenos esse nocens, tuque O confisa figurae, 
infelix Lethaea, tuae, junctissima quondam 7° 

pectora, nunc lapides, quos umida sustinet Ide. 



X. 77-] Half -won, but lost again. 12 1 

Orantem frustraque iterum transire volentem 
portitor arcuerat. Septem tamen ille diebus 
squalidus in ripa Cereris sine munere sedit ; 
cura dolorque animi lacrimaeque alimenta fuere, 75 

esse deos Erebi crudeles questus, in altam 
se recipit Rhodopen pulsumque aquilonibus Haemum. 



122 xxii. The Song of Orpheus. [Metam. 

XXII. The Song of Orpheus. 
[Book X. — 86-219.] 

Withdrawn apart from the love of women, and having gath- 
ered by his song a grove of forest trees [among them the pint 
which was once the youth Attis, and Cyparissus changed by Apollo 
into a Cypress] , Orpheus sings of the loves of the gods for mortal 
men. And first of Ganymede of Troy, borne to heaven by Jupiter 
in the form of an eagle (143— 161) ; and of Hyacinthus, a beautiful 
youth of Sparta, beloved by Apollo, but accidentally killed by him 
with a discus (or quoit) that he had hurled into the air; from 
whose blood sprang the flower that bears his name (162-219). 

[He further sings of certain people of Cyprus, cruel to stran- 
gers, who by Venus were changed to oxen (220-237) ; of the 
statue wrought by Pygmalion, which became a living maiden, and 
his bride (243-297) ; of Myrrha, who because of her incestuous love 
of her father became a tree weeping fragrant gum (298-502) ; of 
her child Adonis, loved by Venus (503-559) ; of Atalanta, fleet of 
foot, who was won in the race by craft of Hippomenes with three 
golden apples (see next selection), but both were afterwards changed 
into lions (560-707) ; and of the death of Adonis, slain by a wild 
boar, and by Venus converted into the flower Anemone, as Menthe 
had aforetime been by Proserpine into the herb Mint (708-739).] 

Collis erat, collemque super planissima campi 
area, quam viridem faciebant graminis herbae. 
umbra loco deerat : qua postquam parte resedit 
dis genitus vates, et fila sonantia movit, 
umbra loco venit. Non Chaonis afuit arbor, 90 

non nemus Heliadum, non frondibus aesculus altis, 
nee tiliae molles, nee fagus et innuba laurus, 
nee coryli fragiles, et fraxinus utilis hastis, 
enodisque abies, curvataque glandibus ilex, 
et platanus genialis, acerque coloribus impar, 95 

amnicolaeque simul salices et aquatica lotos, 






X. 1 66.] The Rape of Ganymede. 123 

perpetuoque virens buxum, tenuesque myricae, 

et bicolor myrtus, et bacis caerula tinus. 

vos quoque, flexipedes hederae, venistis, et una 

pampineae vites et amictae vitibus ulmi ; 100 

ornique et piceae, pomoque onerata rubenti 

arbutus, et lentae (victoris praemia) palmae, 

et succincta comas hirsutaque vertice pinus, 

grata deum matri : siquidem Cybeleius Attis 

exuit hac hominem, truncoque induruit illo. 105 

Tale nemus vates attraxerat ; inque ferarum 
concilio medius turba volucrumque sedebat. 
ut satis impulsas temptavit pollice chordas, 145 

et sensit varios, quamvis diversa sonarent, 
concordare modos, hoc vocem carmine movit : 

' Ab Jove, Musa parens (cedunt Jovis omnia regno) 
carmina nostra move : Jovis est mihi saepe potestas 
dicta prius. Cecini plectro graviore Gigantas, 150 

sparsaque Phlegraeis victricia fulmina campis ; 
nunc opus est leviore lyra, puerosque canamus 
dilectos superis, inconcessisque puellas 
ignibus attonitas meruisse libidine poenam. 

' Rex superum Phrygii quondam Ganymedis amore 155 
arsit, et inventum est aliquid, quod Juppiter esse, 
quam quod erat, mallet. Nulla tamen alite verti 
dignatur, nisi quae posset sua fulmina ferre. 
nee mora : percusso mendacibus aere pennis 
abripit Iliaden, qui nunc quoque pocula miscet, 160 

invitaque Jovi nectar Junone ministrat. 

1 Te quoque, Amyclide, posuisset in aethere Phoebus, 
tristia si spatium ponendi fata dedissent. 
qua licet, aeternus tamen es ; quotiensque repellit 
ver hiemem, Piscique Aries succedit aquoso, 165 

tu totiens oreris, viridique in cespite flores. 



124 xxii. The Song of Orpheus. [Metam. 

te meus ante omnes genitor dilexit, et orbe 

in medio positi caruerunt praeside Delphi, 

dum deus Eurotan immunitamque frequentat 

Sparten : nee citharae, nee sunt in honore sagittae. 170 

inmemor ipse sui non retia ferre recusat, 

non tenuisse canes, non per juga montis iniqui 

isse comes ; longaque alit assuetudine flammas. 

' Jamque fere medius Titan venientis et actae 
noctis erat, spatioque pari distabat utrimque : 175 

corpora veste levant, et suco pinguis olivi 
splendescunt, latique ineunt certamina disci. 

' Quern prius aerias libratum Phoebus in auras 
misit, et oppositas disjecit pondere nubes. 
recidit in solidam longo post tempore terram 180 

pondus, et exhibuit junctam cum viribus artem. 
protinus imprudens actusque cupidine ludi 
tollere Taenarides orbem properabat ; at ilium 
dura repercussum subjecit in aera tellus 
in vultus, Hyacinthe, tuos. Expalluit aeque l8 S 

quam puer ipse deus ; collapsosque excipit artus, 
et modo te refovet, modo tristia vulnera siccat, 
nunc animam admotis fugientem sustinet herbis. 

' Nil prosunt artes : erat immedicabile vulnus. 
ut si quis violas riguove papaver in horto, 190 

liliaque infringat fulvis haerentia virgis, 
marcida demittant subito caput ilia gravatum, 
nee se sustineant, spectentque cacumine terram : 
sic vultus moriens jacet, et defecta vigore 
ipsa sibi est oneri cervix umeroque recumbit. 195 

'" Laberis, Oebalide, prima fraudate juventa, 
Phoebus ait, videoque tuum, mea crimina, vulnus. 
tu dolor es, facinusque meum : mea dextera leto 
inscribenda tuo est ; ego sum tibi funeris auctor. 



X. 2i9-] Death of Hyacinthus. 125 

quae mea culpa tamen ? nisi si lusisse vocari 200 

culpa potest, nisi culpa potest et amasse vocari. 

atque utinam pro te vitam, tecumve liceret 

reddere ! Quod quoniam fatali lege tenemur, 

semper eris mecum, memorique haerebis in ore. 

te lyra pulsa manu, te carmina nostra sonabunt ; 205 

flosque novus scripto gemitus imitabere nostros : 

tempus et illud erit, quo se fortissimus heros 

addat in hunc florem, folioque legatur eodem." 

' Talia dum vero memorantur Apollinis ore, 
ecce cruor, qui fusus humo signaverat herbam, 210 

desinit esse cruor, Tyrioque nitentior ostro 
flos oritur, formamque capit quam lilia, si non 
purpureus color his, argenteus esset in illis. 
non satis hoc Phoebo est (is enim fuit auctor honoris) : 
ipse suos gemitus foliis inscribit, et ai ai 215 

flos habet inscriptum, funestaque littera ducta est. 
nee genuisse pudet Sparten Hyacinthon, honorque 
durat in hoc aevi ; celebrandaque more priorum 
annua praelata redeunt Hyacinthia pompa.' 



126 xxiii. Atalanta. [Metam. 

XXIII. Atalanta. 
[Book X. — 560-680.] 

Orpheus sings how Atalanta was beaten in a race by Hippo- 
menes, who dropped three golden apples, which she stopped to 
pick up. The tale is supposed to be told by Venus to Adonis. 

[For the rest of the song of Orpheus, see the heading of the 
previous selection.] 

Forsitan audieris aliquam certamine cursus 560 

veloces superasse viros. Non fabula rumor 
ille fuit ; superabat enim. Nee dicere posses, 
laude pedum, formaene bono praestantior esset. 
scitanti deus huic de conjuge "Conjuge" dixit 
"nil opus est, Atalanta, tibi. Fuge conjugis usum. 565 
nee tamen effugies, teque ipsa viva carebis." 
territa sorte dei per opacas innuba silvas 
vivit, et instantem turbam violenta procorum 
condicione fugat, nee " Sum potiunda, nisi " inquit 
"victa prius cursu. Pedibus contendite mecum : 570 
praemia veloci conjunx thalamique dabuntur ; 
mors pretium tardis. Ea lex certaminis esto." 
ilia quidem inmitis : sed tanta potentia formae est, 
venit ad hanc legem temeraria turba procorum. 

Sederat Hippomenes cursus spectator iniqui, 575 

et "Petitur cuiquam per tanta pericula conjunx?" 
dixerat, ac nimios juvenum damnarat amores. 
ut faciem et posito corpus velamine vidit, 
quale meum, vel quale tuum, si femina fias, 
obstipuit, tollensque manus " Ignoscite," dixit 580 

" quos modo culpavi. Nondum mihi praemia nota, 
quae peteretis, erant." Laudando concipit ignes, 



X. 615.] The Love of Hippomenes. 1 27 

et, ne quis juvenum currat velocius, optat 

invidiaque timet. [" Sed cur certaminis hujus 

intemptata mihi fortuna relinquitur ? " inquit 585 

" Audentes deus ipse juvat." Dum talia secum 

exigit Hippomenes, passu volat alite virgo. 

quae quamquam Scythica non setius ire sagitta 

Aonio visa est juveni, tamen ille decorem 

miratur magis. Et cursus facit ille decorem. 590 

aura refert ablata citis talaria plantis : 

tergaque jactantur crines per eburnea, quaeque 

poplitibus suberant picto genualia limbo : 

inque puellari corpus candore ruborem 

traxerat, haud aliter, quam cum super atria velum 595 

Candida purpureum simulatas inficit umbras. 

dum notat haec hospes,] decursa novissima meta est, 

et tegitur festa victrix Atalanta corona. 

dant gemitum victi, penduntque ex foedere poenas. 

Non tamen eventu juvenis deterritus horum 600 

constitit in medio, vultuque in virgine fixo 
" Quid facilem titulum superando quaeris inertes ? 
mecum confer ! " ait " seu me fortuna potentem 
fecerit, a tanto non indignabere vinci. 
namque mihi genitor Megareus Onchestius : illi 605 

est Neptunus avus : pronepos ego regis aquarum. 
nee virtus citra genus est. Seu vincar, habebis 
Hippomene victo magnum et memorabile nomen." 

Talia dicentem molli Schoenei'a vultu 
aspicit, et dubitat, superari an vincere malit. 610 

atque ita "Quis deus hunc formosis " inquit "iniquus 
perdere vult, caraeque jubet discrimine vitae 
conjugium petere hoc? non sum, me judice, tanti. 
nee forma tangor, — poteram tamen hac quoque tangi — 
sed quod adhuc puer est. Non me move.t ipse, sed aetas. 



X 



128 xxin. Atalanta. [Metam. 

quid, quod inest virtus et mens interrita leti ? 
quid, quod ab aequorea numeratur origine quartus ? 
/quid, quod amat, tantique putat conubia nostra, 
ut pereat, si me fors illi dura negarit ? 
dum licet, hospes, abi, thalamosque relinque cruentos. 620 
conjugium crudele meum est. Tibi nubere nulla 
nolet ; et optari potes a sapiente puella. 
cur tamen est mihi cura tui, tot jam ante peremptis ? 
viderit ! intereat, quoniam tot caede procorum 
admonitus non est, agiturque in taedia vitae. — 625 

occidet hie igitur, voluit quia vivere mecum, 
indignamque necem pretium patietur amoris ? 
non erit invidiae victoria nostra ferendae. 
sed non culpa mea est. Utinam desistere velles ! 
aut, quoniam es demens, utinam velocior esses ! — 630 
at quam virgineus puerili vultus in ore est ! 
a ! miser Hippomene, nollem tibi visa fuissem ! 
vivere dignus eras. Quod si felicior essem, 
nee mihi conjugium fata importuna negaient, 
unus eras, cum quo sociare cubilia vellem." 635 

dixerat : utque rudis, primoque Cupidine tacta, 
quid facit, ignorans, amat et non sentit amorem. 

Jam solitos poscunt cursus populusque paterque : 
cum me sollicita proles Neptunia voce 
invocat Hippomenes, "Cytherea" que "comprecor, ausis 
adsit" ait "nostris et quos dedit, adjuvet ignes." 
detulit aura preces ad me non invida blandas ; 
motaque sum, fateor. Nee opis mora lortga dabatur. 
est ager, indigenae Tamasenum nomine dicunt, 
telluris Cypriae pars optima, quam mihi prisci 645 

sacravere senes, templisque accedere dotem 
hanc jussere meis. Medio nitet arbor in arvo, 
fulva comam, fulvo ramis crepitantibus auro. 



X. 68o.] The Race. 129 

hinc tria forte mea veniens decerpta ferebam 

aurea poma manu : nullique videnda nisi ipsi 650 

Hippomenen adii, docuique, quis usus in illis. 

signa tubae dederant, cum carcere pronus uterque 

emicat, et summam celeri pecle libat arenam. 

posse putes illos sicco freta radere passu, 

et segetis canae stantes percurrere aristas. 655 

adiciunt animos juveni clamorque favorque, 

verbaque dicentum " Nunc, nunc incumbere tempus, 

Hippomene, propera ! nunc viribus utere totis. 

pelle moram, vinces :" dubium, Megareius heros 

gaucleat, an virgo magis his Schoeneia dictis. 660 

O quotiens, cum jam posset transire, morata est, 

spectatosque diu vultus invita reliquit ! 

aridus e lasso veniebat anhelitus ore, 

metaque erat longe. \ \ Turn denique de tribus unum 

fetibus arboreis proles Neptunia misit. 665 

obstipuit virgo, nitidique cupidine pomi 

declinat cursus, aurumque volubile tollit : 

praeterit Hippomenes : resonant spectacula plausu. 

ilia moram celeri cessataque tempora cursu 

corrigit, atque iterum juvenem post terga relinquit. 670 

et rursus pomi jactu remorata secundi, 

consequitur transitque virum. Pars ultima cursus 

restabat. "Nunc" inquit "ades, dea muneris auctor!" 

inque latus campi, quo tardius ilia rediret, 

jecit ab obliquo nitidum juvenaliter aurum. 675 

an peteret, virgo visa est dubitare : coegi 

tollere, et adieci sublato pondera malo, 

impediique oneris pariter gravitate moraque. 

neve meus sermo cursu sit tardior ipso, 

praeterita est virgo : duxit sua praemia victor. 680 



130 xxiv. The Death of Orpheus. [Metam. 

XXIV. The Death of Orpheus. 

[Book XL — 1-84.] 

Still lamenting in solitude for his lost Eurydice, Orpheus is 
assailed in a frenzy by the women of Thrace, who tear him in 
pieces, so that while his body is borne upon the Hebrus, and to 
the isle of Lesbos, his shade securely joins that of his wife in the 
Elysian Fields (XL 1-66) ; the women who had caused his death 
being by Bacchus changed to trees (67-84). 

Carmine dum tali silvas animosque ferarum 
Threicius vates et saxa sequentia ducit, 
ecce nurus Ciconum, tectae lymphata ferinis 
pectora velleribus, tumuli de vertice cernunt 
Orphea, percussis sociantem carmina nervis. 5 

e quibus una, levem jactato crine per auram, 
* En,' ait ' en hie est nostri contemptor ! ' et hastam 
vatis Apollinei vocalia misit in ora : 
quae foliis praesuta notam sine vulnere fecit. 

Alterius telum lapis est, qui missus, in ipso 10 

aere concentu victus vocisque lyraeque est, 
ac veluti supplex pro tarn furialibus ausis 
ante pedes jacuit. Sed enim temeraria crescunt 
bella, modusque abiit, insanaque regnat Erinys. 

Cunctaque tela forent cantu mollita; sed ingens is 
clamor et infracto Berecyntia tibia cornu, 
tympanaque et plausus et Bacchei ululatus 
obstrepuere sono citharae. Turn denique saxa 
non exauditi rubuerunt sanguine vatis. 
ac primum attonitas etiamnum voce canentis 20 

innumeras volucres, anguesque agmenque ferarum, 
Maenades Orphei titulum rapuere triumphi. 



XI. 55-] The Thracian Mcenades. 131 

Inde cruentatis vertuntur in Orphea dextris, 
et coeunt ut aves, si quando luce vagantem 
noctis avem cernunt ; structoque utrimque theatro 25 
ceu matutina cervus periturus arena 
praeda canum est, yatemque petunt, et fronde virentes 
coniciunt thyrsos, non haec in munera factos. 
hae glebas, illae direptos arbore ramos, 
pars torquent silices. Neu desint tela furori, 30 

forte boves presso subigebant vomere terram ; 
nee procul hinc, multo fructum sudore parantes, 
dura lacertosi fodiebant arva coloni. 
agmine qui viso fugiunt, operisque relinquunt 
arma sui ; vacuosque jacent dispersa per agros 35 

sarculaque rastrique graves longique ligones. 
quae postquam rapuere ferae, cornuque minaces 
divellere boves, ad vatis fata recurrunt, 
tendentemque manus atque illo tempore primum 
irrita dicentem, nee quicquam voce moventem, 40 

sacrilegae perimunt ; perque os, pro Juppiter ! illud, 
auditum saxis intellectumque ferarum 
sensibus, in ventos anima exhalata recessit. 

Te maestae volucres, Orpheu, te turba ferarum, 
te rigidi silices, te carmina saepe secutae 45 

fleverunt silvae ; positis te frondibus arbos 
tonsa comam luxit ; lacrimis quoque flumina dicunt 
increvisse suis, obstrusaque carbasa pullo 
naides et dryades passosque habuere capillos. 
membra jacent diversa locis : caput, Hebre, lyramque 5° 
excipis ; et mirum ! medio dum labitur amne, 
flebile nescio quid queritur lyra, flebile lingua 
murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae. 
jamque mare invectae flumen populare relinquunt, 
et Methymnaeae potiuntur litore Lesbi. 55 



132 xxiv. The Death of Orpheus. [Metam. 

hie ferus expositum peregrinis anguis arenis 

os petit et sparsos stillanti rore capillos. 

tandem Phoebus adest, morsusque inferre parantem 

arcet, et in lapidem rictus serpentis apertos 

congelat, et patulos, ut erant, indurat hiatus. 60 

Umbra subit terras, et quae loca viderat ante, 
cuncta recognoscit ; quaerensque per arva piorum 
invenit Eurydicen, cupidisque amplecitur ulnis. 
hie modo conjunctis spatiantur passibus ambo, 
nunc praecedentem sequitur, nunc praevius anteit, 65 
Eurydicenque suam jam tuto respicit Orpheus. 

Non impune tamen scelus hoc sinit esse Lyaeus : 
amissoque dolens sacrorum vate suorum, 
protinus in silvis matres Edonidas omnes, 
quae videre nefas, torta radice ligavit. 7° 

[quippe pedum digitos, in quantum quaeque secuta est, 
traxit, et in solidam detrusit acumina terram ;] 
utque suum laqueis, quos callidus abdidit auceps, 
crus ubi commisit volucris, sensitque teneri, 
plangitur, ac trepidans astringit vincula motu : 75 

sic, ut quaeque solo defixa cohaeserat harum, 
exsternata fugam frustra temptabat ; at illam 
lenta tenet radix, exsultantemque coercet. 
dumque ubi sint digiti, dum pes ubi, quaerit, et ungues, 
aspicit in teretes lignum succedere suras ; 80 

et conata femur maerenti plangere dextra, 
robora percussit. Pectus quoque robora fiunt ; 
robora sunt umeri ; porrectaque bracchia veros 
esse putes ramos, et non fallare putando. 






V 



XI. ioo.J Bacchus in Pluygia. 133 

XXV. The Story of Midas. 
[Book XL — 85-193.] 

Proceeding from Thrace into Phrygia, Bacchus is deserted by 
Silenus, whom king Midas restores to him, and so receives from 
Bacchus whatever boon he should desire. Choosing that whatever 
he touched might become gold, Midas presently finds his gift a 
curse ; but by help of the god is freed from it on bathing in the 
river Pactolus, whose sands thenceforth become gold (85-145). 
Afterwards, frequenting woods and lonely places, he became 
witness of a contest for the palm of music between Pan and 
Apollo. By Tmolus, the mountain-god, Apollo is judged victor ; 
and Midas pronouncing for Pan, his ears are by Apollo lengthened 
into ass's ears (146-179) ; the secret of which being by his servant 
whispered to the earth, there sprang up reeds, which in their 
rustling told the shame of Midas (180-193). 

Nec satis hoc Baccho est : ipsos quoque deserit agros, 
cumque choro meliore sui vineta Timoli 
Pactolonque petit — quamvis non aureus illo 
tempore, nec caris erat invidiosus arenis. 
hunc assueta cohors satyri bacchaeque frequentant, 
at Silenus abest. Titubantem annisque meroque 90 

ruricolae cepere Phryges, vinctumque coronis 
ad regem duxere Midan, cui Thracius Orpheus 
orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo. 
qui simul agnovit socium comitemque sacrorum, 
hospitis adventu festum genialiter egit 95 

per bis quinque dies et junctas ordine noctes. 

Et jam stellarum sublime coegerat agmen 
Lucifer undecimus, Lydos cum laetus in agros 
rex venit, et juveni Silenum reddit alumno. 
huic deus optandi gratum, sed inutile, fecit 100 



1 34 xxv. The Story of Midas. [Metam. 

muneris arbitrium, gaudens altore recepto. 

ille, male usurus donis, ait ' Effice, quicquid 

corpore contigero, fulvum vertatur in aurum.' 

adnuit optatis, nocituraque munera solvit 

Liber, et indoluit, quod non meliora petisset. 105 

Laetus abit, gaudetque malo Berecyntius heros : 
pollicitique fidem tangendo singula temptat. 
vixque sibi credens, non alta fronde virenti 
ilice detraxit virgam : virga aurea facta est ; 
tollit humo saxum : saxum quoque palluit auro ; no 

contigit et glebam : contactu gleba potenti 
massa fit ; arentis Cereris decerpsit aristas : 
aurea messis erat ; demptum tenet arbore pomum : 
Hesperidas donasse putes. Si postibus altis . 
admovit digitos, postes radiare videntur ; 115 

ille etiam liquidis palmas ubi laverat undis, 
unda fluens palmis Danaen eludere posset. 

Vix spes ipse suas animo capit, aurea fingens 
omnia. Gaudenti mensas posuere ministri 
exstructas dapibus, nee tostae frugis egentes : 120 

turn vero, sive ille sua Cerealia dextra 
munera contigerat, Cerealia dona rigebant ; 
sive dapes avido convellere dente parabat, 
lamina fulva dapes, admoto dente, premebat ; 
miscuerat puris auctorem muneris undis : 125 

fusile per rictus aurum fluitare videres. 

Attonitus novitate mali, divesque miserque, 
effugere optat opes, et quae modo voverat, odit. 
copia nulla famem relevat : sitis arida guttur 
urit, et inviso meritus torquetur ab auro. 13a 

ad caelumque manus et splendida bracchia tollens, 
'Da veniam, Lenaee pater ! peccavimus,' inquit, 
' sed miserere, precor, speciosoque eripe damno.' 



XI. 1 66.] Contest of Pan and Apollo. 135 

Mite deum numen, Bacchus peccasse fatentem 
restituit, factique fide data munera solvit. 135 

' Neve male optato maneas circumlitus auro, 
vade ' ait ' ad magnis vicinum Sardibus amnem, 
perque jugum montis labentibus obvius undis 
carpe viam, donee venias ad fluminis ortus ; 
spumigeroque tuum fonti, quo plurimus exit, 140 

subde caput, corpusque simul, simul due crimen.' 
rex jussae succedit aquae. Vis aurea tinxit 
rlumen, et humano de corpore cessit in amnem. 
nunc quoque jam veteris percepto semine venae 
arva rigent auro madidis pallentia glebis. 145 

Ille, perosus opes, silvas et rura colebat, 
Panaque montanis habitantem semper in antris. 
pingue sed ingenium man sit ; nocituraque, ut ante, 
rursus erant domino stolidae praecordia mentis, 
nam freta prospiciens late riget arduus alto 15° 

Tmolus in ascensu, clivoque extensus utroque 
Sardibus hinc, illinc parvis finitur Hypaepis. 
Pan ibi dum teneris jactat sua carmina nymphis, 
et leve cerata modulatur arundine carmen, 
ausus Apollineos prae se contemnere cantus, 155 

judice sub Tmolo certamen venit ad impar. 

Monte suo senior judex consedit, et aures 
liberat arboribus : quercu coma caerula tantum 
cingitur, et pendent circum cava tempora glandes. 
isque deum pecoris spectans, ' In judice ' dixit 160 

' nulla mora est.' Calamis agrestibus insonat ille : 
barbaricoque Midan — aderat nam forte canenti — 
carmine delenit. Post hunc sacer ora retorsit 
Tmolus ad os Phoebi : vultum sua silva secuta est. 

Ille, caput flavum lauro Parnaside vinctus, 165 

verrit humum Tyrio saturata murice palla ; 



136 xxv. The Story of Midas. [Metam. 

instrictamque fidem gemmis et dentibus Indis 
sustinet a laeva, tenuit manus altera plectrum : 
artificis status ipse fuit. Turn stamina docto 
pollice sollicitat, quorum dulcedine captus 170 

Pana jubet Tmolus citharae summittere cannas. 

Judicium sanctique placet sententia montis 
omnibus. Arguitur tamen, atque injusta vocatur 
unius sermone Midae. Nee Delius aures 
humanam stolidas patitur retinere figuram ; 175 

sed trahit in spatium, villisque albentibus implet, 
instabilesque imas facit, et dat posse moveri. 
cetera sunt hominis : partem damnatur in imam, 
induiturque aures lente gradientis aselli. 

Ille quidem celare cupit, turpique pudore 180 

tempora purpureis temptat velare tiaris ; 
sed solitus longos ferro resecare capillos 
viderat hoc famulus. Qui, cum nee prodere visum 
dedecus auderet, cupiens efferre sub auras, 
nee posset reticere tamen, secedit, humumque 185 

effodit, et, domini quales aspexerit aures, 
voce refert parva, terraeque inmurmurat haustae ; 
indiciumque suae vocis tellure regesta 
obruit, et scrobibus tacitus discedit opertis. 
creber arundinibus tremulis ibi surgere lucus 190 

coepit, et, ut primum pleno maturuit anno, 
prodidit agricolam. Leni nam motus ab austro 
obruta verba refert, dominique coarguit aures. 



XI. 594] The Cave of Somnus 137 

XXVI. Ceyx and Alcyone. 
[Book XL — 583-748.] 

[Departing from Tmolus, Apollo, with Neptune, serves king 
Laomedon in building the walls of Troy, whom they punish for his 
perfidy (XI. 194-220). The transformations of Thetis, who is 
given as bride to Peleus and becomes mother of Achilles (221-265). 
But Peleus, having slain his brother Phocus, flees to Ceyx of Tra- 
chin, whose brother Daedalion (grieving for the loss of his daughter 
Chio) had cast himself from Parnassus and been turned by Apollo 
into a hawk (266-345). Meanwhile the cattle brought by Peleus 
are destroyed by a wolf, through anger of the Nereid mother of 
Phocus, the wolf being afterwards turned to stone (346-409). 
Ceyx, against the entreaty of his wife Alcyone, goes to consult 
the oracle of Apollo at Claros upon these prodigies, but is ship- 
wrecked. Alcyone entreats Juno for him in prayer (410-582).] 

Juno sends Iris to the Cave of Sleep, and causes a vision to be 
sent to Alcyone, which shows her that Ceyx is dead. She dis- 
covers his body floating near the shore ; and by pity of the gods 
they are transformed into kingfishers, in whose breeding season the 
waters are always still and calm (583-748). 

At dea non ultra pro functo morte rogari 
sustinet ; utque manus funestas arceat aris, 
' Iri, meae ' dixit ' fidissima nuntia vocis, 585 

vise soporiferam Somni velociter aulam, 
exstinctique jube Ceycis imagine mittat 
somnia ad Alcyonen veros narrantia casus.' 
dixerat : induitur velamina mille colorum 
Iris, et arcuato caelum curvamine signans 59c 

tecta petit jussi sub nube latentia regis. 

Est prope Cimmerios longo spelunca recessu, 
mons cavus, ignavi domus et penetralia Somni : 
quo numquam radiis oriens mediusve cadensve 



138 xxvi. Ceyx and Alcyone. [Metam. 

Phoebus adire potest. Nebulae caligine mixtae 595 

exhalantur humo dubiaeque crepuscula lucis. 

non vigil ales ibi cristati cantibus oris 

evocat Auroram, nee voce silentia rumpunt 

sollicitive canes canibusve sagacior anser. 

non fera, non pecudes, non moti flamine rami, 600 

humanaeve sonum reddunt convicia linguae. 

muta quies habitat. Saxo tamen exit ab imo 

rivus aquae Lethes, per quern cum murmure labens 

invitat somnos crepitantibus unda lapillis. 

ante fores antri fecunda papavera florent 605 

innumeraeque herbae, quarum de lacte soporem 

nox legit et spargit per opacas umida terras. 

janua, ne verso stridores cardine reddat, 

nulla domo tota ; custos in limine nullus. 

at medio torus est ebeno sublimis in antro, 610 

plumeus, unicolor, pullo diamine tectus ; 

quo cubat ipse deus membris languore solutis. 

hunc circa passim varias imitantia formas 

somnia vana jacent totidem, quot messis aristas, 

silva gerit frondes, ejectas litus arenas. 615 

quo simul intravit, manibusque obstantia virgo 

somnia dimovit, vestis fulgore reluxit 

sacra domus : tardaque deus gravitate jacentes 

vix oculos tollens, iterumque iterumque relabens 

summaque percutiens nutanti pectora mento, 620 

excussit tandem sibi se, cubitoque levatus, 

quid veniat, — cognovit enim — scitatur. At ilia : 

' Somne, quies rerum, placidissime, Somne, deorum, 

pax animi, quern cura fugit, qui corpora duris 

fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori ! 625 

somnia, quae veras aequent imitamine formas, 

Herculea Trachine jube sub imagine regis 



XI. 659.] The Mission of Morpheas. 139 

Alcyonen adeant, simulacraque naufraga fingant. 
imperat hoc Juno.' Postquam mandata peregit, 
Iris abit : neque enim ulterius tolerare vaporis 630 

vim poterat, labique ut somnum sen sit in artus, 
effugit, et remeat per quos modo venerat arcus. 

At pater e populo natorum mille suorum 
excitat artificem simulatoremque figurae 
Morphea. Non illo jussos sollertius alter 635 

exprimit incessus vultumque sonumque loquendi ; 
adicit et vestes et consuetissima cuique 
verba. Sed hie solos homines imitatur. At alter 
fit fera, fit volucris, fit longo corpore serpens. 
hunc Icelon superi, mortale Phobetora vulgus 640 

nominat. Est etiam diversae tertius artis 
Phantasos ; ille in humum saxumque undamque trabem- 

que, 
quaeque vacant anima fallaciter omnia transit, 
regibus hi ducibusque suos ostendere vultus 
nocte solent, populos alii plebemque pererrant. 645 

praeterit hos senior, cunctisque e fratribus unura 
Morphea, qui peragat Thaumantidos edita, Somnus 
eligit : et rursus molli languore solutus 
deposuitque caput, stratoque recondidit alto, 
ille volat nullos strepitus facientibus alis 650 

per tenebras, intraque morae breve tempus in urbem 
pervenit Haemoniam ; positisque e corpore pennis 
in faciem Ceycis abit, sumptaque figura 
luridus, exanimi similis, sine vestibus ullis, 
conjugis ante torum miserae stetit. Uda videtur 655 
barba viri, madidisque gravis fluere unda capillis. 
turn lecto incumbens, fletu super ora refuso, 
haec ait : ' Agnoscis Ceyca, miserrima conjunx ? 
an mea mutata est facies nece ? respice ! nosces, 



140 xxvi. Ceyx and Alcyone. [Metam. 

inveniesque tuo pro conjuge conjugis umbram. 660 

nil opis, Alcyone, nobis tua vota tulerunt : 
occidimus. Falso tibi me promittere noli, 
nubilus Aegaeo deprendit in aequore navem 
auster, et ingenti jactatam flamine solvit : 
oraque nostra, tuum frustra clamantia nomen, 665 

implerunt fluctus. Non haec tibi nuntiat auctor 
ambiguus, non ista vagis rumoribus audis : 
ipse ego fata tibi praesens mea naufragus edo. 
surge, age, da lacrimas, lugubriaque indue, nee me 
indeploratum sub inania Tartara mitte.' 670 

adicit his vocem Morpheus, quam conjugis ilia 
crederet esse sui. Fletus quoque fundere veros 
visus erat, gestumque manus Ceycis habebat. 

Ingemit Alcyone lacrimans, movet atque lacertos 
per somnum, corpusque petens amplectitur auras ; 675 
exclamatque 'Mane! quo te rapis ? ibimus una.' 
voce sua specieque viri turbata soporem 
excutit : et primo, si sit, circumspicit illic, 
qui modo visus erat. Nam moti voce ministri 
intulerant lumen. Postquam non invenit usquam, 680 
percutit ora manu, laniatque a pectore vestes, 
pectoraque ipsa ferit. Nee crines solvere curat ; 
scindit, et altrici, quae luctus causa, roganti 
'nulla est Alcyone, nulla est : ' ait 'occidit una 
cum Ceyce suo. Solantia tollite verba ! 685 

naufragus interiit. Vicli agnovique, manusque 
ad discedentem, cupiens retinere, tetendi. 
umbra fuit. Sed et umbra tamen manifesta virique 
vera mei. Non ille quidem, si quaeris, habebat 
adsuetos vultus, nee quo prius, ore nitebat. 690 

pallentem nudumque et adhuc umente capillo 
infelix vidi. Stetit hoc miserabilis ipso 



XI. 724-] The Grief of Alcyone. 1 41 

ecce loco ' — et quaerit, vestigia siqua supersint. 

'hoc erat, hoc, animo quod divinante timebam, 

et ne, me fugiens, ventos sequerere, rogabam. 695 

at certe vellem, quoniam periturus abibas, 

me quoque duxisses. Multum fuit utile tecum 

ire mihi. Neque enim de vitae tempore quicquam 

non simul egissem, nee mors discreta fuisset. 

nunc absens perii, jactor quoque fluctibus absens, 700 

et sine te me pontus habet. Crudelior ipso 

sit mihi mens pelago, si vitam ducere nitar 

longius, et tanto pugnem superesse dolori. 

sed neque pugnabo, nee te, miserande, relinquam ; 

et tibi nunc saltern veniam comes. Inque sepulcro 705 

si non urna, tamen junget nos littera: si non 

ossibus ossa meis, at nomen nomine tangam.' 

Plura dolor prohibet, verboque intervenit omni 
plangor, et attonito gemitus e corde trahuntur. 
mane erat. Egreditur tectis ad litus, et ilium 710 

maesta locum repetit, de quo spectarat euntem. 
dumque moratur ibi, dumque ' Hie retinacula solvit, 
hoc mihi discedens dedit oscula litore ' dicit, 
quae clum tota locis reminiscitur acta, fretumque 
prospicit : in liquida, spatio distante, tuetur 715 

nescio quid quasi corpus, aqua. Primoque, quid illud 
esset, erat dubium. Postquam paulum appulit unda, 
et, quamvis aberat, corpus tamen esse liquebat, 
qui foret, ignorans, quia naufragus, omine mota est, 
et, tamquam ignoto lacrimam daret, ' Heu ! miser,' in- 
quit 720 
'quisquis es, et siqua est conjunx tibi ! ' Fluctibus actum 
fit propius corpus. Quod quo magis ilia tuetur, 
hoc minus et minus est mentis. Jam jamque propinquae 
admotum terrae, jam quod cognoscere posset, 



142 xxvi. Ceyx and Alcyone. [Metam. 

cernit : erat conjunx. ' Ille est ! ' exclamat, et una 725 

ora comas vestem lacerat, tendensque trementes 

ad Ceyca manus 'Sic, o carissime conjunx, 

sic ad me, miserande, redis ?' ait. Adjacet undis 

facta manu moles, quae primas aequoris iras 

frangit et incursus quae praedelassat aquarum. 730 

insilit hue. Mirumque fuit potuisse ? volabat, 

percutiensque levem modo natis aera pennis, 

stringebat summas ales miserabilis undas, 

dumque volat, maesto similem plenumque querellae 

ora dedere sonum tenui crepitantia rostro. 735 

ut vero tetigit mutum et sine sanguine corpus, 

dilectos artus amplexa recentibus alis, 

frigida nequiquam duro dedit oscula rostro. 

senserit hoc Ceyx, an vultum motibus undae 

tollere sit visus, populus dubitabat. At ille 740 

senserat. Et tandem, superis miserantibus, ambo 

alite mutantur. Fatis obnoxius isdem 

tunc quoque mansit amor, nee conjugiale solutum 

foedus in alitibus. Coeunt, fiuntque parentes : 

perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septem 745 

incubat Alcyone pendentibus aequore nidis. 

tunc jacet unda maris. Ventos custodit et arcet 

Aeolus egressu, praestatque nepotibus aequor. 



XII. 1 7. J llie Chiefs at Troy. 143 

XXVII. The Chiefs at Troy. 
[Book XII.— 1-145.] 

[An old man, beholding Ceyx and Alcyone as they circle in their 
flight, points out a sea-gull, which (he says) is the altered form of 
/Esacus, son of Priam, who had plunged into the sea through grief 
at the loss of the nymph Hesperia (XI. 749-795)-] 

At the mourning for Esacus, Paris is absent, whose guilt in the 
rape of Helen brought the chiefs of Greece to war against Troy. 
Detained at Aulis by contrary winds, Agamemnon is commanded 
to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia ; who, however, is borne away 
by Diana, a hind being put in her place (XII. 1-36). The Palace 
of Fame, who reports the Grecian armament (37-65). In the fight 
at their landing, the invulnerable Cygnus is strangled by Achilles, 
and changed by his father Neptune to a Swan (65-145). 

Nescius adsumptis Priamus pater Aesacon alis 
vivere, lugebat ; tumulo quoque nomen habenti 
inferias dederat cum fratribus Hector inanes. 
defuit officio Paridis praesentia tristi, 
postmodo qui rapta longum cum conjuge bellum 5 

attulit in patriam, conjurataeque sequuntur 
mille rates, gentisque simul commune Pelasgae. 
nee dilata foret vindicta, nisi aequora saevi 
invia fecissent venti, Boeotaque tellus 
Aulide piscosa puppes tenuisset ituras. 10 

Hie patrio de more Jovi cum sacra parassent, 
ut vetus accensis incanduit ignibus ara, 
serpere caeruleum Danai' videre draconem 
in platanum, coeptis quae stabat proxima sacris. 
nidus erat volucrum bis quattuor arbore summa, 15 

quas simul et matrem circum sua damna volantem 
corripuit serpens, avidaque abscondidit alvo. 



144 xxvii. The Chiefs at Troy. [Metam. 

obstupuere omnes. At veri providus augur 

Thestorides 'Vincemus' ait, 'gaudete, Pelasgi : 

Troja cadet ; sed erit nostri mora longa laboris ; ' 20 

atque novem volucres in belli digerit annos. 

ille, ut erat, virides amplexus in arbore ramos 

fit lapis, et superat serpentis imagine saxum. 

Permanet Aoniis Nereus violentus in undis, 
bellaque non transfert ; et sunt, qui parcere Trojae 25 
Neptunum credant, quia moenia fecerat urbi. 
at non Thestorides : nee enim nescitve tacetve, 
sanguine virgineo placandam virginis iram 
esse deae. Postquam pietatem publica causa, 
rexque patrem vicit, castumque datura cruorem 30 

flentibus ante aram stetit Iphigenia ministris, 
victa dea est, nubemque oculis objecit, et inter 
officium turbamque sacri vocesque precantum 
subposita fertur mutasse Mycenida cerva. 
ergo ubi, qua decuit, lenita est caede Diana, 35 

et pariter Phoebes, pariter maris ira recessit ; 
accipiunt ventos a tergo mille carinae, 
multaque perpessae Phrygia potiuntur arena. 

Orbe locus medio est inter terrasque fretumque 
caelestesque plagas, triplicis connnia mundi : 40 

unde quod est usquam, quamvis regionibus absit, 
inspicitur, penetratque cavas vox omnis ad aures. 
Fama tenet, summaque domum sibi legit in arce ; 
innumerosque aditus ac mille foramina tectis 
addidit, et nullis inclusit limina portis. 45 

nocte dieque patet : tota est ex aere sonanti ; 
tota fremit, vocesque refert, iteratque quod audit ; 
nulla quies intus, nullaque silentia parte, 
nee tamen est clamor, sed parvae murmura vocis : 
qualia de pelagi, si quis procul audiat, undis 50 



XII. $3.] The Landing of the Greeks. 145 

esse solent ; qualemve sonum, cum Juppiter atras 

increpuit nubes, extrema tonitrua reddunt. 

atria turba tenet : veniunt leve vulgus, euntque ; 

mixtaque cum veris passim commenta vagantur 

milia rumorum, confusaque verba volutant. 55 

e quibus hi vacuas implent sermonibus aures, 

hi narrata ferunt alio, mensuraque ficti 

crescit, et auditis aliquid novus adicit auctor. 

illic Credulitas, illic temerarius Error, 

vanaque Laetitia est, consternatique Timores, 60 

Seditioque recens, dubioque auctore Susurri. 

ipsa quid in caelo rerum pelagoque geratur 

et tellure, videt, totumque inquirit in orbem. 

Fecerat haec notum, Graias cum milite forti 
adventare rates ; neque inexspectatus in armis 65 

hostis adest. Prohibent aditus, litusque tuentur 
Troes ; et Hectorea primus fataliter hasta, 
Protesilae, cadis, commissaque proelia magno 
stant Danais, fortisque animae nece cognitus Hector, 
nee Phryges exiguo, quid Achai'ca dextera posset, 70 

sanguine senserunt. Et jam Sigea rubebant 
litora ; jam leto proles Neptunia, Cygnus 
mille viros dederat ; jam curru instabat Achilles, 
totaque Peliacae sternebat cuspidis ictu 
agmina, perque acies aut Cygnum aut Hectora quaerens 

Congreditur Cygno : decimum dilatus in annum 
Hector erat. Turn colla jugo candentia pressos 
exhortatus equos, currum direxit in hostem, 
concutiensque suis vibrantia tela lacertis, 
' Quisquis es, O juvenis,' dixit ' solamen habeto 80 

mortis, ab Haemonio quod sis jugulatus Achille.' 
hactenus Aeacides : vocem gravis hasta secuta est. 
sed quamquam certa nullus fuit error in hasta, 



146 xxvii. The Chiefs at Troy. [Metam 

nil tamen emissi profecit acumine ferri, 

utque hebeti pectus tantummodo contudit ictu. 85 

' Nate dea, nam te fama praenovimus,' inquit 
ille, ' quid a nobis vulnus miraris abesse ? ' — 
mirabatur enim — ' Non haec, quam cernis, equinis 
fulva jubis cassis, neque onus cava parma sinistrae 
auxilio mihi sunt : decor est quaesitus ab istis ; 90 

Mars quoque ob hoc capere arma solet. Removebitur 

hujus 
tegminis officium : tamen indestrictus abibo. 
est aliquid, non esse satum Nereid e, sed qui 
Nereaque et natas et totum temperet aequor.' 

Dixit, et haesurum clipei curvamine telum 95 

misit in Aeaciden, quod et aes et proxima rupit 
terga novena bourn, decimo tamen orbe moratum est. 
excutit hoc heros, rursusque trementia forti 
tela manu torsit : rursus sine vulnere corpus 
sincerumque fuit ; nee tertia cuspis apertum 100 

et se praebentem valuit destringere Cygnum. 
haud secus exarsit, quam circo taurus aperto, 
cum sua terribili petit irritamina cornu, 
poeniceas vestes, elusaque vulnera sensit. 

Num tamen exciderit ferrum, considerat, hastae : 105 
haerebat ligno. ' Manus est mea debilis ergo, 
quasque ' ait ' ante habuit vires, effudit in uno ? 
nam certe valui, vel cum Lyrnesia primus 
moenia dejeci, vel cum Tenedonque suoque 
Eetioneas implevi sanguine Thebas ; no 

vel cum purpureus populari caede Caicus 
fluxit, opusque meae bis sensit Telephus hastae. 
hie quoque tot caesis, quorum per litus acervos 
et feci, et video, valuit mea dextra valetque.' 

Dixit, et, ante actis veluti male crederet, hastam 115 






XII. I45-] Death of Cygnus. H7 

misit in adversum Lycia de plebe Menoeten, 
loricamque simul subjectaque pectora rupit. 
quo plangente gravem moribundo vertice terram, 
extrahit illud idem calido de vulnere telum, 
atque ait : ' Haec manus est, haec, qua modo vicimus, 
hasta ; 120 

utar in hoc isdem : sit in hoc precor exitus idem.' 
sic fatur, Cygnumque petit ; nee fraxinus errat, 
inque umero sonuit non evitata sinistro : 
inde velut muro solidaque a caute repulsa est. 
qua tamen ictus erat, signatum sanguine Cygnum 125 
viderat, et frustra fuerat gavisus Achilles, 
vulnus erat nullum : sanguis erat ille Menoetae. 

Turn vero praeceps curru fremebundus ab alto 
desilit, et nitido securum cominus hostem 
ense petens, parmam gladio galeamque cavari 130 

cernit, at in duro laedi quoque corpore ferrum. 
haud tulit ulterius, clipeoque adversa retecto 
ter quater ora viri et capulo cava tempora pulsat ; 
cedentique sequens instat, turbatque, ruitque, 
attonitoque negat requiem. Pavor occupat ilium : 135 
ante oculosque natant tenebrae, retroque ferenti 
aversos passus medio lapis obstitit arvo. 
quern super impulsum resupino pectore Cygnum 
vi multa vertit, terraeque adflixit Achilles, 
turn clipeo genibusque premens praecordia duris, 140 

vincla trahit galeae, quae presso subdita mento 
elidunt fauces, et respiramen iterque 
eripiunt animae. Victum spoliare parabat : 
arma relicta videt ; corpus deus aequoris albam 
contulit in volucrem, cujus modo nomen habebat. 145 



148 xxviii. The Tale of Galatea. [Metam. 

XXVIII. The Tale of Galatea. 
[Book XIII. — 750-897.] 

[As the chiefs marvel at this prodigy, Nestor relates of Caeneus, 
once a maiden (Caenis), but made into an invulnerable man, who 
was present when the nuptial feast of Pirithous and Hippodamia 
was disturbed by the battle of the Lapithae and the Centaurs. For 
the Centaurs, monsters of vast strength and fury, half-man, half- 
horse, had attempted to steal away the bride. And Cseneus, 
remaining unhurt through the fight, was at length overwhelmed 
with vast piles of trees, and transformed by Neptune to an eagle 
(XII. 146-535). The son of Hercules, Tlepolemus, tells also of 
Periclymenus, slain by Hercules as he flew against him in the form 
of an eagle (536-579). At the request of Neptune, whose son 
Cygnus had been slain, Apollo guides the arrow of Paris to the 
vulnerable heel of Achilles ; so that he dies, and a strife arises 
among the other chiefs who shall receive his armor, the rival 
claimants being Ajax and Ulysses (580-628). 

Ajax maintains his claim, before the assembled chiefs, first as of 
nobler descent, and then by his martial exploits, chiefly the defence 
of the Grecian fleet ; at the same time scorning the strategy of 
Ulysses, and asserting that he himself alone has might to wield the 
immortal armor (XIII. 1-122). To which Ulysses replies, that his 
own counsel had been most effective in the siege, and his own acts 
most essential, especially in the night attack of the tents of Rhesus, 
and the carrying away of the Palladium (123-381). To him the 
victory is adjudged ; and Ajax, in ungovernable wrath, slays himself 
with his own sword, — the flower hyacinth springing from his blood 
(382-398). 

During the return of the chiefs from Troy, Hecuba, having 
plucked out the eyes of Polymestor, king of Thrace, who had 
murdered her son Polydorus, is changed to a dog (399-575)- 
Aurora, mourning for her son Memnon, slain by Achilles, obtains 
that his ashes shall become birds, while her tears are changed to 
dew (576-622). ^neas at Delphi is told by Anius, priest of 
Apollo, of his daughters' transformation into doves while fleeing 
from the power of Agamemnon (623-674) ; and at his departing 



XIII. 761.] The Cyclops Polyphemus. 1 49 

receives from him a bowl engraved with the self-devotion of Orion's 
daughters, sacrificed for Thebas, out of whose ashes sprang the 
youths Coronce (675-699). Thence sailing to Crete and Italy, he 
passes at Actium the stone image of the judge Ambracus, and 
Dodona where the sons of Molossus took the form of birds 
(700-718). On the coast of Sicily he nears the rock of the mon- 
ster Scylla, once the beautiful daughter of Phorcus, who hears from 
her attendant nymph Galatea (daughter of Nereus and Doris) the 
following tale (719-749).] 

Acis, son of Faunus and the nymph Symaethis, the most beau- 
tiful youth of Sicily, loved and was loved by Galatea. But the 
giant Polyphemus had likewise conceived a wild passion for her, 
which he utters in song (750-869) ; and seeing them as they are 
seated together in a wood, he is filled with jealousy, and casts a 
rock from v£tna upon them, by which Acis is crushed, and his 
blood, oozing beneath the rock, becomes a river (870-897). 

[Thereafter, as Scylla paces the shore, she is seen and pursued 
by Glaucus, who relates to her the story of his own transformation 
from a mortal to a sea-divinity (898-968). Going then to Circe, a 
mistress of enchantments, he entreats her to aid his suit for Scylla ; 
but she in jealousy, because she herself loved Glaucus, so en- 
chanted the waters Scylla used to bathe, that she was converted to 
a foul monster, girt about the loins with wild dogs, and afterwards 
(lest she might harm ^Eneas' fleet) to a rock (XIV. 1-74).] 

Acis erat Fauno nymphaque Symaethide cretus, 750 
magna quidem patrisque sui matrisque voluptas, 
nostra tamen major, nam me sibi junxerat uni. 
pulcher et octonis iterum natalibus actis, 
signarat dubia teneras lanugine malas. 
hunc ego, me Cyclops nulla cum fine petebat ; 755 

nee si quaesieris, odium Cyclopis, amorne 
Acidis in nobis fuerit praesentior, edam : 
par utrumque fuit. Pro ! quanta potentia regni 
est, Venus alma, tui ! nempe ille immitis et ipsis 
horrendus silvis, et visus ab hospite nullo 760 

impune, et magni cum dis contemptor Olympi, 



150 XXViii. The Tale of Galatea. [Metam. 

quid sit amor sentit, nostrique cupidine captus 
uritur, oblitus pecorum antrorumque suorum. 

Jamque tibi formae, jamque est tibi cura placendi, 
jam rigidos pectis rastris, Polypheme, capillos ; 765 

jam libet hirsutam tibi falce recidere barbam, 
et spectare feros in aqua, et componere vultus. 
caedis amor feritasque sitisque immensa cruoris 
cessant, et tutae veniuntque abeuntque carinae. 
Telemus interea Siculam delatus ad Aetnen, 770 

Telemus Eurymides, quern nulla fefellerat ales, 
terribilem Polyphemon adit; 'Lumen' que, 'quod unum 
fronte geris media, rapiet tibi ' dixit ' Ulixes.' 
risit, et ' O vatum stolidissime, falleris ' inquit : 
'altera jam rapuit.'/ Sic frustra vera monentem 775 

spernit, et aut gradiens ingenti litora passu 
degravat, aut fessus sub opaca revertitur antra. 

Prominet in pontum cuneatus acumine longo 
collis : utrumque latus circumfluit aequoris unda : 
hue ferus ascendit Cyclops, mediusque resedit ; 780 

lanigerae pecudes, nullo ducente, secutae. 
cui postquam pinus, baculi quae praebuit usum, 
ante pedes posita est, antemnis apta ferendis, 
sumptaque arundinibus compacta est fistula centum, 
senserunt toti pastoria sibila montes, 785 

senserunt undae. Latitans ego rupe, meique 
Acidis in gremio residens, procul auribus hausi 
talia dicta meis, auditaque mente notavi : 

' Candidior folio nivei, Galatea, ligustri, 
floridior pratis, longa procerior alno, 790 

splendidior vitro, tenero lascivior haedo, 
levior adsiduo detritis aequore conchis, 
solibus hibernis, aestiva gratior umbra, 
nobilior pomis, platano conspectior alta, 



XIII. 826.] Song of Polyphemus. 1 5 1 

lucidior glacie, matura dulcior uva, 795 

mollior et cygni plumis et lacte coacto, 

et, si non fugias, riguo formosior horto : — 

saevior indomitis eadem Galatea juvencis, 

durior annosa quercu, fallacior undis, 

lentior et salicis virgis et vitibus albis, 800 

his immobilior scopulis, violentior amne, 

laudato pavone superbior, acrior igni, 

asperior tribulis, feta truculentior ursa, 

surdior aequoribus, calcato immitior hydro, 

et (quod praecipue vellem tibi demere possem) 805 

non tantum cervo claris latratibus acto, 

verum etiam ventis volucrique fugacior aura ! 

' At, bene si noris, pigeat fugisse ; morasque 
ipsa tuas damnes, et me retinere labores. 
sunt mihi, pars montis, vivo pendentia saxo 810 

antra, quibus nee sol medio sentitur in aestu, 
nee sentitur hiemps ; sunt poma gravantia ramos ; 
sunt auro similes longis in vitibus uvae ; 
sunt et purpureae : tibi et has servamus, et illas. 
ipsa tuis manibus silvestri nata sub umbra 815 

mollia fraga leges, ipsa autumnalia corna, 
prunaque, non solum nigrq liventia suco, 
verum etiam generosa novasque imitantia ceras. 
' nee tibi castaneae me conjuge, nee tibi deerunt 
arbutei fetus : omnis tibi serviet arbos. 820 

' Hoc pecus omne meum est : multae quoque vallibus 
errant, 
multas silva tegit, multae stabulantur in antris ; 
nee, si forte roges, possim tibi dicere quot sint : 
pauperis est numerare pecus. De laudibus harum 
nil mihi credideris : praesens 'potes ipsa videre, * 825 

ut vix circumeant distentum cruribus uber. 



152 xxviii. The Tale of Galatea. [Metam. 

sunt, fetura minor, tepidis hY ovilibus agni ; 
sunt quoque, par aetas, aliis in ovilibus haedi. 
lac mihi semper adest niveum : pars inde bibenda 
servatur, partem liquefacta coagula durant. 830 

' Nee tibi deliciae faciles, vulgataque tantum 
munera contingent, dammae, leporesque caperque, 
parve columbarum, demptusve cacumine nidus, 
inveni geminos, qui tecum ludere possint, 
inter se similes, vix ut dignoscere possis, 835 

villosae catulos in summis montibus ursae ; 
inveni, et dixi Dominae servabimus istos. 
jam modo caeruleo nitidum caput exsere ponto, 
jam, Galatea, veni, nee munera despice nostra.__^— 

' Certe ego me novi, liquidaeque in imagine vidi 840 
nuper aquae : placuitque mihi mea forma videnti. 
aspice, sim quantus : non est hoc corpore major 
Juppiter in caelo — nam vos narrare soletis 
nescio quem regnare Jovem. Coma plurima torvos 
prominet in vultus, umerosque, ut lucus, obumbrat. 845 
nee mihi quod rigidis horrent densissima setis 
corpora, turpe puta. Turpis sine frondibus arbor ; 
turpis equus, nisi colla jubae flaventia velent ; 848 

barba viros hirtaeque decent in corpore setae 850 

unum est in media lumen mihi fronte, sed instar 
ingentis clipei. Quid ? non haec omnia magno 
sol videt e caelo ? soli tamen unicus orbis. 
adde, quod in vestro genitor meus aequore regnat : 
hunc tibi do socerum. Tantum miserere, precesque 855 
supplicis exaudi, tibi enim succumbimus uni. 
quique Jovem et caelum sperno et penetrabile fulmen, 
Nere'i, te vereor : tua fulmine saevior ira est. 

'Atque ego contemptus essem patientior hujus, 
si fugeres omnes. Sed cur Cyclope repulso 860 



XIII. 893.] Death of Acis. 153 

Acin amas ? praefersque meis amplexibus Acin ? 

llle tamen placeatque sibi, placeatque licebit, 

quod nollem, Galatea, tibi. Modo copia detur ! 

sentiet esse mihi tanto pro corpore vires : 

viscera viva traham, divulsaque membra per agros 865 

perque tuas spargam — sic se tibi misceat ! — undas. 

uror enim, laesusque exaestuat acrius ignis ; 

cumque suis videor translatam viribus Aetnam 

pectore ferre meo : nee tu, Galatea, moveris.' 

Talia nequiquam questus — nam cuncta videbam — 870 
surgit, et ut taurus vacca furibundus adempta, 
stare nequit, silvaque et notis saltibus errat : 
cum ferus ignaros, nee quicquam tale timentes, 
me videt atque Acin ; * Video ' que exclamat ' et ista 
ultima sit, faciam, veneris concordia vestrae.' 875 

tantaque vox, quantam Cyclops iratus habere 
debuit ilia fuit. Clamore perhorruit Aetne, 
ast ego vicino pavefacta sub aequore mergor. 

Terga fugae dederat conversa Symaethius heros, 
et ' Fer opem, Galatea, precor, mihi ! ferte parentes,' 880 
dixerat, ' et vestris periturum admittite regnis ! ' 
insequitur Cyclops, partemque e monte revulsam 
mittit ; et extremus quamvis pervenit ad ilium 
angulus is montis, totum tamen obruit Acin, 

At nos, quod solum fieri per fata licebat, 885 

fecimus, ut vires assumeret Acis avitas. 
puniceus de mole cruor manabat, et intra 
temporis exiguum rubor evanescere coepit : 
fitque color primo turbati fluminis imbre, 
purgaturque mora. Turn moles fracta dehiscit, 890 

vivaque per rimas proceraque surgit arundo, 
osque cavum saxi sonat exsultantibus undis ; 
miraque res, subito media tenus exstitit alvo 



154 xxviii. The Tale of Galatea. [Metam. 

incinctus juvenis nexis nova cornua cannis, 
qui, nisi quod major, quod toto caerulus ore, 895 

Acis erat. Sed sic quoque erat tamen Acis, in amnem 
versus, et antiquum tenuerunt flumina nomen. 



XIV. 77 8 -] The Deification of Romulus. 155 

XXIX. The Deification of Romulus. 
[Book XIV. — 772-828.] 

[tEneas had passed, on the coast of Italy, the isle of the Cer- 
copes, turned by Jupiter into apes (XIV. 75-100), and coming to 
Cumae, finds the Sibyl Amalthea, daughter of Scylla, who relates 
that, being loved by Apollo, he had granted her wish to live so 
many years as the grains of sand in her hand (101-153). Arriving 
at Cajetas, he meets Macareus, an old companion of Ulysses, who 
relates the adventure of the Cyclops and the enchantments of 
Circe, at whose palace they had remained a full year (154-312). 
During this time, Circe tells of Picus, son of Saturn, whom, for 
rejecting her love, she had converted to a woodpecker, and his 
companions to various beasts, while his wife Canens wasted into 
air (313-440). In the wars which followed ^Eneas' arrival in 
Latium, Diomed refuses aid to Turnus, but his companions, desir- 
ing to grant it, are changed to white hinds (441-51 1). Various 
transformations follow : of the shepherd Apulus to a wild olive ; 
of Eneas' ships to water-nymphs ; of the ashes of the city Ardea 
to a heron ; and at length of vEneas himself to one of the gods 
Indigetes ; of Tiberinus to a river; of Vertumnus to sundry shapes, 
with the tales by which he at length won the the love of Pomona 
(512-771).] 

The story of the foundation of Rome. After the first struggles 
of the Romans, Romulus reigns until he is transported to heaven 
where he becomes the god Ouirinus (772-828). 

[His wife Hersilia becomes the goddess Ora (829-851).] 

Proximus Ausonias injusti miles Amuli 
rexit opes : Numitorque senex amissa nepotum 
munere regna capit : festisque Parilibus urbis 

Imoenia conduntur. Tatiusque patresque Sabini 775 

bella gerunt, arcisque via Tarpeia reclusa 
dignam animam poena congestis exuit armis. 
_ 



156 xxix. The Deification of Romulus. [Metam. 

ore premunt voces et corpora victa sopore 

invadunt, portasque petunt, quas obice firmo 780 

clauserat Iliades. Unam tamen ipsa reclusit 

nee strepitum verso Saturnia cardine fecit. 

sola Venus portae cecidisse repagula sensit, 

et clausura fuit, nisi quod rescindere numquam 

dis licet acta deum. Jano loca juncta tenebant 785 

Naides Ausoniae gelido rorantia fonte. 

has rogat auxilium. Nee nymphae justa petentem 

sustinuere deam, venasque et flumina fontis 

elicuere sui. Nondum tamen invia Jani 

ora patentis erant, neque iter praecluserat unda. 790 

lurida subponunt fecundo sulfura fonti, 

incenduntque cavas fumante bitumine venas. 

viribus his aliisque vapor penetravit ad ima 

fontis ; et Alpino modo quae certare rigori 

audebatis aquae, non ceditis ignibus ipsis. 795 

flammifera gemini fumant aspergine postes : 

portaque, nequiquam rigidis promissa Sabinis, 

fonte fuit praestructa novo, dum Martius arma 

indueret miles. Quae postquam Romulus ultro 

obtulit, et strata est tellus Romana Sabinis 800 

corporibus, strata estque suis, generique cruorem 

sanguine cum soceri permiscuit impius ensis, 

pace tamen sisti bellum nee in ultima ferro 

decertare placet, Tatiumque accedere regno. 

Occiderat Tatius, populisque aequata duobus, 805 

Romule, jura dabas : posita cum casside Mavors 
talibus affatur divumque hominumque parentem : 
' Tempus adest, genitor, quoniam fundamine magno 
res Romana valet, nee praeside pendet ab uno, 
praemia quae promissa mihi dignoque nepoti, 8ip 

solvere ; et ablatum terris imponere caelo, 



XIV. 828.] Romulus becomes a God. 157 

tu mihi concilio quondam praesente deorum — 

nam memoro memorique animo pia verba notavi — 

"unus erit, quern tu tolles in caerula caeli " 

dixisti. Rata sit verborum summa tuorum.' 815 

annuit omnipotens, et nubibus aera caecis 

occuluit, tonitruque et fulgure terruit orbem. 

quae sibi promissae sensit rata signa rapinae, 

innixusque hastae pressos temone cruento 

impavidos conscendit equos Gradivus, et ictu 820 

verberis increpuit, pronusque per aera lapsus 

constitit in summo nemorosi colle Palati : 

reddentemque suo jam regia jura Quiriti 

abstulit Iliaden. Corpus mortale per auras 

dilapsum tenues, ut lata plumbea fun da »2^ 

missa solet medio glans intabescere caelo. 

pulchra subit facies et pulvinaribus altis 

dignior, est qualis trabeati forma Ouirini. 



158 xxx. The Worship of JEsculapins. [Metam. 

XXX. The Worship of ^Esculapius. 
[Book XV. — 622-744.] 

[Guided by an ancient sage, Numa seeks wisdom among the 
Greeks of Southern Italy ; whereby violating the Sabine law, he 
is accused, but acquitted, the black lots being changed by miracle 
to white in the urn (XV. 1-59). At Croton Pythagoras, exiled 
from Samos, instructs him in the doctrine of metempsychosis, 
and the law which forbids all shedding of blood. This was 
unknown in the golden age, but began with the slaughter of 
animals for food (75-142). Pythagoras — recalling his own former 
existence as Euphorbas (slain by Menelaus before Troy) — teaches 
that all life incessantly passes from one to another form ; all things 
are in flux and change — the heavenly bodies, the seasons types of 
human life, the elements with their transmutations, the vast changes 
on the face of the earth (237-277). These changes detailed : 
waters that disappear, or overflow regions once dry ; islands formed 
from mainland, and plains uplifted into hills ; springs alternately 
hot and cold, or strangely affecting those who drink of them ; 
Delos and the Symplegades ; ^Etna, which did not always flame. 
Earth herself lives and breathes, and suffers all these changes ; 
life springs from decay, and shows strange metamorphoses, as of 
worms to butterflies, tadpoles to frogs, and shapeless cubs to 
bears ; fable of the Phcenix, hyaena, and chameleon, and the 
growth of coral ; States change and pass away, — Sparta, Mycenae, 
Thebes, — while new Rome is rising from ancient Troy (278-453). 
The lesson of mercy is reinforced ; and, fortified with this doc- 
trine, Numa rules peacefully the state of Rome until his death 
(454-457). 

Egeria, grieving at his loss, listens to the tale of Hippolytus, 
son of Theseus (banished by the false accusations of Phaedra, and 
dashed to pieces on the shores of Corinth), but changed to the 
Italian Virbins, and is changed by Diana to a fountain (488-551). 
Tale of the Etruscan Tages, who sprang from a clod ; and of Cipus, 
on whose brow grew horns, and who refused the sovereignty of his 
city portended thereby (532-621).] 

The people of Rome, being in terror of a pestilence, seek 



! 



XV. 648.] The Need of the Romans. 159 

counsel of Apollo, who bids them invite his son (^Esculapius) to 
their city. Proceeding to Epidaurus, the messengers summon his 
help (622-652) ; he, giving them favorable answer in a dream, 
takes the shape of a serpent, and goes aboard their ship (653-693) ; 
and arriving at Rome, makes his dwelling in an island of the Tiber 
(694-744). — B.C. 293. 

Pandite nunc, Musae, praesentia numina vatum, 
(scitis enim, nee vos fallit spatiosa vetustas) 
uncle Coroniden circumflua Thybridis alti 
insula Romuleae sacris asciverit urbis. 625 

Dira lues quondam Latias vitiaverat auras, 
pallidaque exsangui squalebant corpora tabo. 
funeribus fessi postquam mortalia cernunt 
temptamenta nihil, nihil artes posse medentum, 
auxilium caeleste petunt ; mediamque tenentes 630 

orbis humum Delphos adeunt, oracula Phoebi, 
utque salutifera miseris succurrere rebus 
sorte velit, tantaeque urbis mala finiat, orant. 
et locus et laurus et, quas habet ipse, pharetrae 
intremuere simul ; cortinaque reddidit imo 635 

hanc adyto vocem, pavefactaque pectora movit : 
• Quod petis hinc, propiore loco, Romane, petisses : 
et pete nunc propiore loco ; nee Apolline vobis, 
qui minuat luctus, opus est, sed Apolline nato : 
ite bonis avibus, prolemque accersite nostram.' 640 

Jussa dei prudens postquam accepere Senatus, 
quam colat, explorant, juvenis Phoebei'us urbem, 
quique petant ventis Epidauria litora, mittunt. 
quae postquam curva missi tetigere carina, 
concilium Graiosque patres adiere, darentque, 645 

oravere, deum, qui praesens funera gentis 
finiat Ausoniae : certas ita dicere sortes. 

Dissidet et variat sententia ; parsque negandum 



160 xxx. The Worship of Aisciilapius. [Metam. 

non putat auxilium ; multi retinere, suamque 

non emittere opem, nee numina tradere suadent. 650 

dum dubitant, seram pepulere crepuscula lucem, 

umbraque telluris tenebras induxerat orbi : 

cum deus in somnis opifer consistere visus 

ante tuum, Romane, torum, sed qualis in aede 

esse solet, baculumque tenens agreste sinistra, 655 

caesariem longae dextra deducere barbae, 

et placido tales emittere pectore voces : 

1 Pone metus ; veniam, simulacraque nostra relin- 
quam : 
nunc modo serpentem, baculum qui nexibus ambit, 
perspice, et usque nota visu, ut cognoscere possis : 660 
vertar in hunc; sed major ero, tantusque videbor, 
in quantum debent caelestia corpora verti.' 
extemplo cum voce deus, cum voce deoque 
somnus abit, somnique fugam lux alma secuta est. 

Postera sidereos Aurora fugaverat ignes ; 665 

incerti quid agant, proceres ad templa petiti 
conveniunt operosa dei, quaque ipse morari 
sede velit, signis caelestibus indicet, orant. 
vix bene desierant, cum cristis aureus altis 
in serpente deus praenuntia sibila misit, 670 

adventuque suo signumque arasque foresque 
marmoreumque solum fastigiaque aurea movit, 
pectoribusque tenus media sublimis in aede 
constitit, atque oculos circumtulit igne micantes. 

Territa turba pavet : cognovit numina castos 675 

evinctus vitta crines albente sacerdos, 
et ' Deus en ! deus en ! animis linguisque favete, 
quisquis ades ! ' dixit ' Sis, O pulcherrime, visus 
utiliter, populosque juves tua sacra colentes.' 
quisquis adest, jussum veneratur numen, et omnes 680 



XV. 713.] Arrival in Italy. 161 

verba sacerdotis referunt geminata, piumque 

Aeneadae praestant et mente et voce favorem. 

adnuit his, motisque deus rata pignora cristis 

et repetita dedit vibrata sibila lingua. 

turn gradibus nitidis delabitur, oraque retro 685 

fiectit, et antiquas abiturus respicit aras, 

assuetasque domos habitataque templa salutat ; 

inde per injectis adopertam floribus ingens 

serpit humum, flectitque sinus, mediamque per urbem 

tendit ad incurvo munitos aggere portus ; 690 

restitit hie, agmenque suum turbaeque sequentis 

officium placido visus demittere vultu 

corpus in Ausonia posuit rate. Numinis ilia 

sensit onus, pressa estque dei gravitate carina. 

Aeneadae gaudent, caesoque in litore tauro 695 

torta coronatae solvunt retinacula classis. 
impulerat levis aura ratem. Deus eminet alte, 
impositaque premens puppim cervice recurvam 
caeruleas despectat aquas, modicisque per aequor 
Ionium zephyris sexto Pallantidos ortu 700 

Italiam tenuit, praeterque Lacinia templo 
nobilitata deae, Scylaceaque litora fertur. 
linquit Iapygiam, laevisque Amphrisia remis 
saxa fugit, dextra.praerupta Celennia parte, 
Romethiumque legit, Caulonaque, Naryciamque, 705 

evincitque fretum Siculique angusta Pelori, 
Hippotadaeque domos regis, Temesesque metalla, 
Leucosiamque petit, tepidique rosaria Paesti. 
inde legit Capreas, promontoriumque Minervae, 
et Surrentino generosos palmite colles, 7 10 

Herculeamque urbem, Stabiasque, et in otia natam 
Parthenopen, et ab hac Cumaeae templa Sibyllae. 
hinc calidi fontes lentisciferumque tenetur 



1 62 xxx. The Worship of ALscnlapins. [Metam, 

Linternum, multamque trahens sub gurgite arenam 
Volturnus, niveisque frequens Sinuessa columbis, 715 
Minturnaeque graves, et quam tumulavit alumnus, 
Antiphataeque domus, Trachasque obsessa palude, 
et tellus Circaea, et spissi litoris Antium. 

Hue ubi veliferam nautae advertere carinam — 
asper enim jam pontus erat — deus explicat orbes, 720 
perque sinus crebros et magna volumina labens, 
templa parentis init flavum tangentia litus. 
aequore pacato patrias Epidaurius aras 
linquit, et hospitio juncti sibi numinis usus 
litoream tractu squamae crepitantis arenam 725 

sulcat, et innixus moderamine navis in alta 
puppe caput posuit, donee Castrumque sacrasque 
Lavini sedes Tiberinaque ad ostia venit. 

Hue omnes populi passim, matrumque patrumque 
obvia turba ruit, quaeque ignes, Troi'ca, servant, 730 

Vesta, tuos, laetoque deum clamore salutant ; 
quaque per adversas navis cita ducitur undas, 
tura super ripas aris ex ordine factis 
parte ab utraque sonant, et odorant aera fumis : 
ictaque conjectos incalfacit hostia cultros. 735 

Jamque caput rerum, Romanam intraverat urbem. 
erigitur serpens, summoque acclinia malo 
colla movet, sedesque sibi circumspicit aptas. 
scinditur in geminas partes circumfluus amnis : 
insula nomen habet ; laterumque e parte duorum 740 
porrigit aequales media tellure lacertos. 
hue se de Latia pinu Phoebei'us anguis 
contulit, et finem specie caeleste resumpta 
luctibus imposuit, venitque salutifer Urbi. 



xv - 7 6 5-] The Apotheosis of Ccesar. 163 

XXXI. The' Apotheosis of Cesar. 
[Book XV. — 745-879.] 

After the triumphs of Caesar, and his death by treachery of 
his friends, Venus obtained from Jupiter that he should be received 
into the number of the immortals, — a native deity, while yEscula- 
pius was of foreign origin (745-844). She takes therefore his 
spirit as he falls, and bears it above, his path being shown by 
a miraculous star which appeared in the heavens at his death 
(845-870). 

Conclusion, 871-879. 

Hie tamen accessit delubris advena nostris : 745 

Caesar in Urbe sua deus est, quern marte togaque 
praecipuum non bella magis finita triumphis, 
resque domi gestae properataque gloria rerum, 
in sidus vertere novum stellamque comantem, 
quam sua progenies. Neque enim de Caesaris actis 
ullum majus opus, quam quod pater exstitit hujus. 
scilicet aequoreos plus est domuisse Britannos, 
perque papyriferi septemflua flumina Nili 
victrices egisse rates, Numidasque rebelles 
Cinyphiumque Jubam, Mithridateisque tumentem 755 
nominibus Pontum populo adjecisse Quirini, 
et multos meruisse, aliquos egisse triumphos, 
quam tantum genuisse virum ? Quo praeside rerum 
humano generi, Superi, favistis abunde. 

Ne foret hie igitur mortali semine cretus, 760 

ille deus faciendus erat. Quod ut aurea vidit 
Aeneae genetrix, vidit quoque triste parari 
pontifici letum et conjurata arma moveri, 
palluit ; et cunctis, ut cuique erat obvia, divis 
' Aspice,' dicebat 'quanta mihi mole parentur 765 



164 XXXI. The Apotheosis of Ccesar. [Metam. 

insidiae, quantaque caput cum fraude petatur, 

quod de Dardanio solum mihi restat Iiilo. 

solane semper ero justis exercita curis ? 

quam modo Tydidae Calydonia vulneret hasta, 

nunc male defensae confundant moenia Trojae ; 770 

quae videam natum longis erroribus actum 

jactarique freto sedesque intrare silentum, 

bellaque cum Turno gerere, aut, si vera fatemur, 

cum Junone magis ? Quid nunc antiqua recordor 

damna mei generis ? Timor hie meminisse priorum 775 

non sinit : in me acui sceleratos cernitis enses. 

quos prohibete, precor, facinusque repellite ! neve 

caede sacerdotis flammas exstinguite Vestae.' 

Talia nequiquam toto Venus anxia caelo 
verba jacit, superosque movet ; qui rumpere quam quam 
ferrea non possunt veterum decreta sororum, 
signa tamen luctus dant haud incerta futuri. 
arma ferunt inter nigras crepitantia nubes 
terribilesque tubas, auditaque cornua caelo 
praemonuisse nefas. Solis quoque tristis imago 785 

lurida sollicitis praebebat lumina terris. 
saepe faces visae mediis ardere sub astris ; 
saepe inter nimbos guttae cecidere cruentae. 
caerulus et vultum ferrugine Lucifer atra 
sparsus erat, sparsi lunares sanguine currus. 790 

tristia mille locis Stygius dedit omina bubo ; 
mille locis lacrimavit ebur, cantusque feruntur 
auditi Sanctis et verba minantia lucis. 
victima nulla litat, magnosque instare tumultus 
fibra monet, caesumque caput reperitur in extis ; 795 

inque foro circumque domos et templa deorum 
nocturnos ululasse canes, umbrasque silentum 
erravisse ferunt, motamque tremoribus urbem. 



XV. 831.] Jupiter foretells ids Glory. 165 

Non tamen insidias venturaque vincere fata 
praemonitus potuere deum ; strictique feruntur 800 

in templum gladii ; neque enim locus ullus in Urbe 
ad facinus diramque placet, nisi curia, caedem. 
turn vero Cytherea manu percussit utraque 
pectus, et aetheria molitur condere nube, 
qua prius infesto Paris est ereptus Atridae, 805 

et Diomedeos Aeneas fugerat enses. 

Talibus hanc genitor : ' Sola insuperabile fatum, 
nata, movere paras ? intres licet ipsa sororum 
tecta trium ! cernes illic molimine vasto 
ex aere et solido rerum tabularia ferro, 810 

quae neque concursum caeli, neque fulminis iram, 
nee metuunt ullas tuta atque aeterna ruinas. 
invenies illic incisa adamante perenni 
fata tui generis : legi ipse animoque notavi, 
et referam, ne sis etiamnum ignara futuri. 815 

' Hie sua complevit, pro quo, Cytherea, laboras, 
tempora perfectis quos terrae debuit annis. 
ut deus accedat caelo templisque locetur, 
tu facies natusque suus, qui nominis heres 
impositum feret unus onus, caedisque parentis 820 

nos in bella suos fortissimus ultor habebit. 
illius auspiciis obsessae moenia pacem 
victa petunt Mutinae ; Pharsalia sentiet ilium ; 
Emathiaque iterum madefient caede Philippi ; 
et magnum Siculis nomen superabitur undis ; 825 

Romanique ducis conjunx Aegyptia taedae 
non bene fisa cadet : frustraque erit ilia minata, 
servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo. 

{ Quid tibi barbariem, gentes ab utroque jacentes 
Oceano numerem ? Quodcumque habitabile tellus 830 
sustinet, hujus erit ; pontus quoque serviet illi. 



1 66 



xxxi. The Apotheosis of Ccesar. [Metam. 



pace data terris, animum ad civilia vertet 

jura suum, legesque feret justissimus auctor : 

exemploque suo mores reget, inque futuri 

temporis aetatem venturorumque nepotum 835 

prospiciens, prolem sancta de conjuge natam 

ferre simul nomenque suum curasque jubebit : 

nee, nisi cum senior Pylios aequaverit annos, 

aetherias sedes cognataque sidera tanget. 

hanc animam interea caeso de corpore raptam 840 

fac jubar, ut semper Capitolia nostra forumque 

divus ab excelsa prospectet Julius aede.' 

Vix ea fatus erat, media cum sede senatus 
constitit alma Venus, nulli cernenda, suique 
Caesaris eripuit membris, nee in aera solvi 845 

passa recentem animam caelestibus intulit astris. 
dumque tulit, lumen capere atque ignescere sensit, 
emisitque sinu. Luna volat altius ilia, 
flammiferumque trahens spatioso limite crinem 
Stella micat, natique videns benefacta fatetur 850 

esse suis majora, et vinci gaudet ab illo. 
hie sua praeferri quamquam vetat acta paternis, 
libera fama tamen nullisque obnoxia jussis 
invitum praefert, unaque in parte repugnat. 
sic magni cedit titulis Agamemnonis Atreus ; 855 

Aegea sic Theseus, sic Pelea vincit Achilles, 
denique, ut exemplis ipsos aequantibus utar, 
sic et Saturnus minor est Jove. Juppiter arces 
temperat aetherias et mundi regna triformis ; 
terra sub Augusto : pater est et rector uterque. 860 

Di, precor, Aeneae comites, quibus ensis et ignis 
cesserunt, dique Indigetes, genitorque Quirine 
Urbis, et invicti genitor Gradive Quirini, 
Vestaque Caesareos inter sacrata penates, 



XV. 879O The Poefs Immortality. 167 

et cum Caesarea tu, Phoebe domestice, Vesta, 865 

quique tenes altus Tarpei'as Juppiter arces, 

quosque alios vati fas appellare piumque est : 

tarda sit ilia dies et nostro serior aevo, 

qua caput Augustum, quern temperat, orbe relicto 

accedat caelo, faveatque precantibus absens. 870 

Jamque opus exegi, — quod nee Jovis ira nee ignis 
nee poterit ferrum nee edax abolere vetustas. 
cum volet, ilia dies, quae nil nisi corporis hujus 
jus habet, incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi: 
parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis 875 

astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum, 
quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris, 
ore legar populi, perque omnia saecula fama, 
si quid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam. 



SHORTER POEMS. 



I. The Fasti. 

The word fasti, properly applied to those days of the year on 
which it was permitted {fas) to transact public business, came to 
be applied to the Roman Calendar, or systematic arrangement 
and classification of the days of each month. Ovid's purpose in 
this poem was to cast this calendar into a poetic form, describ- 
ing whatever was peculiar and characteristic in the Roman usages, 
— as festivals and rites, — and working into it whatever traditions 
and myths were current among the people. The Roman religion 
was so meagre in the elements of fable, that its mythology, as pre- 
sented in this work, is hardly more than a clumsy adaptation and 
vamping over of Grecian myths. It was, however, as rich in form 
and ceremonial as it was poor in story; and the most valuable 
and original portions of the Fasti are those which describe frag- 
ments of these primitive rites, which had managed to survive 
the inroad of the more fashionable Greek and Oriental forms of 
worship, and still lingered in the community. Some of them, 
indeed, held their own for centuries longer, and some were 
transformed and adopted into the Christian calendar. 

Only six books of the Fasti, containing the months from Jan- 
uary to June inclusive, are extant. It is a much disputed question 
whether the other six books have been lost, or were never written. 
It is probable that they were written in the rough, but unfinished 
at the time of the poet's exile, and never published. At any rate, 
there are no citations in ancient authors from any but the first 
six books. 

The following extracts from the fourth book (April) contain a 
description of two very ancient festivals, with the traditional 
account of the founding of Rome,, introduced in the usual manner 
pf the poet. 



170 Shorter Poems. [Fasti 

I. The Festival of Pales (April 21). 

Nox abiit, oriturque Aurora. Parilia poscor : 

Non poscor frustra, si favet alma Pales. 
Alma Pales, faveas pastoria sacra canenti, 

Prosequor officio si tua festa pio. 
Certe ego de vitulo cinerem stipulasque fabalis 725 

Saepe tuli plena (februa casta) manu. 
Certe ego transilui positas ter in ordine flammas, 

Udaque roratas laurea misit aquas. 
Mota dea est, operique favet : navalibus exi, 

Puppis ! habent ventos jam mea vela suos. 730 

I, pete virginea, populus, suffimen ab ara : 

Vesta dabit ; Vestae munere purus eris. 
Sanguis equi suffimen erit, vitulique favilla, 

Tertia res durae culmen inane fabae. 
Pastor, oves saturas ad prima crepuscula lustra : 73s 

Unda prius spargat, virgaque verrat humum. 
Frondibus et fixis decorentur ovilia ramis, 

Et tegat ornatas longa corona fores. 
Caerulei fiant vivo de sulfure fumi, 

Tactaque fumanti sulfure balet ovis. 740 

Ure mares oleas, taedamque, herbasque Sabinas, 

Et crepet in mediis laurus adusta focis. 
Libaque de milio milii fiscella sequetur : 

Rustica praecipue est hoc dea laeta cibo. 
Adde dapes mulctramque suas, dapibusque resectis 745 

Silvicolam tepido lacte precare Palen. 
Consule (die) pecori pariter pecorisque magistris : 

Effngiat stabidis noxa repulsa meis. 
Sive sacro pavi, sedive sub arbore sacra, 

Pabulaque e bustis inscia carpsit ovis ; 750 

Si ncmus i?itravi vetittcm, nostrisve fugatae 



IV. 786.] Festival of Pales. 17 1 

Sunt oculis nymphae, semicaperve deus '; 
Si meafalx ramo lucum spoliavit opaco, 

Unde data est aegrae fiscina frondis ovi ; 
Da veniani culpae, nee, diem degra?idinat, obsit 755 

Agresti fano supposiiisse pectis. 
Nee noceat turbasse lacus : ignoscite, nymphae ', 

Mota quod obs cur as ungula fecit aquas. 
Tu, dea, pro nobis fontes fontanaque placa 

Numina ; tu sparsos per nemus omne deos. 7 6 ° 

Nee dryadas, nee nos videamus labra Dianae, 

Nee Fauntcm, medio cum pi'emit arva die. 
Pelle procul morbos : valeant homines que gregesqice, 

Et valeant vigiles, provida turba, canes. 
Neve minus multos redigam quam mane fuerunt> 7 6 5 

Neve gemam referens vellera rapta lupo. 
Absit iniqua fames : Jierbae frondesque supcrsint, 

Quaeque lavent artus, quaeque bibantur, aquae, 
libera plena premam : referat mihi caseus aera, 

Dentque viam liquido vimina rara sero. 770 

Lanaque proveniat nullas laesura puellas, 

Mollis et ad teneras quamlibet apta manus. 
Quae precor, eveniant ; et nos faciamus ad annitm 775 

Pastorum domiuae grandia lib a Pali. 
His dea placanda est ; haec tu conversus ad ortus 

Die quater, et vivo perlue rore manus. 
Turn licet adposita, veluti cratere, camella, 

Lac niveum potes purpureamque sapam ; 780 

Moxque per ardentes stipulae crepitantis acervos 

Traicias celeri strenua membra pede. 
Expositus mos est : moris mihi restat origo. 

Turba facit dubium, coeptaque nostra tenet. 
Omnia purgat edax ignis, vitiumque metallis ' 78s 

Excoquit : idcirco cum duce purgat ovis ? - 



172 Shorter Poems. [Fasti 

An, quia cunctarum contraria semina rerum 

Sunt duo discordes, ignis et unda, dei, 
Junxerunt elementa patres, aptumque putarunt 

Ignibus et sparsa tangere corpus aqua ? 790 

An, quod in his vitae causa est, haec perdidit exsul, 

His nova fit conjunx, haec duo magna putant ? 
Vix equidem credo : sunt qui Phaethonta referri 

Credant, et nimias Deucalionis aquas. 
Pars quoque, cum saxis pastores saxa feribant, 79s 

Scintillam subito prosiluisse ferunt : 
Prima quidem periit, stipulis excepta secunda est. 

Hoc argumentum flamma Parilis habet ? 
An magis hunc morem pietas Aenei'a fecit, 

Innocuum victo cui dedit ignis iter ? 800 

Num tamen est vero propius, cum condita Roma est, 

Transferri jussos in nova tecta Lares, 
Mutantesque domum tectis agrestibus ignem 

Et cessaturae subposuisse casae, 
Per flammas saluisse pecus, saluisse colonos ? 805 

Quod fit natali nunc quoque, Roma, tuo. 
Ipse locus causas vati facit. Urbis origo 

Venit : ades factis, magne Quirine, tuis ! 

2. The Founding of Rome. 

Jam luerat poenas frater Numitoris, et omne 

Pastorum gemino sub duce volgus erat. 810 

Contrahere agrestes et moenia ponere utrique 

Convenit : ambigitur, moenia ponat uter. 
1 Nil opus est ' dixit ' certamine ' Romulus ' ullo : 

Magna fides avium est ; experiamur aves.' 
Res placet : alter adit nemorosi saxa Palati ; 815 

Alter Aventinum mane cacumen init. 



IV. 849.] The Founding of Rome. 173 

Sex Remus, hie volucres bis sex videt ordine ; pacto 

Statur, et arbitrium Romulus urbis habet. 
Apta dies legitur, qua moenia signet aratro. 

Sacra Palis suberant ; inde movetur opus : 820 

Fossa fit ad solidum ; fruges jaciuntur in ima, 

Et de vicino terra petita solo. 
Fossa repletur humo, plenaeque imponitur ara, 

Et novus accenso fungitur igne focus. 
Inde premens stivam designat moenia sulco : 825 

Alba jugum niveo cum bove vacca tulit. 
Vox fuit haec regis : Condenti, Juppiter, tirbem 

Et genitor Mavors Vestaque mater, ades ! 
Quosque piam est adJiibere deos, advertite cuncti ! 

Anspicibns vobis hoc mihi siirgat opus. - 830 

Longa sit hide aetas dominaeqne potentia terrae, 

Sit que sub hac oriens occiduusque dies. 
Hie precabatur : tonitru dedit omina laevo 

Juppiter, et laevo fulmina missa polo. 
Augurio laeti jaciunt fundamina cives, 835 

Et novus exiguo tempore murus erat. 
Hoc Celer urget opus, quem Romulus ipse vocarat, 

1 Sint ' que, ' Celer, curae,' dixerat ' ista tuae : 
Neve quis aut muros, aut factam vomere fossam 

Transeat, audentem talia dede neci.' 840 

Quod Remus ignorans humiles contemnere muros 

Coepit, et ' His populus ' dicere ' tutus erit ? ' 
Nee mora, transiluit : rutro Celer occupat ausum ; 

Ille premit duram sanguinulentus humum. 
Haec ubi rex didicit, lacrimas introrsus obortas 845 

Devorat, et clausum pectore volnus habet ; 
Flere palam non volt, exemplaque fortia servat, 

Sic que meos muros transeat hostis ait. 

— 



174 Shorter Poems. [Fasti 

Sustinet, et pietas dissimulata patet. 850 

Osculaque adplicuit posito suprema feretro, 

Atque ait, Invito f rater adempte, vale ! 
Arsurosque artus unxit. Fecere, quod ille, 

Faustulus et maestas Acca soluta comas ; 
Turn juvenem nondum facti fievere Quirites ; 855 

Ultima plorato subdita flamma rogo est. 
Urbs oritur — quis tunc hoc ulli credere posset ? — 

Victorem terris impositura pedem. 
Cuncta regas, et sis magno sub Caesare semper : 

Saepe etiam pluris nominis hujus habe ; 860 

Et quotiens steteris domito sublimis in orbe, 

Omnia sint umeris inferiora tuis. 

3. Ritual to avert Blight (April 25). 

Sex ubi, quae restant, luces Aprilis habebit, 

In medio cursu tempora veris erunt, 
Et frustra pecudem quaeres Athamantidos Helles, 

Signaque dant imbres, exoriturque Canis. 
Hac mihi Nomento Romam cum luce redirem, 905 

Obstitit in media Candida turba via ; 
Flamen in antiquae lucum Robiginis ibat, 

Exta canis flammis, exta daturus ovis. 
Protinus accessi, ritus ne nescius essem ; 

Edidit haec Flamen verba, Quirine, tuus : 910 

Asp era Robigo, parcas Cerialibus herbis, 

Et tremat in summa leve cacumen humo. 
Tu sata sideribns caeli mctrita secundi 

Crescere, dum \ fiant falcibus apta, sinas. 
Vis tua non levis est : quae tu frumenta notasti, 9 X 5 

Maestus in amis sis ilia co tonus habet. 
Nee venti tantum Cereri nocuere } nee imbres, 



IV. 942-] Ritual to avert Blight. 175 

Nee sic marmoreo pallet adusta gelu, 
Quantum, si eulmos Titan incalfacit udos : 

Tunc locus est irae, diva timenda, tuae. 9 2 ° 

Parce, precor, scabrasque manus a messibus aufer, 

Neve noce cultis : posse nocere sat est. 
Nee teneras segetes, sed durum amplectere ferrum, 

Quo dque potest alios perdere, perde prior. 
Utilius gladios et tela nocentia carpes : 9 2 5 

Nil opus est illis ; otia mundus agit. 
Sarcula nimc durusque bidens et vomer aduncus, 

Ruris opes, niteant : inquinet arma situs. 
Co7iatusque aliquis vagina ducere ferrum, 

Adstrictum longa sentiat esse mora. 93° 

At tu ne viola Cererem ! semper que colonus 

Absenti possit solvere vota tibi. 
Dixerat ; a dextra villis mantele solutis, 

Cumque meri patera turis acerra fuit ; 
Tura focis vinumque dedit, fibrasque bidentis, 935 

Turpiaque obscenae ( vidimus ) exta canis. 
Turn mihi ' Cur detur sacris nova victima, quaeris ? ' — 

Quaesieram — ' Causam percipe ' flamen ait. 
1 Est canis, Icarium dicunt, quo sidere moto 

Tosta sitit tellus, praecipiturque seges. 940 

Pro cane sidereo canis hie imponitur arae, 

Et quare pereat, nil nisi nomen habet/ 






176 



Shorter Poems. 



[Heroides 



II. Heroides. 

The Heroides (" Heroines ") are a series of about twenty letters 
addressed from various mythical and legendary persons, — chiefly 
from lonely wives and forsaken brides to husband or lover. The 
example here given is the first and perhaps best of the series. 



Penelope to Ulysses. 

Hanc tua Penelope lento tibi mittit, Ulixe : 

Nil mihi rescribas, at tamen ipse veni. 
Troja jacet certe, Danais invisa puellis ; 

Vix Priamus tanti totaque Troja fuit. 
O utinam turn, cum Lacedaemona classe petebat, 

Obrutus insanis esset adulter aquis ! 
Non ego deserto jacuissem frigida lecto, 

Non quererer tardos ire relicta dies ; 
Nee mihi quaerenti spatiosam fallere noctem 

Lassasset viduas pendula tela manus. 
Quando ego non timui graviora pericula veris ? 

Res est solliciti plena timoris amor. 
In te fingebam violentos Troas ituros ; 

Nomine in Hectoreo pallida semper eram. 
Sive quis Antilochum narrabat ab Hectore victum, 

Antilochus nostri causa timoris erat ; 
Sive, Menoetiaden falsis cecidisse sub armis, 

Flebam successu posse carere dolos ; 
Sanguine Tlepolemus Lyciam tepefecerat hastam, 

Tlepolemi leto cura novata mea est ; 
Denique, quisquis erat castris jugulatus Achivis 

Frigidius glacie pectus amantis erat. 
Sed bene consuluit casto deus aequus amori : 

Versa est in cineres sospite Troja viro. 



10 



is 



I.i,57-] Penelope to Ulysses. IJJ 

Argolici rediere duces : altaria fumant ; 25 

Ponitur ad patrios barbara praeda deos ; 
Grata ferunt nymphae pro salvis dona maritis ; 

Illi victa suis Troi'ca fata canunt. 
Mirantur justique senes trepidaeque puellae: 

Narrantis conjunx pendet ab ore viri. 30 

Atque aliquis posita monstrat fera proelia mensa, 

Pingit et exiguo Pergama tota mero : 
* Hac ibat Simoi's, hac est Sigeia tellus, 

Hie steterat Priami regia celsa senis ; 
Illic Aeacides, illic tendebat Ulixes ; 35 

Hie alacer missos terruit Hector equos.' 
Omnia namque tuo senior, te quaerere misso, 

Retulerat gnato Nestor, at ille mihi. 
Retulit et ferro Rhesumque Dolonaque caesos, 

Utque sit hie somno proditus, ille dolo. 40 

Ausus es, O nimium nimiumque oblite tuorum, 

Thracia nocturno tangere castra dolo, 
Totque simul mactare viros, adjutus ab uno ! 

At bene cautus eras et memor ante mei ? 
Usque metu micuere sinus, dum victor amicum 45 

Dictus es Ismariis isse per agmen equis. 
Sed mihi quid prodest vestris disjecta lacertis 

Ilios et murus quod fuit, esse solum, 
Si maneo qualis Troja durante manebam, 

Virque mihi dempto fine carendus abest ? 50 

Diruta sunt aliis, uni mihi Pergama restant, 

Incola captivo quae bove victor arat. 
Jam seges est, ubi Troja fuit, resecandaque falce 

Luxuriat Phrygio sanguine pinguis humus ; 
Semisepulta virum curvis feriuntur aratris 55 

Ossa ; ruinosas occulit herba domos. 
Victor abes : nee scire mihi, quae causa morandi, 



178 Shorter Poems. [Heroides 

Aut in quo lateas ferreus orbe, licet. 
Quisquis ad haec vertit peregrinam littora puppim, 

Ille mihi de te multa rogatus abit : 60 

Quamque tibi reddat, si te modo viderit usquam, 

Traditur huic digitis charta novata meis. 
Nos Pylon, antiqui Nelei'a Nestoris arva, 

Misimus : incerta est fama remissa Pylo. 
Misimus et Sparten : Sparte quoque nescia veri. 65 

Quas habitas terras, aut ubi lentus abes ? 
Utilius starent etiam nunc moenia Phoebi. 

Irascor votis heu levis ipsa meis ! 
Scirem ubi pugnares, et tantum bella timerem, 

Et mea cum multis juncta querela foret. 70 

Quid timeam, ignoro ; timeo tamen omnia demens, 

Et patet in curas area lata meas. 
Quaecumque aequor habet, quaecumque pericula tellus, 

Tarn longae causas suspicor esse morae. 
Haec ego dum stulte metuo, quae vestra libido est, 75 

Esse peregrino captus amore potes. 
Forsitan et narres, quam sit tibi rustica conjunx, 

Quae tantum lanas non sinat esse rudes. 
Fallar, et hoc crimen tenues vanescat in auras, 

Neve, revertendi liber, abesse velis ! 80 

Me pater Icarius viduo discedere lecto 

Cogit, et immensas increpat usque moras. 
Increpet usque licet : tua sum, tua dicar oportet ; 

Penelope conjunx semper Ulixis ero. 
Ille tamen pietate mea precibusque pudicis 85 

Frangitur, et vires temperat ipse suas. 
Dulichii Samiique et quos tulit alta Zacynthos, 

Turba ruunt in me luxuriosa proci ; 
Inque tua regnant, nullis prohibentibus, aula : 

Viscera nostra, tuae dilacerantur opes. 90 



I. i, 1 1 6.] Penelope to Ulysses. IJQ 

Quid tibi Pisandrum Polybumque Medontaque dirum 

Eurymachique avidas Antinoique manus 
Atque alios referam, quos omnes turpiter absens 

Ipse tuo partis sanguine rebus alis ? 
Irus egens pecorisque Melanthius actor edendi 95 

Ultimus accedunt in tua damna pudor. 
Tres sumus inbelles numero, sine viribus uxor, 

Laertesque senex, Telemachusque puer. 
Ille per insidias paene est mihi nuper ademptus, 

Dum parat invitis omnibus ire Pylon. 100 

Di, precor, hoc jubeant, ut euntibus ordine fatis 

Ille meos oculos comprimat, ille tuos. 
Hinc faciunt custosque bourn longaevaque nutrix, 

Tertius immundae cura fidelis harae. 
Sed neque Laertes, ut qui sit inutilis armis, 105 

Hostibus in mediis regna tenere potest. 
Telemacho veniet, vivat modo, fortior aetas : 

Nunc erat auxiliis ilia tuenda patris. 
Nee mihi sunt vires inimicos pellere tectis : 

Tu citius venias, portus et aura tuis. no 

Est tibi, sitque, precor, gnatus, qui mollibus annis 

In patrias artes erudiendus erat. 
Respice Laerten, ut jam sua lumina condas, 

Extremum fati sustinet ille diem. 
Certe ego, quae fueram te discedente puella, ns 

Protinus ut venias, facta videbor anus. 



180 Shorter Poems. [Amores 



III. Amores. 

The Amores consist of three books of short poems, very miscel- 
laneous in their subjects, sentimental, voluptuous, complimentary, 
or personal. Those here given have a special interest, as illus- 
trating the poet's earlier aspiration, and the more playful aspect of 
his verse. 

I. The Poet of Idleness (i. 15). 

Quid mihi, Livor edax, ignavos obicis annos, 

Ingeniique vocas carmen inertis opus ? 
Non me more patrum, dum strenua sustinet aetas 

Praemia militiae pulverulenta sequi, 
Nee me verbosas leges ediscere, nee me 5 

Ingrato vocem prostituisse foro. 
Mortale est, quod quaeris, opus : mihi fama perennis 

Quaeritur, in toto semper ut orbe canar. 
Vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ide, 

Dum rapidas Simoi's in mare volvet aquas. 10 

Vivet et Ascraeus, dum must is uva tumebit, 

Dum cadet incurva falce resecta Ceres. 
Battiades semper toto cantabitur orbe : 

Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet. 
Nulla Sophocleo veniet jactura cothurno ; 15 

Cum sole et luna semper Aratus erit. 
Dum fallax servus, durus pater, improba lena 

Vivent et meretrix blanda, Menandros erit. 
Ennius arte carens animosique Accius oris 

Casurum nullo tempore nomen habent. 20 

Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciet aetas, 

Aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci ? 
Carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucreti, 

Exitio terras cum dabit una dies. 



II. 6, i2.] Elegy on a Parrot. 181 

Tityrus et fruges Aeneiaque arma legentur, 25 

Roma triumphati clum caput orbis erit. 
Donee erunt ignes arcusque Cupidinis arma, 

Discentur numeri, culte Tibulle, tui. 
Gallus et Hesperiis et Gallus notus Eois, 

Et sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris erit. 30 

Ergo cum silices, cum dens patientis aratri 

Depereant aevo, carmina morte carent. 
Cedant carminibus reges regumque triumphi, 

Cedat et auriferi ripa benigna Tagi. 
Vilia miretur vulgus : mihi flavus Apollo 35 

Pocula Castalia plena ministret aqua, 
Sustineamque coma metuentem frigora myrtum : 

Atque ita sollicito multus amante legar. 
Pascitur in vivis Livor ; post fata quiescit, 

Cum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos. 40 

Ergo etiam cum me supremus adederit ignis, 

Vivam, parsque mei multa superstes erit. 

2. Elegy on a Parrot (ii. 6). 

Psittacus, eois imitatrix ales ab Indis, 

Occidit ! exsequias ite frequenter, aves. 
Ite, piae volucres, et plangite pectora pinnis, 

Et rigido teneras ungue notate genas. 
Horrida pro maestis lanietur pluma capillis, 5 

Pro longa resonent carmina vestra tuba. 
Quod scelus Ismarii quereris, Philomela, tyranni, 

Expleta est annis ista querella suis. 
Alitis in rarae miserum devertere funus : 

Magna sed antiqui causa doloris Itys. 10 

Omnes, quae liquido libratis in aere cursus, 

Tu tamen ante alios, turtur amice, dole. 



1 82 Shorter Poems. [Amores 

Plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita, 

Et stetit ad finem longa tenaxque fides. 
Quod fuit Argolico juvenis Phoceus Orestae, 15 

Hoc tibi, dum licuit, psittace, turtur erat. 
Quid tamen ista fides, quid rari forma coloris, 

Quid vox mutandis ingeniosa sonis, 
Quid juvat, ut datus es, nostrae placuisse puellae ? 

Infelix avium gloria, nempe jaces. 20 

Tu poteras fragiles pinnis hebetare smaragdos, 

Tincta gerens rubro Punica rostra croco. 
Non fuit in terris vocum simulantior ales : 

Reddebas blaeso tarn bene verba sono. 
Raptus es invidia : non tu fera bella movebas ; 25 

Garrulus et placidae pacis amator eras. 
Ecce, coturnices inter sua proelia vivunt, 

Forsitan et fiant inde frequenter anus. 
Plenus eras minimo : nee prae sermonis amore 

In multos poteras ora vacare cibos. 30 

Nux erat esca tibi, causaeque papavera somni, 

Pellebatque sitim simplicis umor aquae. 
Vivet edax vultur, ducensque per aera gyros 

Miluus, et pluviae graculus auctor aquae ; 
Vivet et armiferae cornix invisa Minervae, 35 

Ilia quidem saeclis vix moritura novem. 
Occidit ille loquax, humanae vocis imago, 

Psittacus, extremo munus ab orbe datum. 
Optima prima fere manibus rapiuntur avaris ; 

Implentur numeris deteriora suis. 40 

Tristia Phylacidae Thersites funera vidit : 

Jamque cinis, vivis fratribus, Hector erat. 
Quid referam timidae pro te pia vota puellae, 

Vota procelloso per mare rapta noto ? 
Septima lux aderat, non exhibitura sequentem, 45 



III. 15, 13.] Farewell to the Loves. 183 

Et stabat vacuo jam tibi Parca colo ; 
Nee tamen ignavo stupuerunt verba palato : 

Clamavit moriens lingua Corinna, vale ! 
Colle sub Elysio nigra nemus ilice frondet, 

Udaque perpetuo gramine terra viret. 50 

Siqua fides dubiis, volucrum locus ille piarum 

Dicitur, obscenae quo prohibentur aves : 
Illic innocui late pascuntur olores, 

Et vivax phoenix, unica semper avis ; 
Explicat ipsa suas ales Junonia pinnas, 55 

Oscula dat cupido blanda columba mari. 
Psittacus has inter nemorali sede receptus 

Convertit volucres in sua verba pias. 
Ossa tegit tumulus, tumulus pro corpore magnus, 

Quo lapis exiguus par sibi carmen habet : 60 

Colligor ex ipso dominae placuisse sepulcro: 

Orafuere mihi plus ave docta loqui. 

3. Farewell to the Loves (iii. 15). 

Quaere novum vatem, tenerorum mater Amorum ! 

Raditur hie elegis ultima meta meis : 
Quos ego composui, Peligni ruris alumnus ; 

Nee me deliciae dedecuere meae. 
Siquid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres, 5 

Non modo militiae turbine factus eques. 
Mantua Vergilio gaudet ; Verona Catullo : 

Pelignae dicar gloria gentis ego, 
Quam sua libertas ad honesta coegerat arma, 

Cum timuit socias anxia Roma manus. 10 

Atque aliquis spectans hospes Sulmonis aquosi 

Moenia, quae campi jugera pauca tenent, 
1 Quae tantum ' dicet ' potuistis ferre poetam, 



184 Shorter Poems. [Amores III. 15, 20. 

Quantulacumque esti's, vos ego magna voco.' 
Culte puer, puerique parens Amathusia culti, 15 

Aurea de campo vellite signa meo. 
Corniger increpuit thyrso graviore Lyaeus : 

Pulsanda est magnis area major equis. 
Imbelles Elegi, genialis Musa, valete, 

Post mea mansurum fata superstes opus ! 2c 









Tristia I. 3, 23.] BanisJied from Rome. 185 



IV. Tristia. 

The Tristia (" Complaints ") are five books of poems written 
during Ovid's long banishment. Some of them have much bio- 
graphical interest, and all are full of personal feeling ; sometimes 
monotonous, abject, and unmanly, more often a genuine and most 
pathetic expression of the sorrows of exile. (Respecting the 
causes and circumstances of Ovid's banishment, see the Life.) 

I. Banished from Rome (i. 3). 

Cum subit illius tristissima noctis imago, 

Qua mihi supremum tempus in Urbe fuit, 
Cum repeto noctem, qua tot mihi cara reliqui, 

Labitur ex oculis nunc quoque gutta meis. 
Jam prope lux aderat, qua me discedere Caesar 5 

Finibus extremae jusserat Ausoniae. 
Nee spatium fuerat, nee mens satis apta parandi : 

Torpuerant longa pectora nostra mora. 
Non mihi servorum, comitis non cura legendi, 

Non aptae profugo vestis opisve fuit. 10 

Non aliter stupui, quam qui Jovis ignibus ictus 

Vivit, et est vitae nescius ipse suae. 
Ut tamen hanc animi nubem dolor ipse removit, 

Et tandem sensus convaluere mei ; 
Adloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos, 15 

Qui modo de multis unus et alter erant. 
Uxor amans flentem flens acrius ipsa tenebat, 

Imbre per indignas usque cadente genas ; 
Nata procul Libycis aberat diversa sub oris, 

Nee poterat fati certior esse mei. 2c 

Quocumque aspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonabant, 

Formaque non taciti funeris intus erat. 
Femina virque meo, pueri quoque funere maerent ; 



1 86 Shorter Poems. [Tristia 

Inque domo lacrimas angulus omnis habet : 
Si licet exemplis in parvo grandibus uti, 25 

Haec facies Trojae, cum caperetur, erat. 
Jamque quiescebant voces hominumque canumque, 

Lunaque nocturnos alta regebat equos. 
Hanc ego suspiciens et ab hac Capitolia cernens, 

Quae nostro frustra juncta fuere lari, 3° 

' Numina vicinis habitantia sedibus,' inquam, 

' Jamque oculis numquam templa videnda meis, 
Dique relinquendi, quos urbs tenet alta Quirini, 

Este salutati tempus in omne mihi ! 
Et quamquam sero clipeum post vulnera sumo, 35 

Attamen hanc odiis exonerate fugam, 
Caelestique viro, quis me deceperit error, 

Dicite : pro culpa ne scelus esse putet. 
Ut quod vos scitis, poenae quoque sentiat auctor, 

Placato possum non miser esse deo.' 40 

Hac prece adoravi superos ego ; pluribus uxor, 

Singultu medios impediente sonos. 
Ilia etiam, ante Lares passis prostrata capillis, 

Contigit exstinctos ore tremente focos, 
Multaque in adversos effudit verba Penates 45 

Pro deplorato non valitura viro. 
Jamque morae spatium nox praecipitata negabat, 

Versaque ab axe suo Parrhasis arctos erat. 
Quid facerem ? blando patriae retinebar amore ; 

Ultima sed jussae nox erat ilia fugae. 5° 

Ah ! quotiens aliquo dixi properante ' Quid urgues ? 

Vel quo f estines ire, vel unde, vide ! ' 
Ah ! quotiens certam me sum mentitus habere 

Horam, propositae quae foret apta viae. 
Ter limen tetigi, ter sum revocatus, et ipse 5s 

Indulgens animo pes mihi tardus erat ; 



I. 3, 88.] Banished from Rome. 1 87 

Saepe Vale dicto rursus sum multa locutus, 

Et quasi discedens oscula summa dedi ; 
Saepe eadem mandata dedi, meque ipse fefelli, 

Respiciens oculis pignora cara meis. 60 

Denique ' Quid propero ? Scythia est, quo mittimur,' 
inquam ; 

' Roma relinquenda est : utraque justa mora est. 
Uxor in aeternum vivo mihi viva negatur, 

Et domus et fidae dulcia membra domus, 
Quosque ego fraterno dilexi more sodales, 65 

O mihi Thesea pectora juncta fide ! 
Dum licet, amplectar : numquam fortasse licebit 

Amplius : in lucro est quae datur hora mihi.' 
Nee mora, sermonis verba inperfecta relinquo, 

Complectens animo proxima quaeque meo. 7° 

Dum loquor et flemus, caelo nitidissimus alto, 

Stella gravis nobis, Lucifer ortus erat : 
Dividor haud aliter, quam si mea membra relinquam, 

Et pars abrumpi corpore visa suo est. 
Sic doluit Mettus tunc, cum in contraria versos 75 

Ultores habuit proditionis equos, 
Turn vero exoritur clamor gemitusque meorum, 

Et feriunt maestae pectora nuda manus. 
Turn vero conjunx, umeris abeuntis inhaerens, 

Miscuit haec lacrimis tristia dicta suis ; 80 

' Non potes avelli : simul, ah ! simul ibimus ' inquit ; 

'Te sequar et conjunx exsulis exsul ero. 
Et mihi facta via est, et me capit ultima tellus : 

Accedam profugae sarcina parva rati. 
Te jubet a patria discedere Caesaris ira, 85 

Me pietas : pietas haec mihi Caesar erit.' 
Talia temptabat, sicut temptaverat ante, 

Vixque dedit victas utilitate manus. 



1 88 Shorter Poems. [Tristia 

Egredior, — sive illud erat sine funere ferri, 

Squalidus ihmissis hirta per ora comis. 9° 

Ilia dolore amens tenebris narratur obortis 

Semianimis media procubuisse domo ; 
Utque resurrexit, foedatis pulvere turpi 

Crinibus, et gelida membra levavit humo, 
Se modo, desertos modo complorasse Penates, 95 

Nomen et erepti saepe vocasse viri ; 
Nee gemuisse minus, quam si nataeve meumve 

Vidisset structos corpus habere rogos, 
Et voluisse mori, moriendo ponere sensus — 

Respectuque tamen non voluisse mei. ioo 

Vivat ! et absentem — quoniam sic fata tulerunt — 

Vivat ut auxilio sublevet usque suo. 

2. The Exiles Sick Chamber (iii. 3). 

Haec mea, si casu miraris, epistola quare 

Alterius digitis scripta sit, aeger eram. 
Aeger in extremis ignoti partibus orbis, 

Incertusque meae paene salutis eram. 
Quid mihi nunc animi dira regione jacenti 5 

Inter Sauromatas esse Getasque putes ? 
Nee caelum patior, nee aquis adsuevimus istis, 

Terraque nescio quo non placet ipsa modo. 
Non domus apta satis, non hie cibus utilis aegro ; 

Nullus, Apollinea qui levet arte malum ; 10 

Non qui soletur, non qui labentia tarde 

Tempora narrando fallat, amicus adest. 
Lassus in extremis jaceo populisque locisque, 

Et subit adfecto nunc mihi, quicquid abest. 
Omnia cum subeant, vincis tamen omnia, conjunx, 15 

Et plus in nostro pectore parte tenes. 



III. 3, 49.] The Exiles Sick Chamber. 189 

Te loquor absentem, te vox mea nominat unam ; 

Nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies. 
Quin etiam sic me dicunt aliena locutum, 

Ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum. 20 

Si jam deficiam, subpressaque lingua palato 

Vix instillato restituenda mero, 
Nuntiet hue aliquis dominam venisse, resurgam, 

Spesque tui nobis causa vigoris erit. 
Ergo ego sum dubius vitae, tu forsitan istic 25 

Jucundum nostri nescia tempus agis ? 
Non agis, adfirmo : liquet hoc, carissima, nobis, 

Tempus agi sine me non nisi triste tibi. 
Si tamen implevit mea sors, quos debuit, annos, 

Et mihi vivendi tarn cito finis adest : 30 

Quantum erat, O magni, morituro parcere, Divi, 

Ut saltern patria contumularer humo ? 
Vel poena in tempus mortis dilata fuisset, 

Vel praecepisset mors properata fugam. 
Integer hanc potui nuper bene reddere lucem : 35 

Exsul ut occiderem, nunc mihi vita data est. 
Tarn procul ignotis igitur moriemur in oris, 

Et fient ipso tristia fata loco ? 
Nee mea consueto languescent corpora lecto ? 

Depositum nee me qui fleat, ullus erit ? 40 

Nee dominae lacrimis in nostra cadentibus ora 

Accedent animae tempora parva meae ? 
Nee mandata dabo, nee cum clamore supremo 

Labentes oculos condet arnica manus ? 
Sed sine funeribus caput hoc, sine honore sepulcri 45 

Indeploratum barbara terra teget ? 
Ecquid, ut audieris, tota turbabere mente, 

Et feries pavida pectora fida manu ? 
Ecquid, in has frustra tendens tua bracchia partes, 



190 Shorter Poems. [Tristia 

Clamabis miseri nomen inane viri ? so 

Parce tamen lacerare genas, nee scinde capillos : 

Non tibi nunc primum, lux mea, raptus ero. 
Cum patriam amisi, tunc me periisse putato ; 

Et prior et gravior mors fuit ilia mi hi. 
Nunc, si forte potes (sed non potes, optima conjunx), 55 

Finitis gaude tot mihi morte malis. 
Quod potes, extenua forti mala corde ferendo, 

Ad quae jampridem non rude pectus habes. 
Atque utinam pereant animae cum corpore nostrae, 

Effugiatque avidos pars mihi nulla rogos ! 60 

Nam si morte carens vacua volat altus in aura 

Spiritus, et Samii sunt rata dicta senis, 
Inter Sarmaticas Romana vagabitur umbras, 

Perque feros manes hospita semper erit. 
Ossa tamen facito parva referantur in urna : 65 

Sic ego non etiam mortuus exsul ero. 
Non vetat hoc quisquam : fratrem Thebana peremptum 

Subposuit tumulo rege vetante soror. 
Atque ea cum foliis et amomi pulvere misce, 

Inque suburbano condita pone solo. 70 

Quosque legat versus oculo properante viator, 

Grandibus in tituli marmore caede notis : 

HIC EGO QUI JACEO TENERORUM LUSOR AMORUM 

INGENIO PERU NASO POETA MEO I 
AT TIBI QUI TRANSIS NE SIT GRAVE QUISQUIS AMASTI 

DICERE NASONIS MOLLITER OSSA CUBENT. 

Hoc satis in titulo est ; etenim majora libelli 
Et diuturna magis sunt monumenta mihi, 

Quos ego confido, quamvis nocuere, daturos 

Nomen et auctori tempora longa suo. 80 

Tu tamen exstincto feralia munera semper 
Deque tuis lacrimis umida serta dato : 



III. 7, 24.] To Perilla. 191 

Quamvis in cineres corpus mutaverit ignis, 

Sentiet officium maesta favilla pium. 
Scribere plura libet, sed vox mihi fessa loquendo 85 

Dictandi vires siccaque lingua negat. 
Accipe supremo dictum mihi forsitan ore, 

Quod, tibi qui mittit, non habet ipse, vale ! 

3. To Perilla (iii. 7). 

Vade salutatum, subito perarata, Perillam, 

Littera, sermonis fida ministra mei ! 
Aut illam invenies dulci cum matre sedentem, 

Aut inter libros Pieridasque suas. 
Quicquid aget, cum te scierit venisse, relinquet, 5 

Nee mora, quid venias quidve, requiret, agam. 
Vivere me dices, sed sic, ut vivere nolim, 

Nee mala tam longa nostra levata mora ; 
Et tamen ad Musas, quamvis nocuere, reverti, 

Aptaque in alternos cogere verba pedes. ic 

Tu quoque, die, studiis communibus ecquid inhaeres, 

Doctaque non patrio carmina more canis ? 
Nam tibi cum fatis mores natura pudicos 

Et raras dotes ingeniumque dedit. 
Hoc ego Pegasidas deduxi primus ad undas, 15 

Ne male fecundae vena periret aquae ; 
Primus id aspexi teneris in virginis annis, 

Utque pater natae duxque comesque fui. 
Ergo si remanent ignes tibi pectoris idem, 

Sola tuum vates Lesbia vincet opus. 20 

Sed vereor, ne te mea nunc fortuna retardet, 

Postque meos casus sit tibi pectus iners. 
Dum licuit, tua saepe mihi, tibi nostra legebam ; 

Saepe tui judex, saepe magister eram : 



192 Shorter Poems. [Tristia 

Aut ego praebebam factis modo versibus aures, 25 

Aut, ubi cessares, causa ruboris eram. 
Forsitan exemplo, quia me laesere libelli, 

Tu quoque sis poenae facta secuta meae. 
Pone, Perilla, metum ; tantummodo femina nulla 

Neve vir a scriptis discat amare tuis ! 30 

Ergo desidiae remove, doctissima, causas, 

Inque bonas artes et tua sacra redi ! 
Ista decens facies longis vitiabitur annis, 

Rugaque in antiqua fronte senilis erit ; 
Inicietque manum formae damnosa senectus, 35 

Quae strepitum passu non faciente venit ; 
Cumque aliquis dicet 'Fuit haec formosa/ dolebis, 

Et speculum mendax esse querere tuum. 
Sunt tibi opes modicae, cum sis dignissima magnis : 

Finge sed inmensis censibus esse pares ; 40 

Nempe dat id, quodcumque libet, fortuna rapitque ; 

Irus et est subito, qui modo Croesus erat. 
Singula quid referam ? nil non mortale tenemus 

Pectoris exceptis ingeniique bonis. 
En ego, cum caream patria vobisque domoque, 45 

Raptaque sint, adimi quae potuere mihi, 
Ingenio tamen ipse meo comitorque fruorque : 

Caesar in hoc potuit juris habere nihil. 
Quilibet hanc saevo vitam mihi finiat ense ; 

Me tamen exstincto fama superstes erit, 50 

Dumque suis victrix omnem de montibus orbem 

Prospiciet domitum Martia Roma, legar. 
Tu quoque, quam studii maneat felicior usus, 

Effuge venturos, qua potes, usque rogos ! 






XII. io, 31.] Winter Scenes in Thrace, 193 

4. Winter Scenes in Thrace (iii. 10). 

Siquis adhuc istic meminit Nasonis adempti, 

Et superest sine me nomen in Urbe meum, 
Suppositum stellis numquam tangentibus aequor 

Me sciat in media vivere barbaric 
Sauromatae cingunt, fera gens, Bessique Getaeque, 5 

Quam non ingenio nomina digna meo ! 
Dum tamen aura tepet, medio defendimur Histro : 

Ille suis liquidus bella repellit aquis. 
At cum tristis hiems squalentia protulit ora, 

Terraque marmoreo Candida facta gelu est, 10 

Dum vetat et Boreas et nix habitare sub Arcto, 

Turn liquet, has gentes axe tremente premi. 
Nix jacet, et glaciem nee sol pluviaeve resolvunt, 

Indurat Boreas perpetuamque facit ; 
Ergo ubi delicuit nondum prior, altera venit, 15 

Et solet in multis bima manere locis. 
Tantaque commoti vis est Aquilonis, ut altas 

Aequet humo turres tectaque rapta ferat. 
Pellibus et sutis arcent mala frigora braccis, 

Oraque de toto corpore sola patent. 20 

Saepe sonant moti glacie pendente capilli, 

Et nitet inducto Candida barba gelu. 
Nudaque consistunt, formam servanda testae, 

Vina, nee hausta meri, sed data frusta bibunt. 
Quid loquar, ut vincti concrescant frigore rivi, 25 

Deque lacu fragiles effodiantur aquae ? 
Ipse, papyrifero qui non angustior amne 

Miscetur vasto multa per ora freto, 
Caeruleos ventis latices durantibus, Hister 

Congelat, et tectis in mare serpit aquis. 30 

Quaque rates ierant, pedibus nunc itur, et undas 



194 Shorter Poems. [Tristia 

Frigore concretas ungula pulsat equi ; 
Perque novos pontes subter labentibus undis 

Ducunt Sarmatici barbara plaustra boves. 
Vix equidem credar : sed cum sint praemia falsi 35 

Nulla, ratam debet testis habere fidem. 
Vidimus ingentem glacie consistere pontum, 

Lubricaque inmotas testa premebat aquas. 
Nee vidisse sat est : durum calcavimus aequor, 

Undaque non udo sub pede summa fuit. 4° 

Si tibi tale fretum quondam, Leandre, fuisset, 

Non foret angustae mors tua crimen aquae. 
Turn neque se pandi possunt delphines in auras 

Tollere : conantes dura coercet hiems. 
Et quamvis Boreas jactatis insonet alis, 45 

Fluctus in obsesso gurgite nullus erit ; 
Inclusaeque gelu stabunt, ut marmore, puppes, 

Nee poterit rigidas findere remus aquas. 
Vidimus in glacie pisces haerere ligatos, 

Sed pars ex illis tunc quoque viva fuit. s° 

Sive igitur nimii Boreae vis saeva marinas, 

Sive redundatas flumine cogit aquas, 
Protinus, aequato siccis aquilonibus Histro, 

Invehitur celeri barbarus hostis equo : 
Hostis equo pollens longeque volante sagitta 55 

Vicinam late depopulatur humum. 
Diffugiunt alii, nullisque tuentibus agros 

Incustoditae diripiuntur opes ; 
Ruris opes parvae, pecus et stridentia plaustra, 

Et quas divitias incola pauper habet. 60 

Pars agitur vinctis post tergum capta lacertis, 

Respiciens frustra rura laremque suum ; 
Pars cadit hamatis misere confixa sagittis ; 

Nam volucri ferro tinctile virus inest. 



IV. io, 1 6.] The Poet's Autobiography. 195 

Quae nequeunt secum ferre aut abducere, perdunt, 65 

Et cremat insontes hostica flamma casas. 
Tunc quoque, cum pax est, trepidant formidine belli, 

Nee quisquam presso vomere sulcat humum. 
Aut videt, aut metuit locus hie, quern non videt, hostem ; 

Cessat iners rigido terra relicta situ. 7° 

Non hie pampinea dulcis latet uva sub umbra, 

Nee cumulant altos fervida musta lacus. 
Poma negat regio ; nee haberet Acontius, in quo 

Scriberet hie dominae verba legenda suae. 
Aspiceres nudos sine fronde, sine arbore, campos : 75 

Heu loca felici non adeunda viro ! 
Ergo tarn late pateat cum maximus orbis, 

Haec est in poenam terra reperta meam ? 

5. The Poets Autobiography (iv. 10). 

Ille ego qui fuerim, tenerorum lusor amorum, 

Quern legis, ut noris, accipe posteritas. 
Sulmo mihi patria est, gelidis uberrimus undis, 

Milia qui novies 3istat ab Urbe decern. 
Editus hinc ego sum, nee non ut tempora noris, 5 

Cum cecidit fato consul uterque pari : 
Si quid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres, 

Non modo fortunae munere factus eques. 
Nee stirps prima fui : genito sum fratre creatus, 

Qui tribus ante quater mensibus ortus erat. 10 

Lucifer amborum natalibus adfuit idem : 

Una celebrata est per duo liba dies. 
Haec est armiferae festis de quinque Minervae, 

Quae fieri pugna prima cruenta solet. 
Protinus excolimur teneri, curaque parentis 15 

Imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte viros. 



196 Shorter Poems. [Tristia 

Frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo^ 

Fortia verbosi natus ad arma fori ; 
At mihi jam puero caelestia sacra placebant, 

Inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus. 20 

Saepe pater dixit ' Studium quid inutile temptas ? 

Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes.' 
Motus eram dictis, totoque Helicone relicto 

Scribere conabar verba soluta modis. 
Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos, 25 

Et quod temptabam dicere, versus erat. 
Interea tacito passu labentibus annis 

Liberior fratri sumpta mihique toga est, 
Induiturque umeris cum lato purpura clavo, 

Et studium nobis quod fuit ante, manet. 3° 

Jamque decern vitae frater geminaverat annos, 

Cum perit, et coepi parte carere mei. 
Cepimus et tenerae primos aetatis honores, 

Deque viris quondam pars tribus una fui. 
Curia restabat ; clavi mensura coacta est : 3s 

Majus erat nostris viribus illud onus. 
Nee patiens corpus, nee mens fuit apta labori, 

Sollicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram. 
Et petere Aoniae suadebant tuta sorores 

Otia, judicio semper amata meo. 4° 

Temporis illius colui fovique poetas, 

Quotque aderant vates, rebar adesse deos. 
Saepe suas Volucres legit mihi grandior aevo, 

Quaeque necet serpens, quae juvet herba, Macer. 
Saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes, 45 

Jure sodalicio qui mihi junctus erat. 
Ponticus heroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambis 

Dulcia convictus membra fuere mei. 
Et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures, 



IV. io, 82.] The Poet's Autobiography. 197 

Dum ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra. 5° 

Vergilium vidi tantum ; nee amara Tibullo 

Tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae. 
Successor fuit hie tibi, Galle ; Propertius illi • 

Quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui. 
Utque ego majores, sic me coluere minores, 55 

Notaque non tarde facta Thalia mea est. 
Carmina cum primum populo juvenilia legi> 

Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit. 
Moverat ingenium totam cantata per Urbem 

Nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi. 60 

Multa quidem scripsi ; sed quae vitiosa putavi, 

Emendaturis ignibus ipse dedi. 
Tunc quoque, cum fugerem, quaedam placitura cremavi, 

Iratus studio carminibusque meis. 
Molle Cupidineis nee inexpugnabile telis 65 

Cor mihi, quodque levis causa moveret, erat. 
Cum tamen hie essem, minimoque accenderer igne, 

Nomine sub nostro fabula nulla fuit. 
Paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxor 

Est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fuit. 70 

Illi successit, quamvis sine crimine conjunx, 

Non tamen in nostro firma futura toro. 
Ultima, quae mecum seros permansit in annos, 

Sustinuit conjunx exsulis esse viri. 
Filia me mea bis prima fecunda juventa, 75 

Sed non ex uno conjuge, fecit avum ; 
Et jam complerat genitor sua fata, novemque 

Addiderat lustris altera lustra novem. 
Non aliter flevi, quam me fleturus ademptum 

Ille fuit. Matri proxima justa tuli. 80 

Felices ambo tempestiveque sepulti, 

Ante diem poenae quod periere meae ! 



198 Shorter Poems. [Tristia 

Me quoque felicem, quod non viventibus illis 

Sum miser, et de me quod doluere nihil. 
Si tamen exstinctis aliquid nisi nomina restat, 85 

Et gracilis structos effugit umbra rogos ; 
Fama, parentales, si vos mea contigit, umbrae 

Et sunt in Stygio crimina nostra foro, 
Scite, precor, causam — nee vos mihi f allere fas est — 

Errorem jussae, non scelus, esse fugae. 90 

Manibus hoc satis est : ad vos, studiosa, revertor, 

Pectora, qui vitae quaeritis acta meae. 
Jam mihi canities pulsis melioribus annis 

Venerat, antiquas miscueratque comas, 
Postque meos ortus Pisaea vinctus oliva 95 

Abstulerat decies praemia victor equus, 
Cum maris Euxini positos ad laeva Tomitas 

Quaerere me laesi principis ira jubet. 
Causa meae cunctis nimium quoque nota ruinae 

Indicio non est testificanda meo. 100 

Quid referam comitumque nefas famulosque nocentes ? 

Ipsa multa tuli non leviora fuga. 
Indignata malis mens est succumbere, seque 

Praestitit invictam viribus usa suis. 
Oblitusque mei ductaeque per otia vitae, 105 

Insolita cepi temporis arma manu. 
Totque tuli casus pelagoque terraque, quot inter 

Occultum stellae conspicuumque polum. 
Tacta mihi tandem longis erroribus acto 

Juncta pharetratis Sarmatis ora Getis. no 

Hie ego finitimis quamvis circumsoner armis, 

Tristia, quo possum, carmine fata levo. 
Quod quamvis nemo est, cujus referatur ad aures, 

Sic tamen absumo decipioque diem. 
Ergo quod vivo, durisque laboribus obsto, 115 



IV. io, 132.] The Poets Autobiography. 199 

Nee me sollicitae taedia lucis habent, 
Gratia, Musa, tibi ; nam tu solacia praebes, 

Tu curae requies, tu medicina venis ; 
Tu dux et comes es; tu nos abducis ab Histro, 

In medioque mihi das Helicone locum. 120 

Tu mihi, quod rarum est, vivo sublime dedisti 

Nomen, ab exsequiis quod dare fama solet. 
Nee qui detrectat praesentia, Livor iniquo 

Ullum de nostris dente momordit opus. 
Nam tulerint magnos cum saecula nostra poetas, 125 

Non fuit ingenio fama maligna meo. 
Cumque ego praeponam multos mihi, non minor illis 

Dicor et in toto plurimus orbe legor. 
Si quid habent igitur vatum praesagia veri, 

Protinus ut moriar, non ero, terra, tuus. 13a 

Sive favore tuli, sive hanc ego carmine famam 

Jure, tibi grates, candide lector, ago. 



200 Shorter Poems. [Ex Ponto 



V. Ex Ponto. 

The four books Ex Ponto (letters from the Pontus) are addressed 
to various persons. The character of the poems differs little from 
that of the Tristia. The example here given is addressed by the 
poet to his wife. 

To His Wife (i. 4). 

Jam mihi deterior canis aspergitur aetas, 

Jamque meos vultus ruga senilis arat : 
Jam vigor et quasso languent in corpore vires ; 

Nee, juveni lusus qui placuere, juvant. 
Nee, si me subito videas, agnoscere possis : 5 

Aetatis facta est tanta ruina meae. 
Confiteor facere hoc annos : sed et altera causa est 

Anxietas animi continuusque labor. 
Nam mea per longos siquis mala digerat annos, 

Crede mihi, Pylio Nestore major ero. 10 

Cernis, ut in duris — et quid bove firmius ? — arvis 

Fortia taurorum corpora frangat opus. 
Quae numquam vacuo solita est cessare novali, 

Fructibus assiduis lassa senescit humus. 
Occidet, ad circi siquis certamina semper 15 

Non intermissis cursibus ibit equus. 
Firma sit ilia licet, solvetur in aequore navis, 

Quae numquam liquidis sicca carebit aquis, 
Me quoque debilitat series immensa malorum, 

Ante meum tempus cogit et esse senem. 20 

Otia corpus alunt, animus quoque pascitur illis : 

Inmodicus contra carpit utrumque labor. 
Aspice, in has partis quod venerit Aesone natus, 

Quam laudem a sera posteritate ferat. 
At labor illius nostro leviorque minorque est, 25 






I. 4, 58.] To His Wife. 201 

Si modo non verum nomina magna premunto 
Ille est in Pontum Pelia mittente profectus, 

Qui vix Thessaliae fine timendus erat. 
Caesaris ira mihi nocuit, quern solis ab ortu 

Solis ad occasus utraque terra tremit. 30 

[Junctior Haemonia est Ponto, quam Roma sit Histro ; 

Et brevius, quam nos, ille peregit iter.] 
Ille habuit comites primos telluris Achivae : 

At nostram cuncti destituere fugam. 
Nos fragili ligno vastum sulcavimus aequor : 35 

Quae tulit Aesoniden, densa carina fuit. 
Nee mihi Tiphys erat rector, nee Agenore natus 

Quas fugerem, docuit, quas sequererque vias. 
Ilium tutata est cum Pallade regia Juno : 

Defendere meum numina nulla caput. 40 

Ilium furtivae juvere Cupidinis artes ; 

Quas a me vellem non didicisset Amor. 
Ille domum rediit : nos his moriemur in arvis, 

Perstiterit laesi si gravis ira dei. 
Durius est igitur nostrum, fidissima conjunx, 45 

Illo, quod subiit Aesone natus, onus. 
Te quoque, quam juvenem discedens Urbe reliqui, 

Credibile est nostris insenuisse malis. 
O ! ego, di faciant, talem te cernere possim, 

Caraque mutatis oscula ferre comis ; • 50 

Amplectique meis corpus non pingue lacertis, 

Et * gracile hoc fecit ' dicere ' cura mei : ' 
Et narrare meos flenti flens ipse labores, 

Sperato numquam conloquioque frui, 
Turaque Caesaribus cum conjuge Caesare digna, 55 

Dis veris, memori debita ferre manu ! 
Memnonis hanc utinam, lenito principe, mater 

Quam prirnum roseo provocet ore diem ! 



202 Appendix. 

APPENDIX. 

The Creation. 

[Metamorphoses Book I. 1-88.] 

Proem (1-4). Description of Chaos (5-20). The Creator assigns the elements to 
their places, and divides the land from the waters: the zones and climates (21-58). _ The 
heavens are clear, and living things come forth upon the earth: lastly man, fashioned 
by Prometheus in the image of the immortals (69-88). 

In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas 
corpora. Di, coeptis (nam vos mutastis et illas) 
adspirate meis, primaque ab origine mundi 
ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen. 

Ante mare et terras et (quod tegit omnia) caelum, 5 

unus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe, 
quern dixere Chaos : rudis indigestaque moles, 
nee quicquam nisi pondus iners, congestaque eodem 
non bene junctarum discordia semina rerum. 

nullus adhuc mundo praebebat lumina Titan, 10 

nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phoebe, 
nee circumfuso pendebat in aere Tellus 
ponderibus librata suis, nee bracchia longo 
margine terrarum porrexerat Amphitrite; 
quaque fuit tellus, illic et pontus et aer. 15 

v. 1. In nova . . . corpora : at first sight, corpora mutata in novas formas would 
seem more natural. But formas and corpora mean nearly the same thing: the forms 
are changed, and so the bodies are new. — animus, spirit; hence often inclination. — 
fert, impels [me] (a standing expression). — dicere depends on fert animus as an 
expression of wishing, § 331. b; G. 4 2 3 '■> H. 533, I. 1. 

2. COeptiS, efforts ; lit. things begun. — et, too, belonging with mutastis, for 
you changed them, too (and should therefore help me to tell of them). 

3. mundi, the universe or system of things; a word having the original sense (like 
the Greek Kocr/ao?) of order or beauty. 

4. perpetuum carmen, teninterrupted song, a connected story from the beginning 
of the world to the poet's own day. 

6. orbe, sphere of space; more strictly, orbis is a flat disc, which was the ancient 
poetic notion of the " circle " of being. 

7. ChaOS (cf. Greek xaLvu, yawn), the yawning void. — moles, heap, as of ele- 
ments, or materials, chance-piled together. — nee quicquam, and nothing, the negative 
and connective being combined as usual. 

8. iners, i.e. lacking the skill (ars) to combine them. — eodem, into the same 
place. 

10-14. Titan, Phoebe, Tellus, Amphitrite = Sun, Moon, Earth, Sea. As the 
chief of the old nature-divinities {Titans) the Sun sometimes retains this name in poetry. 
The variety of names of the ancient divinities comes from the fact that new sets of gods 
springing up or introduced from abroad were identified with the old ones. 

11. Phoebe ('/>oi'/3r]), the bright one, feminine form of Phoebus {Apollo), later identi- 
fied with Diana {Artemis), goddess of the chase. — crescendo, in her waxing. — 
reparabat: re- means in place of the old. 

12. Circumfuso aere: later philosophers taught that the earth is a sphere or globe, 
surrounded by air, in which it hangs balanced by its own weight — ponderibus librata 
suis. — Tellus, the Earth as contrasted with the heavens: terra (connected with 
torreo) is the " dry^ " land as contrasted with the sea. 

13. longO margine, about the long outline (§ 258./; G. 389; H. 425, II. 1). 

14. Amphitrite: Amphitrite, "she that enfolds," the wife of Neptune, is poetically 
the Sea. Observe that this is a spondaic verse: Amphitrite. 

15. QUaque, and where {ever). 



The Creation. 203 

Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda, 
lucis egens aer : nulli sua forma manebat, 
obstabatque aliis aliud, quia corpore in uno 
frigida pugnabant calidis, umentia siccis, 
mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus. 20 

Hanc deus et melior litem natura diremit. 
nam caelo terras et terris abscidit undas, 
et liquidum spisso secrevit ab aere caelum. 
quae postquam evolvit caecoque exemit acervo, 
dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit. 25 

Ignea convexi vis et sine pondere caeli 
emicuit, summaque locum sibi fecit in arce. 
proximus est aer illi levitate locoque; 
densior his tellus, elementaque grandia traxit 

et pressa est gravitate sua; circumfluus umor 30 

ultima possedit, solidumque coercuit orbem. 

Sic ubi dispositam, quisquis fuit ille deorum, 
congeriem secuit, sectamque in membra redegit, 
principio terram, ne non aequalis ab omni 

parte foret, magni speciem glomeravit in orbis. 35 

turn freta diffudit, rapidisque tumescere ventis 
jussit, et ambitae circumdare litora terrae. 
addidit et fontes et stagna immensa lacusque, 
fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis, 

quae, diversa locis, partim sorbentur ab ipsa, 40 

in mare perveniunt partim, campoque recepta 
liberioris aquae pro ripis litora pulsant. 

16. Sic, so, i.e. in this condition of things. — instabilis, innabilis = " the earth that 
could not be trod, the wave that could not be swum," the opposite of their most striking 
properties. 

17. nulli, sc. eorum. —sua, its own (§ 196. c; G. 309, 2; H. 449, 2). —manebat, 

was fixed. 

18. Obstabat aliiS aliud = every thing hindered every thing else. 

19. calidis, dat. (§ 229. c; G. 346, 6; H. 385, II. 4, 3). 

20. sine pondere (understand "with those") = levibus. — habentia pondus = 
gravia, in the same construction with frigida, umentia, mollia. 

21. banc litem, this strife, of which a case at court seemed the most natural image 
to a Roman: etymologically, strife = stlit- (lis). 

23. spisso aere, the grosser air. 

24. quae relates to the elements; terras, undas, caelum, aer: when he had un- 
folded these. 

25. locis (§ 253; G. 397 ; H. 424) : each element is supposed to have its own place, or 
natural level. 

26. convexi, bending, as if regarded from the outside. Observe the four elements in 
the order of their gravity: ignea vis, aer, tellus, umor. — vis, nature. — et connects 

ig-nea and sine pondere. —sine pondere = levis, agreeing with vis. 

27. emicuit, leaped forth, as by its nature; perhaps also as if it took the supremacy 
and occupied the citadel. — summa arce, the zenith (topmost height). 

29. grandia, coarser. 

32. ubi secuit, when he had parted : the subject is quisquis. — sic dispositam : 

so arranged ( i.e. and had arranged it so). 

34. principio, in the beginning, qualifying glomeravit. 

35. speciem ... in = in speciem. —orbis, see note to v. 6. 

36. rapidis, not merely szvift, but (with active force; cf. rapio) dragging the waters, 
which swell under them. 

39. obliquis, sloping; declivia, down-flowing (clivus) . 

40. diversa locis: cf. ?'. 25. — ipsa, sc. terra (z/. 37). The ab shows that the Earth 
is here represented as a living agent. 

42. aquae, construed with campo, expanse (the sea).— ripis, litora: notice the 
contrast, one word meaning banks, the other shores. 



204 Appendix. 

jussit et extendi campos, subsidere valles, 
fronde tegi silvas, lapidosos surgere montes. 

Utque duae dextra caelum totidemque sinistra 45 

parte secant zonae, quinta est ardentior illis : 
sic onus inclusum numero distinxit eodem 
cura dei, totidemque plagae tellure premuntur. 
quarum quae media est, non est habitabilis aestu, 
nix tegit alta duas; totidem inter utramque locavit, 50 

temperiemque dedit, mixta cum frigore flamma. 

Imminet his aer : qui, quanto est pondere terrae 
pondus aquae levius, tanto est onerosior igni. 
illic et nebulas, illic consistere nubes 

jussit, et humanas motura tonitrua mentes, 55 

et cum fulminibus facientes frigora ventos. 
his quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum 
aera permisit : vix nunc obsistitur illis, 
cum sua quisque regant diverso flamina tractu, 
quin lanient mundum; tanta est discordia fratrum. 60 

Eurus ad auroram Nabataeaque regna recessit, 
Persidaque et radiis juga subdita matutinis; 
Vesper et occiduo quae litora sole tepescunt, 
proxima sunt Zephyro; Scythiam septemque trionem 
horrifer invasit Boreas; contraria tellus 65 

nubibus assiduis pluvioque madescit ab Austro. 
haec super imposuit liquidum et gravitate carentem 
aethera, nee quicquam terrenae faecis habentem. 

45. ut, as.— dextra, Sinistra, right and left in reference to the celestial equator. 
The division into five zones was first made by Eudoxus, a pupil of Aristotle. 

46. quinta est, there is a fifth (in the middle). 

47. onus inclusum, i.e. the earth. — numero, sc. zonarum. 

48. premuntur, lie below. This word often loses its passive force, and means 
merely to lie, with the idea of low ties s added. — tellure, on earth (loc. abL). 

50. totidem, sc. zonas. —locavit : the subject is cura dei. 

52. his, i.e. the terrestrial zones. — quanto, etc. = is as much heavier than flame 
as water is lighter than earth (§ 250; G. 403; H. 423). 

54. illic, here, in this. — nebulas, vapors ; nubes, clouds. 

55. motura, destined to excite. 

56. Cum . . . VentOS, winds which cause cold along with lightnings. The ancients 
thought that lightning was caused by the friction of wind upon the clouds. 

57. his, i.e. the winds. — passim, at randotn (an adverbial form from pandO, 
spread). — fabricator, framer. — quoque, these too, as well as the elements, were 
set each in his place. 

58. Vix Obsistitur illUS = scarce can they be withstood (impersonal, § 230 ; G. 217 ; 
H. 384, II. 5). — nunc, as it is, when they are separated, giving the reason of separating 
them by implying the consequence of their being together. 

59. cum . . . regant, while they direct each his own blast (subj. of characteris- 
tic) . — tractu, region. 

60. quin, following Vix Obsistitur, from rending, lit. so but that, &>c. 

61. Nabataea regna, in Arabia Petraea. 

63- juga, mountain ranges. Notice how Ovid varies the description in the four 
cases. 

64. Scytbiam : this term was applied to the vast steppes of Tartary and south- 
eastern Russia. It was therefore north-east rather than north. — septemtrionem, a 
compound (also used in the pi.) separated by tmesis by the enclitic -que. The word 
means the "seven-ox-team," i.e. the constellation of the Bear (north). 

66. madescit, is moistened. 

67. liquidum, purely transparent. 

68. aetbera: identical with the element of fire. — nee quicquam habentem, and 

having nought, —terrenae faeciS, dregs of earth. 



The Creation. 205 

Vix ita limitibus dissaepserat omnia certis, 
cum quae pressa diu massa latuere sub ilia, 70 

sidera coeperunt toto effervescere caelo : 
neu regio foret ulla suis animantibus orba, 
astra tenent caeleste solum formaeque deorum; 
cesserunt nitidis habitandae piscibus undae; 
terra feras cepit, volucres agitabilis aer. 75 

Sanctius his animal mentisque capacius altae 
deerat adhuc, et quod dominari in cetera posset, 
natus homo est : sive hunc divino semine fecit 
ille opifex rerum, mundi melioris origo, 

sive recens tellus, seductaque nuper ab alto 80 

aethere, cognati retinebat semina' caeli. 
quam satus Iapeto, mixtam fluvialibus undis, 
finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum. 
pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terram, 
os homini sublime dedit, caelumque tueri 85 

jussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus. 
sic, modo quae fuerat rudis et sine imagine, tellus 
induit ignotas hominum conversa figuras. 

70. quae: the antecedent is sidera. — pressa, hidden. 

71. Caelo: loc. abl., § 258,/, 2 ; G. 388; H. 425, II. 2. 

72. neu (neve), and lest, the regular connective with ne. — foret : imperf. (§ 287, 
h\ G. 519, r.). 

73. astra : the stars are here regarded as living beings. 

74. cesserunt, fell to the lot of. 

75. agitabilis, beaten with wings (cf. v. 16), poetical for yielding. 

76. animal, a living being. — mentis depends on capacius (§ 218, b ; G. 375; 
H. 399, II.). 

77- deerat, two syllables. — quod pOSSet, which might; clause of purpose, § 317 ; 
G. 630 ; H. 497, I. 

78-80. sive, Sive, i.e. whether it was an act of creation or a manufacture from mate- 
rials already endowed with life. 

79. OligO, source. 

82. quam, which (i.e. earth). —satUS Iapeto (§ 244, a ; G. 395 ; H. 415, II.), son 
of Iapetns, Prometheus. 

83. in effigiem, etc. : compare " Let us make man in our image," Genesis i. 26. — 
moderantum = qui moderantur, which would be used in prose. For the gen. in -um 
see § 87, d, 2 ; G. 83, N- 2 ; H. 64 ; 2, footnote 2. 

84. cum, while, whereas (§ 326 ; G. 587 : H. 515, III.). 

85. sublime, erect. 

87. modo quae, which but now. —sine imagine, formless. 



NOTES. 






NOTES. 



It is supposed that most classes who read Ovid at all, will read 
Ovid before any other Latin poet; and as it is desirable that a 
poetical composition should always be read as verse, — that is, with 
a knowledge of its rhythmical structure, — a few directions will 
here be given for scanning at sight, or by ear, which, with a little 
practice, will be found an easy, almost mechanical process. 

It is necessary, first, for the learner to understand the nature 
of the verse, as depending on precisely the same principles as the 
rhythmical divisions of music (see §§ 355-358; G. 729-733; H.596- 
599); also, to be familiar with the general rules of quantity and 
accent (§§ 18, 19 ; G. 10-15; H. 16-18). 1 Besides this, the teacher 
should explain and illustrate, so far as may be necessary, the struc- 
ture of the hexameter (§ 362 ; G. 784 ; H. 609-613), reading from 
the text of the poem itself, until its peculiar movement has become 
familiar to the learner's ear. It will now be observed, — 

1 . That the difficulties in scanning lie almost entirely in the first 
half of the verse. With very rare exceptions, the last two feet, and 
generally the last three, are accented in verse exactly as they would 
be in prose ; that is, the thesis (first syllable) of the foot corresponds 
with the natural or prose accent of the word. 

2. That in hexameter verse the third foot (rarely the fourth 
instead) regularly begins with the last syllable of a word. Thus, 
while the last half of a verse is almost always accented as in prose, 
the first half very seldom is. The slight pause interrupting the foot 
at the end of the word is called a ccesural pause (§ 358, b ; G. 750 ; 
H. 602), and is the most important point that distinguishes the 

1 To these it may be well to add the quantity of final syllables (§ 348 ; G. 707- 
713; H. 579-581). The learner should also be habituated to an accurate 
pronunciation of words according to their prose accent. 



4 Notes. 

movement of verse from that of prose. The pause in the third foot 
(less commonly the fourth) usually corresponds with a pause in the 
sense, and is called the principal caesura. 

3. That whenever a short syllable occurs in the verse, there must 
be a dactyl. This becomes a most convenient rule, as soon as the 
pronunciation of even the commonest words is known, in all cases 
where there are words of more than two syllables ; for thus a short 
syllable will often serve as a key to the entire structure of the verse. 

For examples, we will take the first four lines of the first selection 
given in this book (i. 89, foil.) : — 

89. Aurea prima sata est aetas quae vindice nullo. 

Here the last two words are scanned exactly as they read : 
I vindice | nullo. The syllable before, quae, contains a diphthong, 
and is therefore long ; consequently, as it is not the first syllable of 
a foot, it must be the second half of a spondee ; and we find that 
the preceding syllable, -tas, is long, which gives us the first half of 
the spondee. The first syllable of aetas, again, consists of a diph- 
thong, and must therefore form a spondee with the preceding sylla- 
ble, ast (by elision from the last syllable of sata with est, § 359, c ; 
G. 719, exc. ; H. 608, 1). Beginning with the beginning of the line, 
aurea has a short penult, as its accent shows, and forms a dactyl. 
There remain, then, only three syllables, prima sa-, which must, 
therefore, also form a dactyl, and the verse scans as follows : — 

Aurea | prima sa|ta 'st||ae|tas quae | vindice | nullo. 

90. Sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumqzie colebat. 

The last words are scanned as they read: rec|tumque co|ldbat. 
The length of the first syllable of rectum shows that it is the last 
half of a spondee. The correct scansion of the rest of the line 
depends entirely upon the reader's knowledge of the rules for quan- 
tity. Sponte ends in e, and final e is short ; sua is ablative, and 
final a in the ablative is long ; sine and lege both end in e, which is 
short ; and the quantity of the other syllables is determined by their 
position in their respective feet. The line scans thus : — 

Sponte su|a sine | lege || fi|dem rec|tumque co|lebat, 

with feminine caesura. 



Nctes. $ 

91. Poena metusque aberant, nee verba mindcia fi^ a . 

The last four words are scanned as they read : nee | verba mi | na- 
cia I fixo. Here nee is long by position, as is the syllable before it. 
Poena is nominative, and has, therefore, a short final a ; conse- 
quently the e of metus must also be short. Only the second foot is 
now unaccounted for, and it consists of the only three syllables 
remaining, — tusqu 1 abe-. The line scans, — 

Poena me | tusqu' abe | rant || nee | verba mi|nacia | fixo. 

92. Aere legebantur, nee supplex turba timebat. 

Here the words nee | supplex | turba ti | mebat are scanned as they 
are pronounced in prose; the length (by position) of. nee shows that 
it forms the last half of a spondee ; the short final e of aere shows 
that the first foot is a dactyl ; consequently the two remaining sylla- 
bles must form a spondee, the second foot of the verse : — 

Aere le | geban | tur || nee | supplex | turba ti | mebat. 

These hints would be sufficient for all or nearly all cases, 1 if it 
were not for the frequent elision of the last syllable of words ; viz., 
in general, whenever a word ending in a vowel or in m is followed 
by a word beginning with a vowel or with h. This makes the com- 
monest and most annoying of the obstacles to be met, and requires 
the beginner to be constantly on the watch. If he will now care- 
fully compare the following lines, as metrically divided, with the 
rules which have been given above, it is hoped that he will have 
little difficulty hereafter. 

Aurea | prima sa|ta 'st II ae|tas, quae | vindice | nullo 
Sponte su | a, sine | lege || fi | dem rec | tumque co | lebat. 90 

Poena me | tusqu' abe | rant, || nee | verba mi | nacia | fixo 
Aere le|geban|tur, || nee | supplex | turba ti| mebat 
Judicis I ora su|i, || sed e|rant sine | vindice | tuti. 
Nondum | caesa su|is, || pere|grinz*w ut | viseret \ orbem, 
Montibus | in liqui|das || pi|nus de|scenderat | undas, 95 

Nullaque | morta | les || prae | ter sua | litora | norant. 
Nondum | praecipi|tes || cin|gebant | oppida | fossae: 

1 It will be observed that, of the first twenty verses of this selection, only 
verse 99 lacks the caesura in the third foot, and that there the principal pause 
is in the fourth foot instead of the third. 



Notes. 

Non tuba | direc|ti, || non | aeris | cornua | flexi, 

Non gale|ae, non | ensis e|rant; || sine | militis | usu 

Mollia | secu|rae || pera|gebant 1 otia [ gentes. ioO 

Ipsa quo | qu' immu | nis || ra | stroqu' in | tacta nee | ullis 

Saucia | vomerilbus || per | se dabat | omnia | tellus: 

Conten|tique ci|bis || nul|lo co|gente cre|atis 

Arbute | os fe | tus || mon | tanaque | fraga le | gebant 

Cornaqu' et | in du|ris || hae|rentia | mora ru|betis, 105 

Et quae | decide | rant ]| patu|la Jovis | arbore, | glandes. 

Ver erat | aeter|num, || placi|dique te|pentibus | auris 

Mulcejbant zephy|ri || na|tos sine | semine | flores,, 



The Four Ages and the Flood. 



I. THE FOUR AGES AND THE FLOOD. 

I. 89. aurea : compare the description of the Golden Age in Virgil, 
Eel. iv. The Ages are named from the metals gold, silver, brass (or more 
exactly copper), and iron, the best being the Golden, the worst the Iron 
Age. — sata est, xvas created, i.e. was. — vindice nullo (abb abs.), when 
there was no avenger [of guilt] , i.e. by no constraint. 

91. verba minacia, refers to laws. The Roman laws were inscribed 
upon bronze tablets, which were fastened up in the forum and other public 
places. Hence fixo aere, posted up in brass (abl. of place, § 258,^ 3; 
G. 385, N. 1 ; H. 425, 2, n. 3 ). 

92. supplex turba, the defendant and his friends, who generally 
tried to move the judges by their prayers. 

93. erant tuti, not supplex turba, but the people in general. 

94. caesa agrees with pinus; suis with montibus; the pine felled 
on its native hills, and wrought into ships (abl. like fixo aere in 91). 

96. norant (§ 128, a\ G. 131, 1,3; H. 235, 2), knew, lit. had learned 
(§ 279, e; G. 236, 2, R. 1 ; H. 297, 1, 2). 

98. directi, flexi, both agree with aeris (gen. of material, § 214, e; 
G. 368, r. ; H. 395, v.). The tuba was a long straight brazen horn; the 
cornu was curved. 

99. sine militis usu, without occasion for the employment of soldiery ; 
militis is used collectively. 

100. securae, free from care. Notice the interlocked order, a very 
common one in Latin. — otia : the plural is often used in Latin, when in 
English we use the singular; this is especially common in poetry, fre- 
quently, as here, for metrical reasons (§ 79, d ; G. 204, R. 6 ; H. 130, 3). 

101. ipsa immunis tellus, the earth itself unburdened. Strictly, 
without any duties to perform, not called on by man for tribute. 

102. per se, equiv. to sua sponte. 

103. cibis (§ 245; G. 408; H. 421, hi.). — nullo cogente (abl. abs.) 
= with no compulsion, qualifying creatis. 

104. arbuteos fetus = arbuti fetus, the fruit of the arbute tree. The 
arbute or strawberry tree is common in Italy. The fruit resembles the 
strawberry in appearance, but is somewhat insipid in taste. — legebant, 
[men] gathered (§ 206, b). 

105. mora, blackberries. 

106. quae glandes : the antecedent is incorporated in the relative 
clause (§ 200, b; G. 616; H. 445, 9). — Jovis arbore, the oak, sacred 
to Jupiter. 



8 Notes. 

108. mulcebant, fanned, caressed (properly, stroked*). 

109. mox, soon (after flowering). — fruges, grain, the "kindly fruits 
of the earth," not fruit in the ordinary modern sense. 

no. nee renovatus, not reneived, i.e. without lying fallow. The 
negative belongs only with renovatus. — canebat, grew white. 

112. mella: i.e. in the Golden Age honey dropped spontaneously from 
the leaves without the toil of bees. For the plural, see on v. 100. 

113. postquam . . . misso, when, after Saturn was banished, etc. 
(the relative clause ends with erat) . Sahirnus was an old Italian god of 
the crops (satus, sero), but was identified by the later Romans with the 
Greek Kronos, father of Zeus, who was dethroned and sent to Tartarus by 
his son. 

114. sub Jove : the reign of stern law, under Jupiter, follows that of 
peace and innocence. — subiit : contrary to rule the last i is long. This 
seems to be a relic of an earlier usage (§ 354, a, 3, N.), and is especially 
common in iit, petiit, and their compounds (G. 708, 4) ; cf. Virg. JEn. 
viii. 362, x. 67. 

115. auro, aere : one would expect aurea and aenea (sc. prole). 

116. contraxit, shortened (cf. v. 107); the changing seasons are the 
first sign of nature's loss. 

117. inaequales, changeable. 

118. spatiis : abl. of manner. — exegit, led out (i.e. to its end), com.' 
pleted. 

119. fervoribus : plural; cf. otia, v. 100, mella, v. 112. 

120. ventis : abl. — pependit shows that glacies refers to icicles. 

122. cortiee, improperly used for liber, the fibrous inner bark. 

123. semina Cerealia, seeds of grain ; cf. arbuteos fetus, v. 104. 
Ceres gave grain to mankind, and taught them agriculture. 

128. venae . . . aevum, ttpon an age of worse vein (i.e. metal). A 
vein of ore or metal in a mine was called vena. 

129. verum, truthfulness (§ 189, a; G. 204, N. 2 ; H. 441, 2). 

130. fraudesque: in poetry que is frequently added to the first of a 
series of words, when the other members of the series are connected by 
que. It should be omitted in translation. 

131. amor . . . habendi, the guilty love of gain. 

132. vela, etc., in consequence of the love of gain, which drove -men 
to brave the dangers of the sea. Foreign commerce, now regarded as the 
source of civilization, was anciently held in disesteem by the poets. 

133- quaeque carinae, = et carinae quae ; cf. quae glandes, v. 106. — 
diu steterant, see v. 94. 

134. ignotis: the seas, like the winds (v. 132), were as yet unknown 



The Four Ages and the Flood. 9 

to the sailors. — insultavere : the meaning is double. They danced upon 
the waves, and despised the danger. 

135. communem h u mum, the soil, before common (free to all), like 
sunlight and air ; lumina and auras are put in the ace. like humum 
though the sense is : ceu lumina solis et aurae sint. 

136. limite : the limes was a boundary-path between two farms de- 
scribed by the agrimensor in laying out the public lands. 

137. segetes poscebatur humus, crops were demanded of the earth, 
or more literally, the earth was asked for crops (§ 239, c, R.; G. 339, N.*; 
H. 374, 1). — debita, due, because the earth owes the planter a return for 
his seed. 

138. itum est, men penetrated (§ 146, d; G. 208, 2; H. 301, 1). 
l 39' quasque opes = opesque quas (§ 201, c, e; G. 622). — recondi- 

derat, she [the earth] had hidden. — admoverat, had brought near to. — 
Stygiis umbris (dat. § 228; G. 347; H. 386), the shades of Styx : the 
realms of the dead, conceived to be under the earth. 

141. ferrum, aurum : these were a part of the opes. 

142. prodit bellum, war comes forth, as a consequence of the appear- 
ance of iron and gold. — utroque, with both (abl. of instrument) : gold, 
as well as iron, is one of the " sinews of war." 

144. vivitur, men live; cf. itum est, v. 138. — hospes (for the quan- 
tity, see § 348, 9, exc. 2; G. 709, 2, exc. 1; H. 581, vi. 1), guest-friend 
(i.e. guest or host). This word refers to a peculiar relation between persons 
of different countries who were bound to furnish hospitality to each other. 

145. non socer a genero: these words would make every Roman 
think of Caesar and Pompey. 

146. imminet, broods over. — exitio, dat (§ 228; G. 347; H. 386). 
— conjugis, mariti, both limit exitio. 

147. novercae, step-mothers. The evil practice of divorce among the 
Romans, and the domestic misery that came from it, made the cruelty of 
step-mothers proverbial. — lurida, dark. The association of poison with 
dark mixtures is old and general. Blue and poison are associated in Sans- 
krit and Greek. — aconita: plural; cf. otia, v. 100 (see also § 75, c; G. 
204, n. 5, 6). 

148. inqulrit, questions (of fortune-tellers: he is impatient for his in- 
heritance). — ante diem, before the tifne, i.e. before his father's natural 
death would leave him his inheritance. — patrios a,nnos = palris annos; 
cf. arbuteos fetus, v. 104. 

149. virgo Astraea, the maid Astr<za, goddess of justice. She took 
her place in the heavens as the constellation Virgo. — madentes terras, 
the earth reeking. 



IO Notes. 

150. ultima caelestum : Astrsea was the last of the gods to leave the 
earth. Formerly all the gods had dwelt on earth, but the depravity of man 
forced them to withdraw. 

1 51-162. The Giants, sons of Earth and Heaven, attack the gods, but 
are defeated. From their blood springs a wicked race of men. 

153. struxisse montes, piled the mountains. 

154. Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, mountains of Thessaly. 

155. Ossae: dat. instead of abl. with ex or de (§ 229; G. 347, r. 5 ■ H. 
386, 2). 

156. corpora, i.e. of the giants. 

157. natorum, her sons. 

160. et ilia, i.e. as well as the earlier race of men. 

162. scires, you might have known (§ 311, a; G. 258; H. 485); cf. 
putes, v. 242. 

163. quae: refers to the depravity of man as described in the preced- 
ing lines. For the use of the relative, see § 180, f 201, e; G. 610, R. 1 ; 
H. 453. — pater Saturnius, Jupiter. 

164. facto recenti (abl. abs.), since the deed was recent. — vulgata 
(belonging to convivia), made known (spread abroad). 

165. Lycaoniae, of Lycaon (cf. arbuteos fetus, v. 104). He had 
offered Jupiter human flesh to eat; see v. 210 and the following. — ref- 
er ens, revolving, thinking over. 

166. animo (with concipif), in his soul. — dignas Jove, worthy of 
Jove, i.e. in accordance with his greatness. — iras (pi.) ; see note on otia, 
v. 100, and aconita, v. 147. 

167. concilium, sc. deorum, senate. 

168. caelo sereno (abl. abs.), whe?i the sky is clear. 

1 69. Lactea, nominative in form, as being the simple name, a mere 
word, in no grammatical relation. This word, however, is in apposition 
with nomen. 

170. hac, by this (§ 258,^; G. 389; H. 420, 1, 3). — superis (dat.), 
for the gods. — magni Tonantis, of the great Thunderer, i.e. of Jupiter. 

171. dextra laevaque (sc. parte), on the right and left (§ 258,/; 
G. 385, N.J; H.425, 2). 

172. celebrantur, are thro7iged. The figure is taken from the custom 
of Roman nobles, whose halls {atria) were visited in the morning by their 
clients and dependants. 

173. plebs, i.e. the lower gods {di minorum gentium); opposed to 
potentes caelicolae clarique (cf. deorum nobilium, v. 171), the twelve 
great gods of Olympus {di majorum gentium). The gods are divided 
into classes like the people of Rome. — diversa locis, i.e. only the great 



The Four 4-g es an d the Flood. 



ii 



live here; locis is abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 397; H. 424). — a 
fronte, in front, as one goes up the street (§ 260, ^G.390, 2, n. 6 ; H. 434, 1). 
1 74. penates = households. 

176. Palatia: this word had not yet acquired Its modern meaning of 
palace, but meant the dwelling of 
Augustus, on the Palatine hill. 
Augustus is thus, by a daring flat- 
tery (audacid), compared with the 
king of the gods. — dixisse: the 
perfect does not differ in sense from 
the present, and seems to be used 
in great part on account of its metri- 
cal convenience. 

177. recessu, an interior apart- 
ment (abb without in, § 258,/; G. 
385, N. 1 ; H. 425, ii. 2, n. 3 ). 

1 78. ipse, by a common and natu- 
ral usage the king or chief, as in ipse 
dixit, he said it himself (Pythago- 
ras). — loco: cf. locis, 173. — seep- 
tro, abl. (§ 254, b\ G. 401, N. 6 ; 
H. 425, I, 1, note). (See Fig. 1.) 

180. cum qua, together with 
which, i.e. and at the same time. 

181. ora . . . solvit, opened his angry lips. 

Fig. 2. 




Jupiter. 



182. ilia tempestate, 

at that crisis. 

184. inicere, the prop- 
er spelling of injicere. 
The compounds of jacio, 
which change a into i, lose 
the j before the i. — angui- 
pedum, limiting quisque. 
The Giants were repre- 
sented with bodies termi- 
nating in serpents (see 
Fig. 2) : they are here con- 
founded with the " hun- 
dred-handed " {centum 
bracchid) Cottus, Briareus, 
and Gyas, who were brothers of the Titans, but aided Jupiter against the 




Jupiter and the Giants. 



12 



Notes. 



Fig- 3- 



rebellious deities (see Iliad, i. 399-406). — caelo, dative, following ini- 
cere; to cast their hundred hands upon the captive sky. 

185. ab uno corpore, from a single class (of divinities), contrasted 
with the present rebellion of the whole human race. 

187. qua, wherever. — Nereus, an ancient sea divinity, especially 
associated with the calm depths : here put for the sea. 

188. per, in oaths and prayers, by. — flumina: pi. for sing. 

189. Stygio luco (loc. abl.) in the grove of Styx ("Gloom"), the 
river which bounds the entrance to the world below. The oath by the 
Styx was the most awful and binding that could be taken by the gods. 

190. cuncta=a// other 7?ieans. — temptata, 
sc. stint. 

191. lie . . . trail atur, lest the sound (lit. 
clean") part be drazvn [into the same disease]. 

193. faunique : the enclitic -que is here used 
as long in imitation of Homer, who makes the 
Greek re long. It is probably made so by the pause 
at the end of the word, or, as it is sometimes called, 
by ccesura. This occurs generally in the second foot 
of the verse, and only when a second -que follows. 
The Fauni and Silvani — Italian nature divinities 
— are here joined with the Greek Satyrs. They 
were fabulous creatures, types of the wild life of 
the forest. They are represented, like the Greek 
Pan, with horns, goats' legs and feet, and pointed 
hairy ears. (See Fig. 3.) 

194. quos quoniam : the Latin relative is often used where our 
idiom requires the demonstrative and some connective particle (§ 201, e; 
G. 610; H. 453). — dignamur, deem worthy. — honore, governed by 
dignamur, which like its primitive dignus takes the ablative (§ 245, a ; 
G. 397, n. 2 ; H. 421, iii. n. 2 ). 

195. certe, at least. — sinamus, hortatory subjunctive. 

^96. an, very commonly used in argumentative questions, as here, 
where the thing asked is obviously absurd. — illos, opposed to mihi. 

197. mini, against me, following struxerit (§ 229, c ; G. 358; H. 
385, 4, 3). — qui habeo, § 204, a; G. 614; H. 445. — struxerit (§ 326; 
G. 586; II. 517). 

199. ;t 11 mi in . . . deposcunt, they demand (for vengeance) him who 
has dared such things. A regular meaning of deposco. The use of the 
participle for a relative clause is forced and poetic. 

200. saevlt, for saeviit. Notice the indicative with cum, used to 




Faun. 






The Four Ages and the Flood. 13 

define the time of the main clause, not to describe its circumstances 
(§323; G. 580; H. 521, i.). 

201. Caesareo : equivalent to Caesaris (§ 190; G. 362, r. 1 ; H. 
395 j N. 2 ). — exstinguere, put out like a fire; hence destroy ; sanguine 
Caesareo is therefore the instrumental abl. 

202. attonitum est, was thunderstruck. 

204. tuorum, thine own. By a pleasant fiction, the subjects of Augus- 
tus's empire are spoken of as his kindred or friends. — pietas, filial 
affection. 

205. ilia, the pietas, expressed by the eagerness of the gods, v. 199. 

206. silentia: pi. for sing. (§ 79, d; G. 204, n. 6 ; H. 130, 3). 

207. regentis : the use of the participle in the singular as a noun is 
poetic, though the language is very capricious in its use of participles as 
nouns. — quidem (concessive), it is trtie, i.e. there is no need of your 
being alarmed to be sure, but I will tell the story to gratify your curiosity. 

210. admissum, thing done, i.e. cri?ne ; sc. sit. 

211. inf amia, evil report. 

212. falsam, predicative, i.e. equivalent to falsa m esse. 

213. deus (appos.), /, a god. Notice how it is purposely set next to 
hum ana for contrast. — lustro, survey. The word is primarily used of a 
priest who " lustrates " or purifies by going about with a ceremonial the 
company of worshippers; then of an officer who surveys or reviews the 
ranks of his troops. 

214. est, woidd be (§ 311, c; G. 254,r.1; H. 511). — noxae, partitive 
genitive (§ 216, a, y, G. 369; H. 397, 3). 

215. vero, than the truth. 

216. Maenala, a mountain in Southern Arcadia, fabled as the dwell- 
ing-place of nymphs and satyrs. — latebris, abl. of specification (§ 253; 
G. 397; H. 424)0 

217. Cyllene and Lycaeus, mountains of Arcadia. 

218. Arcados, gen. agreeing with tyranni (Greek form as shown by 
the short o, requiring the nom. Areas). As Latin poetry is imitated and 
translated from Greek, such forms, especially of proper names, are common. 

222. deus . . . an mortalis, [whether] god or mortal (§ 211, a; G. 
458; H. 353, 2). — discrimine aperto, by a plain test. 

225. haec 1111, spoken with scorn, as if he said, " That's his idea of a 
test of truth." 

226. eo, abl. with contentus (§ 254, b, 2; G. 401, N. 6 ; H. 421, iii.). — 
missi agrees with obsidis unius. 

227. unius, here simply a. The force of times is sometimes weakened 
(as is that of quidam) until it becomes little more than an indefinite article. 



14 Notes. 

In the same way the demonstrative pronouns are often used for the definite 
article. 

228= ita, i.e. just as he was, with his throat cut. — partim, not partly, 
but 2, part of, etc. — semineces, half dead, i.e. not yet thoroughly cold in 
death. 

230. simul ( — simul ac), as soon as. — vindice flamma, avenging 
flame, i.e. the thunderbolt. 

231. dignos, i.e. because they did not prevent the crime. 

232. territus fugit, etc. : this transformation to a wolf is suggested 
perhaps by the name Lycaon (Greek Xvkos^). It corresponds with the wild 
superstition of the were-wolf which makes the subject of many old popular 
tales. The name lycanthropy is given to a particular form of madness con- 
nected with this superstition. " In 1600, multitudes were attacked with 
the disease in the Jura, emulated the destructive habits of the wolf, mur- 
dered and devoured children, howled, walked on all-fours, so that the 
palms of the hands became hard and horny; and admitted that they con- 
gregated in the mountains for a sort of cannibal or devil's Sabbath. Six 
hundred persons were executed on their own confession." — Chaifibers 's 
Encyclopedia. Many notices of this superstition are found in ancient 
writers of many nations, especially in connection with Arcadia, a pastoral 
and forest country, where the inhabitants suffered greatly from wolves. 

233. ab ipso, i.e. from his natural character, needing no transforma- 
tion. The allusion is to foam at the mouth. 

235. sanguine, abl. of cause (§ 245; G. 408; H. 416). 

236. abeunt, pass. 

239. Idem = iidem. 

240. perire: what construction would be usual in prose? (§ 320,/; 
G. 552, R. 2 ; H. 503, ii. 2). 

241. Erinys, properly the Greek name of the divinity that inflicts 
vengeance for violated law, but here signifying the instigator of crime 
(Virg. JEn. vii. 324) . 

242. putes, you might suppose ; cf. scires, v. 162 (§ 311, a; N. 1 ; G. 
257; H. 485). — jurasse, sc. homines. — dent = /^ them pay (§ 226; 
G. 263, 3 ; H. 483). — ocius, § 93, a. 

243. stat, is fixed. 

244. frementi, sc. ei. 

245. partes, their part, as members of the council. — adiciunt, i.e. 
they spur him already excited. — assensibus, opposed to voce, the first 
part made speeches, the second only assented (assentior), as was the 
custom in the Roman Senate. 

246. jactura, destruction : the image is from the casting of goods over- 



The Faur Ages and the Flood. 15 

board in a storm at sea. — dolori (§ 233; G. 356; H. 390), a cause of 
grief. 

247. mortalibus (abl. of separation) orbae, bereft of men. 

249. populandas, § 294, d; G. 430; H. 544, 2, n.' 2 

250. quaerentes, sc. eos, object of vetat. — enim : he forbids them 
to tremble, for the rest [he says] shall be his care. — sibi, emphatic. 

25 i„ superum for superorum, § 40, e; G. ^ R - 4 > H. 52, 3. 
254. sacer, i.e. as the abode of the gods. 

256. adfore tempus, etc., subj. of esse, following reminiscitur. — ■ 
in fatis : the Destinies were above the gods themselves. 

257. correpta, sc. flammis. 

258. mundi moles operosa, the fabric of the world wrought with toil. 
— laboret, be endangered. The doctrine, perhaps borrowed from the 
East, belongs to the stories of periodic conflagrations of the world. 

259. manibus with fabricata. The thunderbolts, Jupiter's weapons, 
were forged by the Cyclops. 

262. iEoliis antris, the caves of Mollis. (Compare Virg. yEn. ii„ 52-63.) 
— aquilonem : the north-west wind, bringing (in Italy) cold and dry 
weather. 

265. tectus vultum, wrapping his face (§ 240, c, N.; G, 338, 1; 
H.378). 

266. canis capillis : the poets often use the abl. without a preposition 
to denote the place whence. 

267. fronte : the simple abl. instead of the abl. with in. — sinus, 
folds, or rounded outline of the clouds, which represent his garments. 

268. nubila, mists; nimbi, storm-clouds. — nt . . . pressit: the 
ancients thought that thunder was caused by the clashing of the clouds. 

270. colores: § 240, c, n.; G. 33S, n. 2 ; H. 378. 

271. Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, was the messenger of Juno. — 
alimenta nubibus adfert: as if the rainbow were a pathway for the 
waters. (Compare " the sun drawing water.") 

273. vota, i.e. the crops, object of their vows. 

274. caelo suo : the heavens were the especial realm of Jupiter, 
Abl. after contenta (§ 254, b, 2; G. 401, N. 6 ; H. 424). 

275. caeruleus f rater, Neptune, called caer ulcus because he is god 
of the dark blue sea. (See Fig. 4.) 

277. hortamine: abl. after utendum. 

279. domos, i.e. the hollows and clefts which are the home of the 
waters. — mole, dike. 

280. totas . . . habenas, let loose all the reins, as if the streams were 
horses, and the water-gods their drivers. 



i6 



Notes. 



281. o.ra relaxant, i.e. take from their mouth the pressure of the 
curb. The figure of horses is kept through the three lines. 

284. intremuit, quaked. — motu, i.e c 
motus terra, earthquake. 

286. satis (participle of sero), the 
crops. 

287. sacris, i.e. the altar, statues, etc., 
belonging to the penetralia. — suis, refers 
to penetralia. 

288. siqua (i.e. si qua), if any (§ 105, 
d; G. 315; H. 190, 1). 

289. hujus : limiting culmen. 

290. pressae, submerged. 

292. deerant, dissyllable. 

293. hie, alter, one, another. — cyrn- 
ba, loc. abl. 

294. illic nbi, on the very spot where* 

295. villae, farmhouse. 

296. sunima in ulmo, in the top of an 
elm (§ 193; G. 291, R. 2 ; H. 440, N. 2 ), 

299. Notice the alliteration in gracile.% 
gramen and carpsere capellae. 

302. Nereides, the daughters of the sea-god Nereus. (See Fig. 5.) 

303. agitata, i.e. so as to make them shake. 

305. fulminis : the tusks of 
the wild boar are often compared 
to the thunderbolt for speed, power, 
and gleaming. 

306. ablato, swept away (by 
the waves). 

310. novi, strange to them. 

311. maxima pars, i.e. of 
the living beings.— - quibus : the 
antecedent is illos. 

312. inopi victu, with lack of 
food ; abl. of means. 

313. Aonios, Bceotian. Phocis 

lay between Eceotia and the mountain range of G2ta, which separates it 
from Thessaly. 

316. verticibus duobus : this is not correct. Parnassus has only 
one chief peak; but there are two spurs renowned in the worship of 




Neptune. 





Fig. 5- 










u/ ^X^\ V 






c ^Skk v 




$ rl\^ j 


f^^^S© 







Nereid. 



The Four Ages and the Flood. \*j 

Dionysus (Bacchus), and having the Castalian fount between thein. This 
has occasioned the error. 

318. Deucalion, son of Prometheus, and father of Hellen, the epony- 
mous hero of the Hellenes (Greeks). — hie ubi adhaesit, while he clung 
to this. 

320. Corycidas : Corycus was a grotto sacred to the nymphs, on the 
slopes of Parnassus. The numina montis are the Muses. 

321. Themin (§ 64, Ex. 4; G. 65; H. 63, 6): Themis, goddess of 
justice, was daughter of Uranus. She presided over the oracle of 
Delphi, which afterwards belonged to Apollo. 

322. aequi: § 218, b; G. 375; H. 399, ii. 

323. metuentior deorum, more reverent to the gods. 

324. ut videt, when he sees. 

325. modo, hit just now, qualifying tot. 

328. disjecit, rent asunder. — aquilone. (Compare v. 262.) 

330. tricuspide telo, trident, the weapon of Neptune, who is called 
in the next line rector pelagi. 

331. supra profundum, sc. mare, construed with exstantem, 
which agrees with Tritona. (Compare Virgil, ^En. i. 144.) 

332. iunato niurice : Triton here appears, like Glaucus, overgrown 
with shell-fish and seaweed. He was a sea-god, son of Neptune, and is 
represented as blowing on a conch-shell. 

335. bucina tortilis, "the winding horn" a spiral shell. — illi, dat. 
of agency (§ 232, b; G. 354; H. 388, 4). 

336. crescit, broadens. — turbine, mouthpiece (shaped like a top). 

337. aera, his breath. 

338. sub utroque Phoebo : the rising and the setting sun. 

339. dei, Triton. 

340. contigit, sc. bucina. 

341. undis, dat. of agency; cf. illi, v. 335, and quibus, v. 342. The 
undae telluris are the waves which then covered the land; the undae 
aequoris, those which properly belonged to the sea. 

346. diem : dies when it means time is feminine. — nudata, bared 
(of waves). 

348. quern, where a demonstrative pronoun would be used in English 
(§ 201,*; G. 610; H. 453). 

349. agere, keep. The use of agere with silentium is common in this 
sense. 

352. patruelis origo : Deucalion was son of Prometheus; Pyrrha, 
daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. Prometheus and Epimetheus were 
brothers, sons of Iapetus. 



i8 



Notes. 




354. terrarum turba, the whole throng of earth, — occasus et 
ortus, the setting and the rising of the sun. 

356. haec fiducia, i.e. such confidence as we have now. 

359. animi, feelings ; gen., limiting quid, above. — miseranda, voc- 
ative. — erepta, rescued. 
£">§• 6 » 360. quo consolante (abl. abs.) 

= who would console thee in grief? 

363. paternis artibus : i.e. by 
the skill of Prometheus, who fash- 
ioned man of clay, and bestowed upon 
him fire stolen from the sky. For 
this theft, and his defiance of Jupiter, 
he was chained on Mount Caucasus, 
where his liver was constantly de- 
voured by a vulture. (See Fig. 6.) 

365. genus restat mortale, the 
human race survives. 

366. exempla, i.e. the only speci- 
Prometheus. mens. 

368. sortes, lots, the Italian 
method of divination; here put for any mode of consulting the divine will. 

369. Cephisidas : the Cephisus was a river of Bceotia. It means they 
went to Delphi by crossing the Cephisus. 

370. ut . . . sic, though . . . yet. The deluge had not so far subsided 
as to let them flow quietly as a stream, but yet enough for them to recog- 
nize their old channels. — nondum liquidas, not yet clear. 

371. inde, from this, i.e. the river. — libatos, taken up. It was 
necessary for them to purify themselves with water before consulting the 
oracle. — inroravere, have sprinkled. 

372. vestibus, capiti: dat.; cf. formatae terrae, v. 364 (§ 228; G. 
347 ; H. 386). 

373. turpi, ill-looking. 

374. pallebant : describing the dulness of mould and moss, rather 
than their color. 

379. Themi : Greek vocative. 

380. mersis rebus = our misfortunes fro?n the flood. 

381. sortem, strictly an Italian oracle written on a wooden tablet, but 
put for any response, as in v. 366. 

383. magnae parentis, of your great mother. 

386. det : subjunctive depending upon rogat, which is regarded as a 
verb of speaking, and is followed by the construction of indirect discourses, 



Apollo and Daphne. 1 9 

in which the subjunctive represents the imperative of the direct discourse 
(§339; G. 652; H. 523, Hi.). 

387. laedere, to offend. — jactatis ossibus, by throwing her bones 
(§ 292, a). 

388. repetunt secum, they review in their minds. — caecis obscura 
latebris verba, the words dark zvith blind riddles (lit. hiding-places). 

389. inter se volutant, discuss together. 

390. Promethiades : this patronymic recalls the prophetic gift of his 
father Prometheus (-ades and -is are the masculine and feminine patro- 
nymic forms). 

391. fallax, etc. = my skill fails me. 

392. pia agrees with oracula. 

394. ossa reor dici, I think that stones, etc., are meant by bones. 

395. augurio, i.e. interpretation. — Titania: Epimetheus and his 
brother were Titans; i.e. of the elder race of nature-divinities. 

400. credat, sit; present subjunctive where we should expect the 
imperfect (§ 308, e; G. 596, R. 1 ; H. 509, N.' 2 ). — vetustas, antiquity, 
i.e. old tradition. 

401. ponere = deponere. 

402. mora, by lapse of time. — ducere, take on. 

404. lit quaedam forma, something (it is true) of the form of man, 
yet, etc. (Cf. ut . . . sic, v. 370.) 

405. coepto, sc. fingi. 

406. rudibus signis, statues in the rough. 

412. traxere, put on. 

413. femina, womankind. 

414. experiens, doomed to endure. 



II. APOLLO AND DAPHNE. 

I. 452. Peneia, daughter of the Thessalian river-god, Peneus. — 
Daphne, Greek nominative. Supply fuit. — quern, refers to amor. 

453. fors ignara, blind chance. 

454. Delius, the Deli an, i.e. Apollo, who was said to have been born 
on the island of Delos, and had a celebrated temple there. — hunc, Cupid. 
— victo serpente : Apollo had recently killed the Python. 

455. cornua, the horns of a bow. 



20 Notes. 

456. que really introduces the main verb dixerat, but is attached to 
quid as the first word. — quid tibi (sc. est), what have you to do ? 

458. vulnera belongs with the first dare as well as the second. 

459. modo, just now. 

461. face : the torch was a regular attribute of Cupid. — nescio quos 1 
nescio quis is often used as an indefinite pronoun (§ 202, a, 334, e; G. 467, 
R. 1 ; H. 191, N.). 

462. nostras : in Latin, nos and noster often mean I and my.. 

464. te meus arcus (sc. figet from figat above), your bow may 
pierce everything, mine shall pierce you. — quantoque, etc. : he means, 
" your glory (in shooting everything) is as much inferior to mine (in 
shooting you) as the creatures you shoot (cuncta animalid) are inferior to 
a god (i.e. yourself)." 

466. eliso aere, cleaving the air. 

467. arce.° loc. abl. (§ 258,/ 3; G. 385, N. 1 ; H. 425, 2, n. 3 ). 

468. eque = et e. 

469. operum, effects ; gen. of quality (§ 215; G. 365; H. 396, v.). 

470. quod, the one which. — facit, sc. amor em. 

472. hoc, the latter (§ 102, a; G. 307, R. 1 ; H. 450, 2). 

473. Apollineas = Apollinis (§ 190; G. 362, r. 1 ; H. 395, n. 2 ). 

474. nomen, even the name. 

475. tenebris, exuviis : abl. of cause (§ 245; G. 408; H. 416). 

476. Phoebe is another name of Diana or Artemis, the twin sister of 
Apollo (Phoebus). She was goddess of hunting, and was unmarried. 

477. vitta: worn by unmarried girls. — sine lege, without law, i.e. 
carelessly. 

479. impatiens viri, not enduring a husband, i.e. abhorring marriage. 
— expers viri, unmarried. 

480. Hymen : the god of marriage. 

483. taedas jugales: the bride was escorted by torchlight to the 
bridegroom's house. 

484. ora: ace. of specification (§ 240, c; G. 338; H. 3jS). 

486. da, grant. This use of dare with the inf. is not rare in poetry. 
488. ille quidem, he, to be sure. — decor iste, yotir beauty. — quod, 
etc., i.e. a virgin. 

490. Daphnes, Greek gen. 

491. sua oracula, his own prophecies. Although Apollo was the god 
of prophecy, he was doomed to disappointment. 

492. stipulae adolentur : the ancients used sometimes after the 
harvests (demptis aristis) to burn the stubble to enrich the soil. 

494. iam sub luce, already towards morning, i.e. when morning was 



Apollo a?td Daphne. 21 

at hand. The traveller is supposed to have continued his journey leaving 
his camp-fire burning. 

495. in flammas abiit, turned into fire, i.e. the fire of love. — pec- 
tore toto, locative abl. (§ 258,/ 2; G. 388; H. 425, ii. 2). 

499. oscula, diminutive of os, means (usually in the plural) lips, 
though the more common meaning is kiss. 

500. digitosque : qtte is in poetry sometimes appended to all the 
words to be connected, including the first. 

501. media plus parte = plus quam media parte, loc. abl. (§ 258; 
f, 1; G. 389; H. 425, ii. 2) with omission of quam (§ 247, c; G. 296, R. 4 ; 
H. 4 i7>i,N.2). 

502. siqua = si qua, neut. plur., if any (parts). — aura, abl. 

503. ad, at, for. 

508. me miserum, exclamatory ace. (§ 240, d; G. 343, i; H. 381). 

— ne cadas : a negative wish (§ 267; G. 260; H. 484, 1) continued by 
jiotent and sim. — laedi : the prose construction would be quae laedantur 
(§ 320,/; G. 552, R.2; H. 503, ii. 2). 

512. inquire tamen,ywi-/ ask who is in love with you (cui placeas) 
before you run away. 

513. hie: adverb. 

515. Delphica tellus : the most famous oracle and one of the chief 
temples of Apollo was at Delphi on the slope of Mt. Parnassus in Phocis; 
Claros, near Colophon in Ionia, was the site of another famous temple and 
oracle of the same god; on the island of Tcnedos, off the coast of the 
Troad, was a temple of Apollo Smintheus; and Apollo also had a temple 
at Patara in Lycia. 

518. patet: is laid open, i.e. is declared. Apollo was the god of 
prophecy. — per me . . . nervis : Apollo was the god of music. 

519. nostra est, sc. sagitta. Notice the cases of nostra and nostra. 

— una sagitta (sc. est), the arrow of love. 

521. medicina: Apollo was god of healing and father of yEsculapius. 

522. subjecta (sc. est), is subject — nobis: as often in Latin, the 
plural of the first personal pronoun is used for the singular. 

523. ei: interjection, not pronoun. 

526. cum ipso verba imperfecta, him and his unfinished speech. 

527. visa decens, beautiful when seen, i.e. fair to look tipon. — cor- 
pora, limbs. She probably wore a short, loose hunting costume. 

529. dabat, put, i.e. blew. 

530. sed enim : here sed connects the main idea of pursuit with what 
precedes, while enim with sustinet gives the reason: but (he followed), 
for he could not endure, etc. It is often difficult to supply the ellipsis in 



22 



Notes. 



sed enim (as well as in et enini, neqite eni?n, etc.), and one of the con- 
junctions must usually be omitted in English. 

533. ut cum, as when. — Gallicus canis : Gallic hounds were swift, 
and hence used in hunting hares. 

534. hie, the hound. — ille, the hare. 

535. inhaesuro similis, like one about to seize, i.e. just on the point 

of seizing. — jam jamque: the 



Fig. 7. 




Apollo. 



repetition oijam adds to the live- 
liness of the picture. 

536. vestigia, here not foot- 
prints, but feet. — rostro, mouth. 

540. qui insequitur, the one 
who pitrsues, i.e. Apollo. 

547. perde, destroy. 

550. frondem; cf. Virg. Aen. 
vi. 141 (auricomos = golden-leaved\ 

552. obit, surrounds, covers. 
— nitor, brilliancy, beauty. The 
leaves of the laurel, into which 
Daphne was transformed, are 
glossy. 

556. refugit, shrinks from. 

559. Apollo as god of music 
carried a lyre, and as god of arch- 
ery, a quiver. 

560. The Roman generals wore 
laurel wreaths in the triumphal 
procession from the Campus Mar- 
tius to the Capital. 

562. postibus Augustis: dat. 
depending upon custos. Before 
the door of Augustus' palace on 
the Palatine hill were two laurel 
trees, and over the door was a 
of oak leaves {corona ci- 



crown 
vica, signifying that the emperor was the saviour of the citizens). 

564. intonsis capillis : abl. of quality (§ 251; G. 400; H. 419, ii.). 

566. Paean : one of the names of Apollo. 

567. ut caput, like a head, i.e. as if it were still a head. 



The Adventure of Phaethon. 23 



III. THE ADVENTURE OF PHAETHON. 

II. I. Regia, sc. domus, palace. — sublimibus columnis : abl. of 
specification (§ 253; G. 397; H. 424); so also auro and pyropo. 

2. pyropo, " tire-face," a mixture of gold and copper. 

3. cujus limits fastigia. 

4. valvae, double doors, opening to each side. 

5. Mulciber, a name of Vulcan, from the softening by fire (mul 
cendo) of the metal which he wrought. 

6. medias cingentia, embracing: 

8. caeruleos : the sea-gods are dark blue, the color of the waters. — 
canorum : the horn of Triton, representing the roaring of the blast. 

9. ambiguum : Proteus had the power of changing his form at will. 
See Virg. G. iv. 441, 2 : — 

" Omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum, 
Ignemque horribilemque feram fluviumque liquentem." 

10. lacertis : ^Egaeon (Briareus) was represented with a hundred arms. 
The notion was possibly derived from the monster cuttle-fish described by 
sailors in hot latitudes. 

11. Dorida: Doris is the wife of Nereus and mother of the -Nereids, 
or ocean-nymphs. 

12. in mole, upon a massy rock. 

13. facies . . . una: supply est. 

14. qualem, sc. sed talis; ace. and inf. with decet (§ 270, 3, b; G. 
5355 H.538). 

15. terra, i.e. as carved in relief on the palace-walls. 

18. signa, the signs of the Zodiac. — foribus, loc. abl. (§ 258,^ 3; 
G. 385, N. 1 ; H. 425, ii. 2, N. 3 ). 

19. quo, whither, — simul = simul atque. — acclivo limite, up 
the steep pathzvay. — Clymeneia proles, i.e. Phaethon. 

20. dubitati, because his descent from the sun-god had been denied 
by Epaphus (see Introd.). 

22. neque ferebat, could not bear. 

24. Phoebus, a name of Apollo, here used for the Sun. 

25. a dextra laevaque, sc. parte, on the right and left side. With 
pars and some similar words, a and e are frequently used where one might 
expect in (§ 260 b; G. 390, n. 6 ; H. 434, i. 1). 

26. Horae, usually in mythology the Seasons, but here in the regular 
prose sense of Hours, 

28. nuda, because the flowers have withered. 



24 Notes. 

29. calcatis, trampled in the wine-vat. 

30. capillos, Greek accusative (§ 240, c; G. 338; H. 378). 

31. loco, abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 397; H. 424). — paventem: 
this word refers to the outward signs of fear, — paleness, trembling, etc. 

33. que connects ait with the preceding. 

34. progenies, voc. — haud i 11 tit ianda = worthy to be acknowledged. 

35. publica, common to all. 

37. Clymene : she had told Phaethon that the Sun-god was his father 
(see Introd.). 

42. negari : the usual construction would be qui negetur (§ 320, f 
note; G. 552, R.' 2 ; H. 533, ii. N. 2 ). 

43. edidit = dixit, narravit. — ortus : the plural is constantly used 
in poetry for the singular. 

44. quo . . . dubites, § 317, b; G. 545, 2; H. 497, ii. 2. 

45. promissi, of my promise (lit. of the thing promised}. 

46. dis, dat. of agent with juranda. — palus, the Styx, by which the 
gods swore their most awful oaths. Being beneath the earth, it could 
never be beheld by the sun. It is called palus from its sluggish flow. 

47. desierat (desino), had ceased. — rogat, sc. cum. Cf. iii. v. 15. 

48. in diem, /or a day. — alipedum agrees with equorum (obj. gen.). 

49. jurasse, subject of paenituit (§ 270, b; G. 535; H. 538). 

50. illustre, alluding to his brightness. 

51. tua, sc. voce. 

52. negarem, sc. si liceret; negarem is the apodosis. 

53. tuta, predicate. 

54. istis, those (of yours). 

55. quae nee conveniant, such as befit not (§ 320; G.631, 1; H. 503,1). 

56. mortale = suited to a mortal. 

57. superis, those on high, i.e. the heavenly gods. — fas, what is per- 
mitted by divine law. 

58. placeat, sc. ut (§ 331, f R.; G. 607; H. 515, iii. N.) : i.e. though 
each of the gods may have his will, etc. 

59. consistere, to keep his foothold. 

60. axe, i.e. chariot : the part for the whole, by the figure called synec- 
doche. 

62. non agat, may not drive (potential subjunctive : § 311, a; G. 257 ; 
H.485). 

63. prima via, the first part of the way (§ 193; G. 291, R. 2 ; H. 440, 
2, N. 1 ). — qua, one by which (§ 258, g; G. 389; H. 420, 1, 3). 

65. mare et terras, obj. of videre, which is the subj. of fit; to see the 
sea and lands is a cause of fear (timor) even to ?ne. 



The Adventure of Phaethon. 25 

67. ultima via, cf. prima via, v. 63. — moderamine certo, a steady 
check ; abl. after eget. 

68. quae, referring to Tethys. 

69. Tethys : wife of Oceanus and mother of Clymene. 

70. assidua vertigine, in a constant whirl (the daily apparent revo- 
lution of the heavens). 

71. torquet, spins. 

72. qui cetera, sc. vincit. 

73. rapido . . . orbi: i.e. as the sun's apparent path among the stars 
is towards the east, he is supposed in his daily course to make headway 
against the revolution of the celestial sphere. 

74. finge datos currus, fancy the chariot given (to you). 

75. obvius ire polis, same idea as in v. 73. — ne= ita ut non. 

78. insidias, i.e. concealed perils. — formas ferarum, shapes of 
beasts, i.e. the Lion, Bull, etc., the signs of the Zodiac. 

79. ut, though (concessive, § 266, c\ G. 608; H. 515, iii.). 

80. adversi, turned towards you, i.e. right in your face. — Tauri, etc. : 
see the sun's path as traced on a celestial map or globe. 

81. Haemonios, Thessalian : the Archer (Sagittarius) is represented 
as a Centaur, of which fabulous monster the home is Thessaly (see the 
story of the Centaurs and Lapithae, Metam. xii. 146-535), which was 
called Hasmonia from King Haemon, father of Thessalus. 

83. aliter, the other way. 

84. quadrupedes, the horses of the sun. — ignibus, abl., qualifying 
animosos. 

86. iu promptu, an easy thing (lit. in readiness) ; tibi, v. 84, 
depends upon this. 

88. ne sim, a final clause, depending upon cave. 

89. que, connects corrige with cave. 

90. sanguine, abl. of source (§ 244, a; G. 395; H. 415, ii.). 

91. timendo, by my fear (for you). 

92. probor, I prove myself. Notice the collocation of patrio and 
pater, a favorite order. 

96. eque = et e, and governs tot ac tantis bonis. 

98. vero, agreeing with nomine. 

101. ne dubita, poetic (§ 269, b; G. 270; H. 488). — undas, appar- 
ently direct object of juravimus by a Greek construction; in Latin it 
usually takes per, but compare the use of the passive in v. 46. 

103. ille, the other, a very common use of the pronoun. 

104. pre in it, urges. 

105. qua licuit = while he could, limiting cunctatus. 



26 Notes. 

106. Vulcania munera = Vulcani munera (§ 190; G. 362; H. 

395> n. 2 ). 

107. summae rotae, of the wheel's rim. 

109. chrysolithi, topaz, a nearly transparent precious stone, often of 
a bright golden color; the word is Greek, and signifies gold-stone. — 
gemmae, i.e. the other gems, subj. of reddebant. 

no. repercusso Phoebo, by the reflection of the sun. 

in. magnanimus, high-spirited. 

113. plena rosarum, full of roses, i.e. of rosy light. 

114. agmina cogit, brings up the rear (lit. gathers in the troops'). 

115. caeli statione, his post in the sky. — novissimus, last: the 
morning star is often seen just before (or after) sunrise. (See Fig. 8.) 




Sunrise, with Lucifer and Aurora. 

116. quae . . . vidit, when he saw them [the stars] flee to earth. Their 
disappearance is imagined as a sudden setting. 

1 1 7. extremae, i.e. near the end of her monthly course. — velut 
evanescere, as she seems to fade and disappear in the sky. 

118. Titan, the Sun-god. 

120. ambrosiae, lit. immortal food, i.e. food of the immortals. — 
praesaepibus : notice the frequent omission of the preposition with the 
abl. of the place from which (§ 258, a, N. 3 ; G. 390, N. 3 H. 412, ii. 2). 

123. patientia, able to endure (agreeing with ora). — rapidae = 
devouring. (Cf. rapax from same root.) 

124. comae, dat., upon his head. — luetus, obj. gen. 

127. fortius, .more freely, i.e. use the bits more freely than the whip. 

128. volentes, sc. properare. 

129. nee placeat, etc., let not the way please you, i.e. do not follow 
the way. — directos quinque per arcus, straight across the five zones. 

130. sectus limes, the Ecliptic, "bounded by the limit of three 



The Adventure of Phaethon. 2 J 

zones" (see next line), i.e. the torrid and the two temperate, as repre- 
sented on a celestial globe. 

132. Arcton, the northern constellation of the Bear. 

133. hac, sc. via, by this way (§ 258, £■; H. 420, 3). 

135. nee preme, do not bear down (§ 269, b; G. 270; H. 488). — 
molire, ply: this verb implies the effort made in climbing the celestial 
heights. (Construe summum with aethera.) 

136. egressus, i.e. if you quit this way (§ 310, a; G. 593, 2; H. 507,n. 7 ). 
138. dexterior, sc. rota. — Anguem : the constellation of the Ser- 
pent is in the north, between the Great and Little Bear. 

J 39- pressam, lying low : the Altar lies south of the sun's winter 
path, barely appearing in Greece. 

141. quae juvet opto, who I wish may aid you. (See note, v. 58.) 

142. Hesperio, western. Hesperus is the Greek form of the word 
which in Latin is Vesper. The name Hesperia, " Land of the West," was 
by the Greeks poetically applied to Italy, and by the Romans to Spain 
(Virg. JEn. i. 530; Hor. Od. iii. 6). — metas : metae means, first, the 
cones of a fir-tree, then the conical posts of the race-course. Here it 
means the goal or end of the course of the night. 

143. nox, i.e. the night advances towards the west like the day. 

144. poscimur, we are wanted ; it is getting late. 

146. nostris, agrees with consiliis as well as curribus. 

147. dum belongs with adstas as well as with potes. — solidis 
sedibus, on firm grotmd (loc. abl.). 

149. quae, referring to lumina. — dare, depending on sine (from 
sino). — spectes, subj. of purpose. 

151. contingere : poetic, as depending upon gaudet. 

152. grates agit, renders thanks. 

153. Pyrois, etc.: the names of the steeds signify fiery, of the dawn, 
blazing, flaming. 

155. repagula, barriers (of a race-course). 

156. quae, i.e. repagula. (See § 201, e; G. 610; H. 453.) — 
Tetbys : the sun rises from the sea, so the sea-goddess Tethys is thought 
of as throwing back the barriers for the sun's horses to start. — nepotis, 
see note, v. 69. 

157. copia = access to. 

160. isdem de partibus, i.e. from the East, isdem is abl. plur. 

161. quod possent, such as, etc. (subj. of characteristic, § 320; G 
631, 2; H. 503, i.). 

163. pondere, ballast. — justo, regular (a common meaning). — 
levitate, abl. of cause. 



28 Notes. 

165. onere, following vacuus (§ 243; G. 405; H. 414, iii.). 

166. inani, an empty one. 

168. quo prius ordine, in the direction in which (they ran) befort 
(§200, b; G. 616; H. 445, 9). 

1 70. si sciat : the present subjunctive of future condition, where one 
would expect the imperfect of the condition contrary to fact (§ 308, e; 
G. 596, it. 1 ; H. 509, N. 2 ). 

171. triones, the North (lit. the Ox-team, i.e. the Great Bear). 

172. vetito aequore: the Northern Bear in these latitudes never goes 
below the horizon. 

173. Serpens, the constellation called Draco {the Dragon), near the 
north pole, at the feet of Hercules {Anguis, v. 138). 

1760 Boote: Bootes is represented as a wagoner: the constellation 
includes the bright star Arcturus. 

179. penitus penitusque,_/«r,y«r below. 

181. tenebrae, i.e. from dizziness. 

182. mallet, i.e. if it were possible; hence the imperfect. 

183. valuisse, to have prevailed. 

184. Meropis, sc. filius ; Merops was the husband of Clymene. — ut, as, 

185. pinus, ship. — reuiisit frena, cast loose the rein, i.e. let go the 
helm. 

187. quid faciat, what is he to do? a rhetorical question (§ 268; G. 
265; H. 484, v.). 

189. fatum non est, it is not (given by) fate. 

196. flexis utrimque, bending both ways (agreeing with both cauda 
and lacertis). 

197. signorum duorum: the Scorpion is represented as at first occu- 
pying the space of two " signs " of the Zodiac, until Libra was inserted 
where the claws had been. 

198. madidum, moist, as the venom oozes out on account of the 
heat. — ut, when. 

199. curvata cuspide, the curved sting ("spear-head") of the scor» 
pion's tail. 

202. exspatiantur, wander from the track (ex-spatium). 
204. hac, correl. to qua, sc. via. 

206. summa, the height. 

207. spatio, in a region ; loc. abl. without in, as often in poetry. — 
terrae, dative. 

208. inferius suis (abl. with the comparative), lower than her oivn. 
— fraternos = fratris. — Luna, sister of the sun: poetically, Diana, 
sister of Apollo. 






The Adventure of PJiactJwn. 29 

210. lit quaeque altissima, each in the order of its height, as he 
comes nearer and nearer. 

211. agit rimas, gets cracks ; agere is frequently used by Ovid in this 
sense. — sucis ademptis, abl. abs. 

213. materiam, fuel. — suo damno,/?r its oivn destruction. 

214. parva, small (calamities). 

217-225. Athos, etc. This catalogue of mountains, ranging the whole 
field of mythical geography, may be verified in any good dictionary or atlas. 
230. ore trahit, breathes in. 

234. arbitrio, at the will. 

235. sanguine vocato, abl. abs. — sumina, the surface. 

238. passis (pando), dishevelled, as in mourning. — fontesque lacus- 
que; ace, objects of deflevere. 

239. deflevere, wept as lost. — Dircen : Dirce was a spring near 
Thebes in Bceotia; Amymone, a fountain and river in Argolis near 
Argos; Pirene, a spring near Corinth. 

240. Ephyre, the old name of Corinth. 

241. sortita, having obtained by lot, here simply possessing ; it governs 
ripas. — loco distantes, remote in space. 

242. Tanais, the Don. 

243. Peneos, a river of Thessaly, which flows through the valley of 
Tempeo — senex: the river gods are represented as old men; see Fig. 60 
(the Tiber). — Caicus, in Teuthrania, a part of Mysia. 

244. Ismenos, near Thebes, in Bceotia. — Erymanthus, near Phegia, 
in Arcadia. 

245. Xanthus, one of the rivers of Troy. At a later time it was set 
on fire by Vulcan, to stay the attack of Achilles (Homer, Iliad, xxi. 342- 
389), hence arsurum iterum. — Lycormas, in /Etolia. 

246. Meandros, in Phrygia; a very crooked river, hence our word 
meander. 

247. Melas, in Thrace, where the Mygdones lived before they mi- 
grated to Phrygia. — Taenarius : Taenarus is the southern promontory of 
Laconia, through which country the Eurotas flows. 

248. Euphrates, in Mesopotamia. — Orontes, in Syria. 

249. Thermodon, in Pontus. — Ganges, in India. — Phasis, in Col- 
chis, flowing into the Black Sea. — Hister (or Ister), now the Danube. 

250. Alpheos, in Elis. — Spercheides, of Spercheos, a river of Thes- 
saly. 

251. Tagus, in Spain. Gold was found in the sand of this river. 
253. volucres : the melodious swans of the Cayster in Lydia (Mseonia) 

are famous in ancient poetry. 



30 • Notes. 

255. quod adhuc latet : the problem of the source of the Nile was 
not solved until our own day. 

257. Ismarios, from Ismarus, a mountain in Thrace. 

258. Hesperios, western. 

260. dissilit, yawns apart. — Tartara, Tartarus, the ancient Hell. 
The king and queen are Pluto and Proserpine. 

262. The subject of est is (id) quod modo pontus erat. 

263. quos relates to montes. 

264. Cycladas, a Greek ending, as Delphines, v. 266. — augent, 
i.e. by rising above the water and so becoming islands. The Cyclades are 
the islands grouped about Delos in the ^Egean Sea. 

267. summo resupina prof undo, floating on their backs on the sur- 
face of the deep. 

269. Dorida: see note on v. it. 

272. ut . . . ponto, surrounded as she was by the sea. 

273. fontes (in appos. with aquas), mere water springs. 

274. matris, mother earth. 

277. infra quam solet, lower than her wont, i.e. crouching in distress. 

279. si placet hoc, sc. tibi, if this is thy pleasure. — quid, why ? 

280. periturae, sc. mini, i.e. if I must perish. 

281. auctore levare, let me lighten my calamity by (the thought of) 
its author. It would be some consolation to perish at the hand of Jupiter. 

283. tostos, scorched. — crines, i.e. the withered foliage of the forest. 

285. fructus, rewards. — fertilitatis officiique, for my fertility and 
services ; obj. gen. 

286. quod fero, that I endure (§ 333; G. 542; H. 540, iv.). 

288. alimenta, in apposition to fruges. 

289. vobis, i.e. to the gods. 

290. fac, grant, suppose. 

291. frater, sc. tuus, i.e. Neptune. — tradita sorte, granted by lot. 
After the fall of Saturn, his three sons, Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, drew 
lots for their shares in the rule of the world. Jupiter received the heavens, 
Neptune the sea, and Pluto the lower regions. 

293. fratris, obj. gen. limiting gratia. — mea gratia, regard for me. 

294. Atlas, son of the Titan Iapetus, was condemned to support the 
heavens on his shoulders. (See Fig. 9.) 

299. chaos, the original state of matter before the creation of earth, 
water, etc. 

300. rerum summae,/or the universe itself The regular expression 
for the fate of the state or the army, or whatever highest interest is staked 
on an engagement. 



The Adventure of Phaethon. 



Fig. 9. 



301. neque enim, [she spoke no more] for, etc. 

303. Manibus, the shades, spirits of the dead : the infernal regions. 

304. ipsum, Apollo. 
306. interitura, sc. esse, depending upon 

testatus. 

311. ab aure : the picture is of one throw- 
ing a javelin. 

312. anima . . . expulit, i.e. deprived 
(privavit would here be the usual word) of 
breath and cast from the chariot. 

313. expulit, sc. eum. 

314. in contraria, in opposite directions. 
318. vestigia, fragments, i.e. traces of the 

chariot now no longer existing; as vestigia 
urbis are the traces or remains of a ruined 
city. 

320. longo tractu, in a long course. 

322. potuit : the poets sometimes use the 
perfect (like the Greek aorist) instead of the 
present, in reference to customary events. 

323. diverso orbe, a remote region of 
earth, i.e. towards the west.' 

324. Eridanus, a mythical river, the source 
of amber. It was often identified with the Po, 
sometimes with the Rhone (v. 372). 

325. Hesperiae : see v. 142 and note. — trifida, thrice-cleft, an epithet 
of the "jagged lightning," supposed to be most fatal. 

326. corpora, plural for singular. 

327. currus limits auriga, which is in appos. with Phaethon; quern 
relates to currus. 

328. excidit, failed ; but the word (lit. fell out) alludes also to the 
fall from the chariot, excidere, with the abl., meaning fail is not un- 
common. 

329. nam, i.e. it would be the father's place naturally, but he had 
withdrawn. — pater, the Sun. 

331. isse ferunt, they say that one day passed. 

333- quaecumque dicenda, the conventional words of mourning. 

335. laniata sinus, tearing the bosom of her garment, sinus is the 
Greek ace. (§ 240, c; G. 338.; H. 378). — percensuit, sought through. 

336. mox, when the limbs bad decayed from lapse of time. 

337. tamen, i.e. though she sought long, yet she did at last find them 




Atlas. 



32 Notes. 

340. Heliades, daughters of the Sun, sisters of Phaethon. — morti = 
to the dead. 

341. pectora, Greek ace. 

342. non auditurum, who will not hear. 

343. adsternuntur, prostrate themselves. 

344. junctis WYoXbws,, joining her horns, i.e. waxing until the horns 
of the crescent join to form, the full moon. 

346. quis, abl. (§ 104, d; G. 105, n. 2 ; H. p. 74, footnote 5). — Phae- 
thusa, bright; IJampetie (below), Jlaming. 

347. maxima, eldest. 

349. subita, i.e. suddenly growing. 

351. haec, ilia, one, another. — teneri: the infinitive after doleo and 
similar verbs is somewhat less common than a clause with quod (§ 333, b ; 
G. 542, R.; H. 535, iii.). 

352. fieri, are turning into. 

354. per gradus = gradatim, by degrees, gradually. 

356. quid faciat, what is the mother to do? deliberative subj. (§ 268; 
G. 265; H. 484, v.). — nisi, limits eat. — trahat, the subj. by attraction 
depending upon eat (§ 342; G. 663, 1; H. 529, ii.). — impetus, excitement. 

363. cortex . . . venit, the bark came upon (her mouth, and stopped) 
her last xvords. 

364. sole, abl. of cause, with rigescunt. 

365. electra, ai?iber ; in truth, a fossil exudation from trees. 

366. gestanda : amber was a favorite material for ornaments among 
the Roman ladies, who carried balls of it in their hands for coolness. — 
nuribus Latinis, daughters-in-law of Roman nobles; a term used for 
young matrons. 

367. monstro, prodigy. — Stheneleia proles, son of Sthenelus. — 
Cycnus : compare the story in XII. 65-145. 

369. propior, still nearer. 

370. L/igurum, of the coast region near Genoa, Piedmont. 

371. querellis, laments. 

372. sororibus, sisters (of Phaethon), now added as poplar-trees tc 
the forest. 

373. viro, dat. of reference. 

374. dissimulant, cover. 

375. junctura, a joining-membrane. — rubentes, turning red. 

376. tenet os, holds (the place of) his mouth. 

377. caeloque Jovique = to the sky of Jove. 

378. ut memor, as remembering (the motive for not trusting the sky). 
— ignis, thunderbolt. 



The House of Envy. 33 

380. quae, the antecedent is flumina. — colat, subjunctive of pur- 
pose, to live in. — contraria, opposed to. 

381. expers (ex-pars), devoid. — squalidus, in mourning. 

382. cum deficit orbem, when he fails the world, i.e. in an eclipse 
(on the ace. see § 227, a; G. 346, N. 3 ). 

385. aevi limits principiis. 

387. actorum mini, things done by me ; dat. of agent. 

388. quilibet, zvhoever will. 

390. ipse, Jupiter. — agat, let hitti drive them himself. — ut saltern, 
that, at least. 

391. ponat, lay aside. 

392. expertus, when he has tried. 

393. meruisse, sc. eum, antecedent of qui. 

400. objectat, throws at them as a reproach; imputat, bears resent- 
ment against them as offenders. — natum = his son's death. 






IV. THE HOUSE OF ENVY. 

II. 761. petit: the subject is Minerva (see Introduction to this selec- 
tion). — hujus, i.e. Invidiae. 

763. tristis, nominative. — quae vacet, one which is empty; subjunc- 
tive of characteristic (§ 320; G. 631, 1; H. 503, i.). 

764. igne, abl. of separation (§ 243, a\ G. 405; H. 414). — caligine, 
abl. of means (§ 248, c, 2; G. 405, N. 1 ; H. 421, ii.). 

765. belli metuenda, to be feared in war; the gen. is poetic (see 
§218,^; G. 411, R.2; H. 399, iii.). 

766. neque enim fas habet, for she does not think it right ; as a 
goddess, Minerva could not with propriety enter the dwelling of such 
a being as Envy. 

767. extrema cuspide, with the point of her spear (§ 193; G. 291, 
r. 2 ;H. 440, n. 2 ). 

769. alimeiita : her own venomous nature is nourished by this ven- 
omous food. 

770. visa, abl.; as soon as she has seen her, she turns her eyes away 
from her. 

771- Pigre, lazily, adv. 

773. ut, with the indicative, as or when. — forma armisque, abl. of 
specification (§ 253; G. 397; H. 424). 



34 Notes. 

774. ingemuit, etc., from envy. — vultum . . . duxit, she drew her 
face down to her deepest sighs, i.e. she sighed and made a long face. 

776. acies, glance of the eye. Envy can look no one in the face. 
— nusquam, nozvhere, is here used to mean in no direction. 

778. nisi quern, except (the laugh) which. 

780. ingratos, unpleasant (to her), hated. 

781. carpit . . . una, she gnaws others, and is herself gnawed at the 
same time, i.e. she spoils the happiness of others, and makes herself 
unhappy, una is the adv. 

782. oderat: the subject is Tritonia, the same as that of affata est. 
Minerva derived the epithet Tritonia from the brook Triton in Boeotia, 
near which her worship was established in early times. Later stories con- 
nect the name with the Libyan river Triton. — quamvis belongs with 
oderat. — tamen qualifies affata est. 

786. reppulit, spumed, struck, i.e. as she sprang up toward heaven. 

788. successurum, sc. esse, that success is to come to Minerva. Envy 
is willing enough to harm Aglauros, but is sorry that by so doing she fulfils 
the wish of Minerva. 

794. Tritonida arcem, the citadel of Tritonia, i.e. Athens, which was 
sacred to Minerva (Athena). 

795. ingeniis, intellects, i.e. men of genius. The glory of the historical 
Athens is here transferred to mythical times. 



V. THE RAPE OF EUROPA. 

II. 833. has, referring to the punishment of Aglauros (see heading). 

834. cepit = had inflicted : the poena is, in its original sense, a fine or 
forfeit. — Atlantiades : the mother of Mercury was Maia, daughter of 
Atlas. — dictas a Pallade : Pallas, " the brandisher," is an epithet 
of Athena (Minerva), tutelary divinity of Athens. 

835. pennis : Mercury is represented with a winged cap (petasus), 
and winged sandals Qatar id). 

836. genitor, Jupiter. — causam amoris = love as his motive. 

838. solito cursu, i.e. the air, his accustomed path. 

839. quae : the antecedent is hanc, v. 841 ; so the antecedent of 
quod, v. 841, is armentum, v. 842. — tuam matrem suspicit, looks 
up to thy mother. Maia is one of the stars in the group of Pleiades. — 
a parte sinistra: on the left, etc., i.e. towards the East. Jupiter is look- 
ing from Mt. Olympus. 



The Rape of Etiropa. 



35 



840. Sidonida, i.e. Phoenicia, " the land of Sidon." 

843. jamdudum : expresses the promptness of Mercury's obedience. 
So, among some very courteous populations, if you ask for any favor, the 
answer will be, " It is done already." 

844. filia : Europa, " the broad brow," daughter of the Eastern king, 
is one of the numerous names given to the Dawn in the Greek mythology. 
The " dawn " of civilization rises upon the western world from Asia. For 
the significance of this fable, see introductory note to the next selection. 

845. comitata, accompanied ; the perf. part, of some deponent verbs 
has, especially in poetry, passive signification. 

846. non bene conveniunt, are not very consistent. — morantur, 
reside. 

848. deum, gen. plur., a shorter form for deoru?n. — cui, dat. of 
reference (§ 235, a; G. 350, 1 ; H. 384, 4, N. 2 ). 

849. nutu : so Zeus " nodded with his dark brows and shook great 
Olympus" (II. i. 528-30). 

850. induitur faciem, he clothes himself in the form (§ 240, c, N.; 
G. 338, n. 2 ; H. 377) ; here induitur has a reflexive meaning = induit sibi, 
like the middle voice in Greek. 

852. vestigia . . . auster; i.e. the snow is new-fallen. 

854. toris, with the S7vell of muscles. — armis (from annus), from 
his shoulders, the place where the fore-legs join the body. 

855. contendere possis, you might maintain. 

856. facta manu, made by (human) 
hand, i.e. artificial. 

858. Agenore : see heading. 

859. formosus, sc. sit. — minetur ; 
subj. because expressing the thought not 
of the poet, but of Europa (§ 321, 2; 
341,^; G. 541; H. 516, ii.). 

860. metuit contingere: on the 
complementary inf. with verbs of fearing, 
etc., see § 271; G. 423; H. 533. 

867. palpanda, iinpedienda; ge- 
rundive expressing purpose (§ 294, d; G. 
430; H. 544, 2, N. 2 ). 

871. falsa, i.e. not his own. 

874. dextra tenet : the picture as here described was familiar to the 
poet on gems, etc. Similar is the vase painting reproduced in Fig. 10. 




Europa. 



36 Notes. 



VI. THE SEARCH OF CADMUS. 

III. i. deus : Jupiter. 

2. Dictaea : Dicte is a mountain in the eastern part of Crete. The 
Phoenicians, in very ancient times, were colonists and traders among the 
Grecian islands. Several of the divinities worshipped by the Greeks were 
probably introduced by them. The fable of Europa may perhaps point 
to such a settlement in Crete, with the introduction of cattle from Asia. 
The heifer which guides Cadmus would thus have the same signification in 
the story as the bull which bears away Europa. 

3. perquirere, to search everywhere. 

5. pius et sceleratus, "tender" towards his daughter, and "guilty" 
towards his son. 

7. furta, deceptions. 

8. Phoebi oracula, i.e. at Delphi, in Phocis, near Bceotia. 

10. solis in arvis, in solitary pastures. 

11. passa : cows as well as oxen were trained to the yoke, as on the 
continent of Europe now. 

12. herba, on the grass. 

13. fac condas (§ 331,/ R- ; G. 271 ; H. 499, 2). — Boeotia, con- 
nected with fiovs, Lat. bos. — vocato: future imperative. 

14. Castalio : the oracle of Apollo was in a cave of Mt. Parnassus ( 
whence flowed the Castalian fount. 

15. videt, sc. cum; cf. Book II. v. 47. 

16. servitii signum, sign of servitude, i.e. mark of the yoke. 

17. presso, restrained, slow ; he could not walk faster than the heifer 
he was following. — legit, traces ; lit. picks up, apparently the original 
meaning of the word. 

18. auctorem viae, who had advised him about his way. 

19. Panopes (gen.), an old town on the Cephisus. 

20. cornibus altis, abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 397; H. 424). 

21. impulit auras, stirred the air. 

22. terga, plur. for sing. 

24. oscula figit, imprints kisses. 

27. libandas, to be drawn (cf. libatos, Book I. v. 371); for the gerun- 
dive, see § 294, d ; G. 430; H. 544, 2, N. 2 

30. humilem arcum, a low arch. 

31. antro, loc. abl. (§ 258,/, 3; G. 385, n. 1 ; H. 425, 2, N. 2 ). The 
serpent was hidden in the cave, but also by (means of) the cave, so that 
the abl. is here properly instrumental as well as locative. 






The Search of Cadmus. 



37 



32. Martius, sacred to Mars. 

35. quern . . . gradu, when the men descended fro??i Tyrian race had 
reached this grove with hapless step. Tyre was a colony of Sidon, but 
became far more famous and powerful than its mother city. 

38. caeruleus, livid. 

41. nexibus, folds ; orbes, coils. 

43. media plus parte, more than half his length; the full form 
would be phis qua?n media parte (abl. of specification, § 253; G. 397; 
H. 424), but quam is here omitted, as it regularly is after plus, minus, 
amplius, longius (§ 247, c; G. 296, R. 4 ; H. 417, N.* 2 ). 

44. tanto corpore, abl. of quality (§ 251; G. 402; H. 419, ii.). 

45. geminas . . . Arctos : the great constellation of the dragon. — . 
qui, the one which. 

46. nee mora, sc. est, and there is no delay, i.e. without delay. 
hos, illos, hos : all objects of necat. 
sol altissimus, the sun at its height, i.e. at noon. 
telum, sc. erat. 
praestantior, more excellent. 

supra, adverb. — spatiosi corporis, descriptive genitive. 
molarem, sc. lapidem, a stone as big as a millstone. 



48. 

5°- 
53- 
54- 
56. 

59- 



(See 



Fig. 11.) 



Fig. 11. 




62. mota forent, might have been shaken. 

63. loricae modo, after the manner of (i.e. like) a coat of mail. 
66. lentae, pliant. — medio curvamine, in the jniddle of the coil 
69. vulnera : plur. for sing., as often in poetry. 



38 Notes. 

70. id, the shaft. — partem in omnem, in every direction. 
72. accessit, was added. 

75. quique halitus = halitusque qui, the breath which. 

76. Stygio, i.e. fearful as the Styx. 

77. modo . . . interdum, now . . . now. 

78. cingitur, knots himself; exstat, erects himself. 

79. impete, an old form of the ablative (3d declension) : the regulai 
form would be impetu (4th declension), but Impetu could not be used 
in this metre. — concitus imbribus, hurried on (i.e. swollen} by rains. 

&$. praetenta, held before him. 

84. ferro, dative. 

88. plagam . . . arcebat, by retreating, hindered the blow from sitting 
(i.e. from striking deep); for the inf. see § 331, e, 2; G. 548, n. 2 ; H. 
505, ii. 2. 

91. usque sequens, following up. — eunti, sc. serpenti. 

94. gemuit, etc., groaned (like a living thing) that its trunk was lashed 
by the end of his tail. 

95. spatium, the bulk. 

98. tu spectabere serpens : Cadmus was afterwards changed to a 
serpent; see Book IV. 563-614 (argument). 

101. fautrix: Pallas is regularly represented as the protectress and 
guide of heroes in their exploits. She was the goddess of invention and 
mental energy. 

102. motae terrae (dat.), beneath the broken earth. 

106. fide majus, an incredible thing! — coepere : the prose form 
would be coeptae sunt. 
108. pic to, decorated. 
in. festis, on a holiday. 

112. signa, figures, painted on the curtain. The closing of the cur- 
tain is referred to, which was done from the bottom, not from the top as 
with us. 

113. placido tenore, with quiet (or easy) motion. 

117. civilibus bellis, our civil wars, i.e. the strife between men of 
the same race. 

119. eminus : opposed to cominus; the first fell in hand-to-hand 
conflict ; the second, in conflict conducted at a distance, i.e. with missiles. 

122. suo marte, in their own fight, i.e. in conflict with each other. 

123. subiti, who had suddenly come into being. (Cf. Book I. 315, 
subitarum campus aquarum.) 

125. matrem, i.e. the Earth. 

126. quinque superstitibus, abl. abs. 



Actceon. 39 

127. humo : this is sometimes used by the poets instead of the loca- 
tive humi, or, as here, the ace. humum. — Tritonidis : Tritonis is an 
epithet of Minerva, derived from the brook Triton in Bceotia. (See note 
on Book II. v. 782.) 

128. fraternae paeis, peace among the (surviving) brothers. 

129. Sidonius : as Sidon was a chief town of Phoenicia, Sidonian is 
equivalent to Phoenician. 

132. soceri, parents-in-law ; Hermione (or Harmonia), daughter of 
Mars and Venus, was wife of Cadmus. 

133. hue, to this. 

135. juvenes, youths ; not pueri, boys : Cadmus lived to see his grand- 
children grow up. — sed . . . debet : " Call no man happy until he dies," 
a favorite maxim of ancient wisdom. In the myth of Cadmus we may 
recognize a genuine tradition of the trading settlements and factories 
established by Phoenicians in very early times, along the coast of Greece. 
From them the rude Greeks received the first beginnings of civilization, 
especially the knowledge of the alphabet. Many religious rites were like- 
wise borrowed from them, especially some forms of the worship of Herakles 
(Herctdes, the Phoenician Melkart) and Aphrodite (Astarte), or Venus. 



VII. ACTION. 



III. 138. prima agrees with causa; secundas with res. 

139. aliena, belonging to another race, strange. 

140. satiatae, fern, agreeing with canes, for the names of animals 
are much more frequently fem. in Latin than in English. 

141. quaeras, subj. of the less vivid future condition, though the 
apodosis invenies is fut. ind. — fortunae crimen, faidt of fortune. — 
in illo, in him, i.e. Actseon. 

145. ex aequo, equally, lit. from an equal point (of vieiv). — meta 
utraque, from each goal. At each end of the course in the circus was a 
conical goal; the course of the sun is here compared with the race-course. 

146. juvenis Hyantius, the Hyantian (Boeotian) youth, i.e. Actteon. 
150. cum, conjunction. 

152. distat Idem, is the same distance from. — creta: Cretan earth 
(i.e. chalk) was used to mark the goals or metae ; hence creta = meta; 
cf. v. 145. — vaporibus, heat, as in Book I. v. 432. 

155. acuta, sharp, referring to the foliage of the cypress. 



40 



Notes. 




Diana. 



156. nomine, abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 397; H. 424). — 
Gargaphie, a valley extending from Mt. Cithaeron in the direction of 
Thebes. — succinctae, high-girded, i.e. 
wearing a short tunic, which would not im- 
pede her motions. (See Fig. 12.) 

159. pumice vivo, of living (i.e. nat- 
ural) pumice-stone (abl. of material, § 244, 
2,N.!; G. 396; H. 415, hi.). 

160. duxerat, had drawn, i.e. formed. 
162. hiatus, Greek accusative (§ 240 

c; G. 338; H. 378). 

165. quo, whither; but here, as fre- 
quently, the Latin uses the relative where 
the English does not. 

166. retentos, from retendo. 

167. subjecit bracchia: she caught it 
in her arms as the goddess took it off. 

168. doctior illis, more skilful than 
they, and therefore employed in service de- 
manding more skill. 

169. Ismenis : a patronymic from Is- 
menus, a stream in Bceotia. 

170. solutis, sc. capillis; abl. of quality (§251; G. 400; H. 419, ii.). 

171. Nephele, Cloud; Hyle, Wood; Rhanis, Rain-drop ; Psecas, 
Shower ; Phiale, Bowl: all Greek words. Crocale, above, means Seashore. 

172. capacibus urnis : belongs with both verbs. 

173. Titania: Diana is called Titania because she is identified with 
the goddess of the moon, Selene, who was the daughter of the Titan 
Hyperion. 

174. dilata parte: 
the next day; cf. v. 150. 

177. qui: here again the Lati 
English demonstrative. 

178. sicut erant, nudae, naked as they were. 

183. qui : the antecedent is to be supplied from is in v. 185. — adversi, 
turned toward the?n. 

184. solet: a short final syllable is sometimes treated as if long in the 
caesura of the third foot before et or aut, and also in any thesis when fol- 
lowed by a Greek word. — purpureae anrorae : Ovid allows hiatus after 
the thesis of the fifth loot when the foot is spondaic or when a Greek word 
follows. 



the continuation of the hunt was postponed until 
relative must be rendered by the 



Actceon. 41 

188. ut, sic : although, still. — habuisse: perf. inf. where the pres. is 
more usual. So in English one might say she wished she had had. 

192. tibi: dat. of agent (§ 232, a; G. 354; H. 388, 1). — narres : 
depends upon licet without ut (§ 331, i, n. 3 ; G. 607; H. 501, i. 1, 502). 

194. vivacis : the stag was believed to live through thirty-six genera- 
tions of men. Ancient artists generally represented this first stage of 
Actaeon's metamorphosis, in which the man has the stag's antlers. (See 

Fig- 13) 

198. Autonoeius : Autonce, daughter of Cadmus, was Action's mother. 

199. se tarn celerem : sc. esse (see § ^33, b; G. 542, r.; H. 535, Hi.). 
202. vox ilia fuit: i.e. that (the groan) was all the voice he had. — 

ora non sua,, features not his own, because his face was changed to that 
of a stag. 

204. faciat: deliberative subjunctive (§ 268; G. 265; H. 484, v.); so 
also repetat and lateat. 

206. Melampus, B lack- foot ; Ichnobates, Trail-goer ; Pamphagus, 
All-devourer ; Dorceus, Quick-sighted ; Oribasus, Moimtain-wanderer , 
Nebrophonus, Fawn-slayer ; Laelaps, Whirlwind ; Theroii, Hunter , 
Pterelas, Winged; Agre, Huntress; Hylaeus, Silvan; Nape, Glen; 
Poemenis, Shepherdess ; Harpyia, Ravager ; Ladon, Strong ; Dromas, 
Runner; Can ace, Crasher; Sticte, Spotted; Tigris, Tigress; Alee, 
Courage ; IJeucon, White ; Asbolus, Soot ; Aello, Wind-blast ; Thous, 
Swift; Cyprio, Cyprian; IJycisce, Wolfy ; Harpalos, Seizer ; Mela- 
neus, Black ; Ijachne, Fur ; Uabros, Furious; Agriodus, Wild-tooth ; 
Hylactor, Barker^, and below, Melanchaetes, Black-haired ; Theri- 
damas, Game-subduer ; Oresitrophus, Mountain-bred ; all these names 
are Greek. 

208. Gnosius, Spartana: the Cretan and Laconian hounds were 
excellent hunters. 

216. substricta, close-bound, i.e. slender, as those of swift hounds 
are. 

218. villis, abl. of quality (§ 251 ; G. 400; H. 419, ii.) : both adjectives 
agree with it. 

219. cursu: abl. of specification (§ 253; G. 397; H. 424). 

221. frontem: Greek accusative (§ 240, c; G. 33%; H. 378). — medio 
ab alho, from the zvhite in the middle. 

222. corpore, abl. of specification. 

223. Dictaeo, Liaconide : see note on v. 208. 

224. acutae vocis, gen. of quality (§ 215; G. 365; H. 396, v.). 

225. est, would be (§ 311, c; G. 254; r.1; H. 511). 

226. aditu, abl. with carentia (§ 243; G. 405 ; H. 414). 



42 



Notes. 



227. difflcilis, sc. via. 

228. fuglt per quae loca: the antecedent loca is incorporated in the 
relative clause (§ 200; G. 616; H. 445, 9); he flees through places through 
which he had often followed. 

229. famulos, i.e. his dogs. 

238. quern tamen, still such as. — possit, subj. after the character- 
istic relative (§ 320; G. 631, 1 ; H. 503. i.). 

240. similis roganti, like a suppliant ; suppliants held out their arms 
in prayer, and Actaeon tried to express supplication by the motions of his 
face. 

Fig- 13- 




Actoon. 



247. vellet : potential subjunctive, i.e. apodosis of an omitted condition 
contrary to fact (§ 311, b; G. 257, n. 2 ; H. 486). 



VIII. PYRAMUS AND THISBE. 



The reader will remember this story as presented in " Midsummer- 
Night's Dream." 

IV. 56. praelata, preferred before : most excellent among. 

58. Semiramis, wife of Ninus, and founder of Babylon. — coctilibus. 
of burnt brick. 



Pyramns and TJiisbe. 43 

59. primos gradus, sc. amoris, which is easily supplied from the 
following line. 

60. taedae, gen. with jure = in lawful marriage. A torchlight pro- 
cession was a regular part of the nuptial ceremony. 

61. quod relates to v. 62. 

62. ex aequo captis, eqtially enslaved. 

63. conscius, witness. 

65. fissus erat paries, the party-wall was cloven. — duxerat, had got, 
i.e. the chink had been left in it. 

67. id vitium, this defect. — nulli notatum, remarked by no one. 
69. fecistis iter, made, it a passage. — illud refers to iter. 

74. erat, would it have been ; the imperf. ind. where one might expect 
the pluperf. subj. (§311, c; G. 254; R. 2 ; H. 511, N. 3 ). — ut sineres: sub- 
junctive of result, for yoti to allow. 

75. pateres, open far enough. 

77. quod, etc., obj. of debere. — arnicas, beloved. 

78. diversa sede, i.e. parted as they were. 

79. parti suae, his own side. 

80. contra, to the other. 

85. foribus, abl. (§ 258, a, N. 3 ; G. 390, n. 3 ; H. 414, n. 1 ). 

87. neve sit errandum, and that they ??iay not have to go wrong, i.e. 
miss each other. 

88. conveniant is still subj. of purpose after ut in v. 84. — lateant 
(also subj.), conceal themselves. — busta Nini, the tomb of Ninus, the 
husband of Semiramis. Shakespeare says, " to meet at Ninus' tomb, there, 
there to woo." 

91. lux., the daylight. — tarde discedere visa : their eagerness made 
the day seem long. 

94. vultum, ace. of specification (§ 240, c; G. 338 > H. 378). 

95. pervenit, sedit: a change from present to perfect. 

96. recenti . . . rictus, a lioness whose foaming Jaws are smeared 
(oblita) from the fresh slaughter (i.e. with the fresh blood) of cattle 
(rictus, ace. of specification). 

101. fugit, reliquit, change of tense, which is regular with riiim 
(§ 276, e; G. 229, r.; H. 467, 4) ; so also redit, laniavit, below. 

103. sine ipsa, without (Thisbe) herself 

105. serius, too late for his appointment. 

1 10. nostra, my ; nos and nostcr are often used for ego and metis. — 
nocens, the guilty one. 

in. jussi venires, bade you come. The prose construction would 
be infinitive. 



44 Notes. 

113. scelerata viscera, guilty flesh. 

115. timidi: predicate gen. (§ 214, d ; G. 366, R. 2 ; H. 401). — 
optare necem, to wish for death merely instead of killing himself. 
117. notae, agreeing with vesti. 
119. quo: the antecedent is ferrum. 

121. resupiiius, fallen back. — humo, loc. abl. for the more usual 
locative form liumi. 

122. fistula, a water-pipe. — vitiato plumbo, i.e. from a flaw in 
the lead. 

123. tenui stridente foramine, by a small hissing opening. 

124. aera ictibus rumpit, cleaves the air .with its spur tings. 

130. gestit, is eager. 

131. utque, sic, and though, yet. 

132. facit incertam, makes her doubtful. — pomi, fruit. — haeret, 
she hesitates (lit. she sticks). 

133. tremebunda, quivering. 

134. buxo : alluding to the pale yellowish color of the box-tree. 

135. exhorruit, shivered. — aequoris, gen. with instar (§ 223, e\ 

G- 3735 H. 398,4)- 

136. summum, its surface. 

1 38. indignos = immeritos, not deserving it. 

139. comas, ace. of specification (§ 240, c; G. 338; H. 378). 
142. mibi, from me (§ 229; G. 345, R. 1 ; H. 386, 2). 

146. visa ilia, having looked upon her. 

147. ense: see § 243, d; G. 4°5> N. 3 ; H. 414, hi. 
■ 148. ebur, ivory scabbard. 

149. in unum hoc, for this alone. 

150. in vulnera, for (inflicting) wounds. 

151. persequar, sc. te. 

153. sola, agreeing with morte. — nee, not even. 

154. hoc, secondary object (§ 239, c, R.; G. 339, N.*; H. 374, l).— 
amborum verbis, in the name of both of us. 

155. meus, vocative, the form of which is mi when its noun is ex- 
pressed; here meus agrees with parens to be supplied from parentes 
(lit. fathers, mine and his). 

157. non invideatis, do not grudge, i.e. grant ; as grant is one idea, 
the two words non invideatis are introduced by ut; otherwise ne, not 
ut non, would be required. 

158. quae arbor, tree, which (§ 200, b; G. 616; H. 445, 9). 

159. es tectura, co-ordinated with tegis, being part of the relative 
sentence introduced by quae. 



Ino and Melicerta. 



45 



165. ater : the fruit of the common mulberry is black when ripe. The 
morus alba, the fruit of which is white when ripe, was introduced into 
Europe from China in the Middle Ages, but was unknown to Ovid. 

166. rogis, dat. (§ 228; G. 347; H. 389), what remains from the 
funeral pyres. 



IX. INO AND MELICERTA. 



IV. 432. funesta : the berries of the yew were believed to be poison- 
ous, hence the way to Hades is shaded by this " deadly " tree. For a 
detailed description of the same scenes, see Virgil, JEn. VI. 268-416. 

434. iners, sluggish, stagnant. 

435. functa sepulchris : only the shades of those who had been duly 
buried were allowed to cross the Styx. 

436. novi manes, the newly arrived shades ; subject of ignorant. 
440. fretum, the sea. The sense is : as the sea receives the waters of 

all rivers, yet never overflows, so the realm of the dead is never overfilled. 

444. celebrant, throng ; with artes some other verb (e.g. practise) 
must be supplied. — imi tyranni, the ruler of the nethermost regions. 

447. sustinet ire, endures to go, i.e. she goes in spite of the distaste- 
fulness of the journey. 

449. quo, relative adv. where the de- g ' I4 ' 

monstrative is needed in English (§ 201, 
e,h; G. 610; H.453). 

451. sorores nocte genitas, the 
daughters of Night, i.e. the Furies. (See 
Fig. 14.) 

452. numen : sing, because the three 
sisters compose one divine agency. 

453. adamante, on a seat of ada- 
mant. 

456. deae, the Furies. 

457. Tityos, a giant son of earth, 
insulted Latona, and was condemned to 
have his vitals eternally torn by two vul- 
tures. 

458. Tantalus, king of Lydia, son of Jupiter, was placed in Hades 
in a lake, the water of which retreated when he wished to drink; over 
his head hung fruit, which swung away from his grasp when the torments 
of hunger forced him to reach for it. His crime was either failure to 




A Fury. 



4 6 



Notes. 



keep the secrets of the gods, or the theft of nectar and ambrosia, or the 
trial he made of the gods by cooking his son Pelops, and offering the 
meat to them as food. 

460. Sisyphus, son of ^Eolus, ruler in Ephyra (Corinth), had to roll 
a great stone up a hill, from the top of which it always rolled down. His 
crime is also variously recounted; according to one story he informed 
Asopus that Jupiter had carried off his daughter ^Egina. 

461. Ixion, a Thessalian ruler, offended Juno, and was fastened for 
all eternity upon a revolving wheel. (See Fig. 15.) 



w»m, 




Tantalus, Ixion, and Sisyphus. 

463. perdant, subj. of purpose. — Belides : the Danaides, the fifty 
granddaughters of the Egyptian King Belus, slew at the command of their 
father Danaus their cousins {patruelibus), the fifty sons of ^Egyptus, whom 
they had married (only one, Hypermnestra, saved her husband Lynceus). 
In the lower world they were forced to pour water continually into a per- 
forated jar. 

466. hie e fratribus : Sisyphus and Athamas (as well as Cretheus 
and Salmoneus) were sons of /Eolus. 

468. cum conjuge, together with his wife (Ino). 

470. quod vellet, erat, what she wished, ivas ; the subjunctive of 
modesty (§ 311, /;; G. 257; H. 486, 1), perhaps used here in part because 
the indirect question quid velit made the subjunctive seem natural. 



Ino and Melicerta. 47 

471. traherent, subj. of purpose, with ut implied in the preceding ne. 

472. coiifundit in iiiiuin, she unites. 

474. Tisiphone, Tiaicpovr}, the avenger of slaughter, one of the Furies. 
— capillos, Greek accusative (§ 240, c; G. 338; H. 378). 

476. ambagibus, abl. with opus (§ 243, e; G. 406; H. 414, iv.). 

477. facta puta, believe that it is done, i.e. it is as good as done; put 
yourself at ease. 

480. Thaumantias Iris : Iris, daughter of Thaumas and Electra, was 
the special attendant of Juno. She purifies her by sprinkling water over 
her, in order that she may not pollute the heavens by entering unpurified 
from the infernal regions. 

481. nee mora, sc. est, there is no delay, i.e. without delay. 

483. induitur pallam, she clothes herself in a cloak ; induo in the 
passive is not infrequently used with the accusative; this may be explained 
as the ace of specification, or may be derived from the Greek construction 
of two accusatives with verbs of clothing. The more natural Latin con- 
struction would be the abl. like incingitur angue. 

485. vultu, abl. of quality (§ 251 ; G. 400 ; H. 419, ii.). 

486. limine, loc. abl. without in (§ 258,/,' 3; G. 385, n. 1 ; H. 425, 2, 
ii. N. 2 ) ; the threshold is that of Athamas. 

487. Aeolii, ALolian; for Athamas was the son of yEolus. — Avernus, 
adj., deadly, infernal. 

488. monstris, prodigies. 

490. infelix, baneful. — Erinys, Fury. 

495. This and the following lines are in close imitation of Virgil, JEn. 
VII. 346 ff. — abrumpit, snatches. — crinibus, dat. (§ 229; G. 345, r. 1 ; 
H. 386). 

497. Inoos, Athamanteos, adjectives equivalent to genitives. 

498. graves animas, baneful breaths. 

499. quae sentiat, which is to feel. 

500. liquidi monstra veneni, prodigies of liquid poison, i.e. liquid 
poisons of wonderful kinds. 

501. Echidna ( Viper) was mother of Cerberus and other monsters. 

505. viridi versata cicuta, stirred zvith a green sprig of (poisonous) 
hemlock. 

506. vergit, pours. 

508. face jactata, etc. : to confuse them still more, Tisiphone swings 
her torch in a circle {per eundem orbeni) so continually (saepius) and 
rapidly that she makes the fire overtake the fire {consequitur ignibus ignes), 
i.e. before the sparks have died away in one part of the circle the torch 
reaches the same point again, thus forming a wheel of fire. 



48 Notes. 

510. jussi potens, having fulfilled the command; the use of potem 
with the gen. meaning "ruling, having mastery over," etc., is not un- 
common. 

511. recmgitur auguem, unbinds ft om herself (i.e. takes off) the 
snake ; see note on v. 483. 

512. Aeolides, Athamas. 

513. his silvis, loc. abl. with omission of in. 

515. utque . . . conjugis, he follows the tracks of his wife like those 
of a wild beast. 

518. rigido saxo, on the hard rock, abl. of means. — infantia ora, 
equivalent to infantis ora, his infant features, for the features of the infant. 

520. sparsi causa veneni, a cause consisting of etc.; veneni is an 
appositional genitive of material (§ 214,/; G. 361 ; H. 396, vi.). 

521. passis, ixom. pando. — male Sana, equivalent to insana. 

523. Euhoe Bacche: one of the regular shouts of the Bacchic 
revellers. 

524. hos usus, such advantage as to increase your madness. — prae- 
stet, optative subjunctive. — alumnus : Ino was the nurse of Bacchus. 

531. neptis : Harmonia (or Hermione), wife of Cadmus and mother 
of Ino, was daughter of Venus and Mars. 

533- proxlma caelo, nearest that of heaven. 

535. Ionio immenso : hiatus in the fifth foot of spondaic lines is 
sometimes permitted. 

538. Graium nomen, Aphrodite, from acppos, foam. 

542. Leucothee cum matre = et matrem Leucotheen ; he called him 
the god Palaemon and called his mother Leucothee. 



X. PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA. 

Acrisius, king of Argos, had been warned that he should be dethroned 
and slain by the child of his daughter Danae, whom therefore, to elude 
the oracle, he confined in a dungeon with brazen walls. But Jupiter 
gained admission in the form of a shower of gold, and Danae became the 
mother of Perseus. Being shut with the child — then four years of age — 
in a chest or coffer, and cast into the sea, she drifted to the island of 
Seriphus, where the boy grew up, and was sent craftily by the tyrant of the 
island for the head of the Gorgon Medusa. In this enterprise he was 
helped and delivered by the friendly care of the divinities Mercury and 




Persetts and Andromeda. 49 

Minerva, who armed him for his task, gave him the power of flight, 
and made him invulnerable and invincible. (See, for an admirable nar- 
rative of the adventure, Kingsley's 
" Heroes," and " Andromeda.") Fig. 16. 

IV. 615. viperei monstri, the 
Gorgon Medusa, whose beautiful 
locks of hair had been changed to 
serpents by the wrath of Minerva 
(yv. 801-803). (See Fig. 16.) 

616. stridentibus alis: Per- 
seus had been equipped for his aerial 
journey with the regis of Minerva, the 
winged cap and sandals furnished 
by the Graise, the cap of Pluto, 
making its wearer invisible, and the Medusa, 
curved sword (harpe) of Mercury, 

with its two points, one straight and the other curved. (See the inter- 
pretation of the fable of the Gorgons in " Modern Painters," Vol. V. 
p. 150.) 

617. Libycas, African : Libya was the earlier general name of Africa, 
the home of the Gorgons. 

620. colubris, belongs with both frequens and infesta. 

621. per immensum, through limitless space. 

622. exemplo, in the manner. 

623. seductas longe, far removed. 

625. Cancri : used for the tropical region, as Arctos for the polar* 

626. occasus, ortus, sc. solis, West and East. 

627. jam cadente die, when day was already setting. 

628. Hesperio = far western. The gardens of the Hesperides, daugh- 
ters of Atlas, were placed somewhere in the west of Africa. — regnis 
Atlantis : Atlas, " the unwearied," was king of Mauretania, son of Iape- 
tus, and brother of Prometheus. After the rebellion of the Titans, he was 
condemned to bear the weight of heaven upon his shoulders. 

630. Aurorae, sc. currus. — diurnos, of the day. The morning star, 
Lucifer, calls out the chariot of Aurora, and she, in turn, calls out that of 
the Sun. (Cf. Book II. vv. n 2-1 15.) 

631. hominum cunctos = eunctos homines; praestare, in the 
sense of excel, usually takes the ace. 

633. qui : the antecedent is pontus. 

634. subdit : see Book II. v. 68. 

635. illi: dative of reference (§ 23.5; G. 350, 1 ; H. 384, ii. 1, 2). 



50 Notes. 

636. vicinia nulla premebant : as Atlas inhabited the extreme end 
of the earth, his territory was not shut in by neighbors. 

637. arboreae frondes, etc., a description of the garden of the 
Hesperides. Some report of oranges — a fruit unknown to the ancients — 
may have helped in shaping the story of the golden apples. 

639. seu, if on the one hand; sive, or if. 
641. rerum, heroic deeds. 

643. Themis: see note, Book I. 321. 

644. quo, at which, when, referring to tempus. — auro, abl. of 
separation with spoliabitur. 

645. Jove natus : the son of Jupiter, who stole the golden apples of 
the Hesperides, was Hercules, himself a remote descendant of Perseus. 

647. servanda, to keep, lit. to be kept (§ 294, d ; G. 43:; H. 544, 2, 
N. 2 ). 

649. ne longe . . . absit, lest the glory, etc., be far from helpijig thee. 

650. mentiris, falsely boast. — tibi : the dat. after abesse in the sense 
of lack, fail {deesse), is common after Cicero, especially in poetry. 

652. fortia : sc. dicta, threatening words. 

654. parvi, of little worth. 

655. Medusae ora: the horror of the countenance of Medusa, with 
its snaky locks, chilled the beholder into stone. Perseus himself had 
approached the monster averted, — ipse retroversns, — gazing at her re- 
flection in the polished shield; and had borne the bleeding head in an 
enchanted sack, given him by the sea-nymphs. 

657. quantns erat: sc. tantus = of just his size. 

658. abeunt, pass, or are converted. 
661. di : vocative. 

663. Hippotades, /Eolus, son of Hippotas, god of the winds. 

664. admonitor operum, sumwoner to toil. 

665. ille, Perseus. 

666. parte ab utraque pedes = utrumque pedem, both feet. 

669. Cephea (adj.), of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, brother of /Egyptus 
and Danaus. 

670. inaternae linguae: Cassiopeia, mother of Andromeda, was 

" That starred Ethiop queen that strove 
To set her beauty's praise above 
The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended." 

Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Andromeda, and Perseus are among the most striking 
constellations in the northern heavens. 

671. A 111 111 on. the chief divinity of Egypt, identified with the Greek 



Perseus and Andromeda. 



51 



Fig. 17. 




Zeus (Jupiter); represented with the horns of a ram (see Fig, 17). He 
had an oracle in the Libyan desert. 

672. quam : the relative where in English 
the demonstrative is used. — simul, for simul 
atque, as soon as. — bracchia, ace. of speci- 
fication (§ 240, c; G. 338; H. 378). 

673. Abantiades : Abas, king of Argos, 
descended from Danaus, was father of Acrisius, 
and great-grandfather of Perseus. — nisi quod, 
except that. 

675. ignes, the flames of love. 

679. quibus : sc. eis catenis. 

680. requirenti: sc. mihi. 

683. religata, i.e. her hands bound behind. 

684. quod potuit, i.e. the only thing she could; its antecedent is the 
sentence lumina, etc. 

685. saepius instanti, to him as he urged her again and again. — 
sua . . . videretur, that she might not seem to be unzvillingto confess (i.e. 
to be trying to conceal) her own guilt ; the clause depends upon indicat. 
Notice the emphatic position of sua; the real fault was her mother's, but 
she was afraid Perseus might think it was her own. 

688. nondum . . . omnibus, before all zvas told. 

690. imminet: he raises his head and neck above the Avat.er, and so 
overhangs a vast extent of sea {immenso ponto, dat), while with his breast 
he occupies {possidet) a broad stretch of water. 

692. ilia : the mother had more reason for grief, by reason of her 
offence, which incurred this penalty. 

695. lacrimarum limits tempora; manere governs vos. 

697. peterem, seek in marriage; the imperfect subjunctive, although 
not implying that the condition is contrary to fact (§ 307,/ ; G. 596, 2). 
— Perseus: in appos. with ego; so also in v. 699. — ilia, Danae. (See 
introductory note.) 

702. meritum : i.e. that the boon should be my own earning. — 
dotibus, endowments. — faveant, subj. in proviso (§ 314; G. 573; H. 
513, i.). — tempto : the present is sometimes used instead of the future 
for the sake of liveliness. 

703. ut mea sit, that she be mine. 

704. legem, condition. 

705. super = insuper. — dotale, a bridal gift. In Ovid's time the 
wife brought a dowry to the husband. This usage he has transferred to 
the heroic times, when the husband purchased the wife from her parents. 



52 



Notes. 



706. rostro : construe with sulcat. 

709. Balearica : the people of these islands were famous slingers. 

710. plumbo, i.e. the leaden slug thrown by the sling. — caeli, space : 
partitive genitive with quantum. 

714. Jo vis praepes, the eagle. 

715. praebentem Phoebo, turning to the sun. 

716. neu retorqueat, and lest he turn back ; the snake, being seized 
by the neck, cannot turn his head to bite his assailant. 

718. inane, the void (i.e. air). 

720. Inachides : Inachos, son of Oceanus, was the first king of Argos. 
— hamo : see note, v. 616. 

721. se sublimis . . . attolit, raises himself high in the air ; subli- 
mis agrees with the subject. In English we use an adverb (see § 191 ; 
G. 325, R. 6 ; H. 443). 

725. qua patent, where they are exposed. 

727. desinit in piscem, goes off into a fish, i.e. ends in the form of a 
fish-tail. 

729. graves, made heavy. 

730. bibulis, soaked with blood. 
732. stantibus, quiet ; abl. abs. 

734. exegit, thrust throtigh ; repetita, attacked repeatedly. 

735. implevere : the plural subject is 
cum plausu clamor (§ 205, N.; G. 285, 
N. 2 ; H. 461, 4). 
739. See Fig. 18. 

741. laedat: the subject is ipse, i.e. Per- 
seus. 

742. mollit, carpets. — natas, sprung. 

744. bibula medulla, with porous pith. 

745. rapuit, caught. 

749. iterant j aetata, toss repeatedly. 

750. curaliis, coral. 

751. duritiam capiant : as if the coral 
were a sea-plant, which turns to stone by con- 
tact with the air. — taeto ab aere, from 
contact with the air. In this sentence, capi- 
ant ut is for ut capiant, forming an explana- 
tory consecutive clause. 

754. bellica Virgo, Minerva. She had given Perseus his helmet, 
shield, and spear; Mercury had given him wings and curved sword; Jupi- 
ter \\as his grandfather : hence the sacrifices to these three deities. 



Fig. 18. 




Andromeda. 



Perseus and Andromeda. 



53 



Fig. 19. 




756. alipedi, Mercury. (See Fig. 19.) 

757. et . . . indotata, though without a dozvry, a (sufficient) reward 
for even so great a deed. 

758. Hymenaeus, the god of marriage. 

759. praecutiunt, brandish in front, in 
the bridal procession. 

762. reseratis, thrown back. 

763. instructa, prepared. 

764. Cepheni, people of Cepheus. 

765. functi, etc., having discharged the 
service of high-born Bacchus. 

766. diffudere, relaxed. 

767. Lyncides : Lynceus was a fabled 
ancestor of Perseus. 

769. qui relates to Cepheus. — simul = 
sitnul aique, as soon as. 

Jji. crinita draconibus = with snaky locks. 

772. Agenorides, Perseus, descended from a brother of Agenor. 

775. unius luminis usum : the sisters Graioe, daughters of Phorcys, 
had but one eye between them, which Perseus — made invisible by the cap 
of Pluto — caught as it was passing from 
one to the other. Thus made helpless, 
they were constrained to tell him the 
secrets on which the fate of the Gorgon 
depended. 

775. partitas, sharing. 

780. ferarumque : observe that the 
syllable -que is elided before the vowel 
at the beginning of the next verse (syna- 
pheia). 

781. ex ipsis = from their proper 
shape. 

783. aere repercusso, i.e. by the 
image reflected from the polished brass; 
limited by clipei, above (see note, v. 655). 

785. caput : see Fig. 20. — pennis 
fugacem Pegason : the winged horse 
Pegasus, sacred to the Muses, and the Perseus and the Gorgon's head. 

giant Chrysaor, wielding a golden sword, sprang from the blood of the 
slain Gorgon. 

791. sola sororum: the accounts of the three sisters are various. 



Mercury. 



Fig. 20. 







54 



Notes. 



795- 
797- 



Fisf. 2i. 



According to the story here adopted by Ovid, Medusa was the only one 
with snaky locks. She was also the only mortal being of the three. 
794. forma, abl. of specification. 

invidiosa, envied by other maidens. 

referret, subj. of characteristic (§ 320; G. 631, 2; H. 503, i.). 
798. vitiasse, dishonored. 
803. Minerva wore a Gorgon's head upon her 
breastplate. (See Fig. 21.) 

The tale of Perseus (like that of Hercules and 
many other heroes) represents the daily course of 
the sun, in conflict with the powers of darkness 
and storm. The harpe is his gleaming ray; the 
Graiae are the twilight; the Gorgons are the storm- 
cloud, which rests upon the bosom of the sea- 
wave, and is cloven by the " golden sword " of 
the lightning. The jagged edges of the cloud, 
and the crimson stream which pours from it in 
the glow of sunset, help out the features of the 
image. 




XI. THE WANDERING OF CERES. 

Ceres, in the Greek myth, is the Earth- Mother 
(Ar]iuL7]Tr)p) , type of the productive power of the 
soil, who seeks her child Proserpina (Persephone, 
^^-^i^j^^^^^^^^ called also Koprj, the maiden), stolen from her 
-~ -— ~ —= ^ sight by the king of the lower world, and only 

Minerva. 

restored to her by Jupiter for six months of each 
year. By this parable the ancients understood the annual sowing of the 
grain-harvest, by which the corn is hidden in the ground through the 
winter months, but restored in spring to sunlight, and ripening to the har- 
vest, in which the yearly festival of Ceres is celebrated with religious 
rites. 

V. 341. Ceres: see Fig. 22. — unco aratro : the ancient plough, 
still sometimes seen in Italy, was a rude wooden instrument, which broke 
the soil with its hooked extremity. 

343. dedit leges : because agriculture first led men to an orderly life, 
she was called Ceres legifera (Arnj.r)Tr)p Qeaiu.o<p6pos). 

346. membris (dat. after ingesta), heaped on the giant limbs (Ty- 



The Wandering of Ceres. 



55 



phceus; see Introd.). Typhoeus was not reckoned one of the giants, but 
represented the violent powers of nature, especially in the earthcmake : 
hence he is placed for punishment under the volcano Etna. 

347. Trinacris, " the three 
headlands," is the ancient name Flg - 22- 

describing the triangular form of 
Sicily, which, on a rude map, might 
suggest the notion of a buried giant. 

— subjectum and ausum agree 
withTyphoea; molibus depends 
on subjectum, and sperare on 
ausum; sedes is object of spe- 
rare. 

350. Peloro, etc. : Pelorus is 
the headland nearest Italy; Packy- 
nus, the southeastern extremity of 
the island; Libyb&nm, the western. 

— Ausonio, Italian (an old name 
of Southern Italy). 

352. resupinus, flat on his 
back. 

354. remoliri, to cast off (with 
effort). 

356. rex silentum, king of the 
silent realms, Pluto. 

361. ambibat, surveyed, going 
his rounds, like a watchman. 

363. Erycina, Venus, who had 
a famous temple on Mt. Eryx, in 
the western part of Sicily, appar- 
ently of Phoenician origin. Eryx was fabled to be her son, killed by Her- 
cules in a boxing-match, and buried on this mountain. (See Virgil, JEn. 
V. 392-420.) 

364. natum volucrem, her tuinged son, Cupido (= "Epus) or Desire, 
son of Venus : the modern Cupid, whose attributes of bow and arrows, 
with wings, have come down from ancient works of art. (See Fig. 23.) 

365. arma, manus, potentia : all vocative, in apposition with 
nate. 

366. ilia tela, those shafts, pointed with gold or lead, according as 
they were to stir love or hate. 

368. triplicis . . . regni, the last lot fell of the threefold realm; 




Ceres. 



56 



Notes. 



37°- 
37i- 

372- 
373- 
374- 



Jupiter having taken by lot the empire of the heavens, and Neptune that 
of the waters. 

ipsum, Neptune. — regit qui = qui regit. 

Tartara, etc., why does Tartarus hold aloof? 

agitur, is at stake. 

quae . . . est, such is our endurance. 

mecum vires Am oris, the power of Love together with me, for 
my power and that of Love, or Love and I. 

375. Pallada, etc. : Pallas (Minerva) and Ar- 
Fig. 23. temis (Diana) were virgins, and encouraged chastity. 

376. filia, Proserpine. — virgo, predicate. 

377. spes adfectat easdem, she cherishes the 
sa?ne hopes as Minerva and Diana. 

378. pro socio regno, for the sake of our com- 
mon power ; for Venus and Cupid both represented 
the power of love, to which Proserpine refused to 
yield. 

379. patruo : \he patruusis the father's brother; 
the avunculus, the mother's. Proserpine was daugh- 
ter of Jupiter and Ceres; hence Pluto was her uncle. 

380. arbitrio, abl. of cause (§ 245; G. 408; 
H.416). 

Cupid. 381. qua, abl. with acutior (§ 247; G. 398; 

H.417). 

magis audiat, is more obedient ; characteristic relative clause 
G. 631, 2; H. 503, i.). 

opposito genu (abl. abs.), bracing his knee against it. 
hamata, barbed. — arundine, reed, of which the arrow was 




382. 
(§ 320; 

383. 

384- 
made. 

385. 
386. 



altae aquae, of deep water. 

illo, than it (does) ; a use of the abl. instead of quam with the 
noun, which is rare in Latin; for the lake (illo) is not compared with 
the Cayster, but is the subject of audit, to be supplied from audit of 
v. 387. The corresponding construction is common in Greek. — Cays- 
tros : see Book II. 253. The Cayster was famous for its swans, which the 
ancients thought of as melodious birds. 

389. ut velo, as by a veil (referring to the awning which sheltered the 
Roman amphitheatre from the sun). 

390. Tyrios, purple. 

391. quo luco (loc. abl.), in this grove ; the relative, where in Eng- 
lish the demonstrative is necessary (§ 201, e; G. 610; H. 453). — Proser- 



The Wandering of Ceres. 



57 



pina, the Latin corruption of the Greek nepaeQou-ri ; she was identified 
by the Romans with the Italian goddess Libera. 

394. aequales, comrades. 

395. simul, at one moment. — Diti, dat. of agent (§ 232, a; G. 354; 
H. 388, 1). 

396. usque adeo, to such a degree. 
398. snmma ab ora, at its upper edge. 
402. See Fig. 24. 

Fig. 24. 




Pluto carrying off Proserpina. 






404. obscura ferrugine : all the equipment of Pluto is dark, as 
becomes the god of the lower world ; so in v. 360 his horses are 
black. 

406. Palicorum : these were two brothers, who presided over some 
bubbling sulphurous springs near Palike, in Sicily. — ferventia (agreeing 
with stagna), boiling tip through the broken earth. 

407. qua . . . portus, i.e. the site of Syracuse, between the outer 
(lesser) and inner (greater) harbors. (See Fig. 25.) — Bacchiadae, the 
leading family of Corinth, claiming descent from Hercules. Syracuse was 
a Corinthian colony. — bimari, a common epithet of Corinth, on the 
isthmus " between two seas." 

409. medium . . . aequor, a sea between Cyane and Arethusa. The 
fountain Arethusa, on the peninsula {Ortygia) which made the old city of 
Syracuse, offered the strange phenomenon of fresh water springing up, 
apparently, from the midst of salt : hence the fable related below (vv. S77~ 
641). Cyane was a spring whose waters flowed into the Anapis, and so 
into the Great Harbor. 

410. angustis cornibus, narrow points of land. The " sea " 
(aequor) is the Great Harbor. 



58 



Notes. 




411. hie, adverb; 
the subject of fuit is 
Cyane. 

413. summa te- 
rms alvo = as far as 
the waist. 

414. nee . . . in- 
quit, and said, "you 
shall go no further " / 
the connective part of 
nee is taken with in- 
quit, the negative part 
with ibitis. 

416. quod si, but 
if; quod is the ad- 
verbial accusative (§ 
240, b; G. 338; 610, 
R. 2 ; H. 378, 2). 

417. Anapis : the 
Anapis or Anapus flows 
into the Great Harbor; 
a little above its mouth 
it is joined by the Cy- 
ane. The marriage of 
the Nymph and the 
River-god symbolizes 
the union of the two 
streams. 

420. Saturnius, 
son of Saturn, i.e. 
Pluto. 

425. fontis jura : 
fountains were held to 
have a sacred charac- 
ter, on which Cyane had 
presumed too far. 

428. modo, but 
now. 

429. extenuatur, 
she is thinned out, i.e. 
she wastes aivay and 



The Wandering of Ceres. 59 

changes. — videres, you might have seen, potential subjunctive (§ 311, a, 
N. 2 ; G. 258; H. 485, N. 1 ). 

431. tenuissima quaeque, all the slenderest parts (§ 93, d; G. 318, 2; 
H. 458, 1). 

433. membris exilibus: dat. of reference (§ 235, a; G. 349 to 352; 
H. 384, 4. N 2). 

436. vitiatas, impaired. 

437. possis: potential subjunctive (§ 311, a\ G. 257; H. 485). 

438. matri : dat. of agent, with quaesita est. 

439. prof undo, deep = sea. 

440. udis capillis : Aurora's hair is wet because she is supposed to 
rise from the sea. 

443. inrequieta, never resting. 

444. alma dies : dies, day, is sometimes feminine in poetry. 

450. dulce, etc., a sweet drink which she had first strewn with parched 
barley. The plural dulcia is often used for szveetmeats. 

453. neque : the negative qualities epota, which is abl. abs. with 
parte. 

454. liquido, liquid (subst), i.e. water; she drenched him with barley 
mixed with water. 

458. parva lacerta, than a small lizard, for the boy was changed 
into a spotted lizard, one of the smallest species. 

459. monstra, the prodigy. 

460. petit : the i is long, apparently by contraction for petiit, for the 
tense is perf.; so also Virgil, /En. ix. 9. 

461. nomen habet, stellio is the Latin name of this species. 

463. defuit orbis, the world did not suffice (no part of it was left 
unsearched). 

464. Sicaniam, Sicily. 
467. quo, with which. 

471. simul [atque], as soon as. — raptam, sc. earn esse. 

473. repetita, again and again struck. 

474. sit, i.e. Proserpine. 

477. saeva maim, with cruel hand. 

478. parili agrees with leto. 

480. depositum, sc. semen. 

481. vulgata, famed : Sicily was in old times "the granary of Rome." 

482. falsa, false to its reputation. — primis in herbis, in the young 
blade. 

484. sideraque: the -que is lengthened before the caesura; such 
lengthening of -que occurs sometimes in the second foot, less frequently 



60 Notes. 

in the fifth, and always before a second word to which -que is added. — 
que . . . que, both . . . and : the constellations were thought to have 
an influence upon the crops. 

486. inexpugnabile gramen, grass which cannot be rooted up ; this, 
with lolium and tribuli, is the subject of fatigant. 

487. Eleis, [waves'] of Elis (a district of Greece) ; Alpheias, [the 
nymph] beloved by Alpheius, i.e. Arethusa; cf. vv. 577-641. 

491. tibi fidae terrae, the land faithful to you ; the dat. tibi depends 
upon fidae, terrae upon irascere. 

493. nee sum, etc., i.e. it is not affection for my native land, etc. 

494. Pisa, a town of Elis. 

496. penates, household gods = home. 

499. veniet, etc., there will come a suitable time for my story (jvhy 1 
was ??ioved, etc.) when you, etc. 

500. euraque . . . et vultus melioris, relieved from care, and of 
more cheer fid aspect. 

502. cavernas, i.e. of the sea. 

503. desueta, i.e. from the long dark journey. 

504. labor, I glide. 

506. ilia : this and the following nominatives are in appos. with 
Proserpina, but the insertion of is or was makes smoother English : she 
was sad, to be sure, and not yet unterrified i?i expression, but yet queen, etc 

509. ceu saxea, as if turned to stone. 

510. ut . . . amentia, when her grievous frenzy was dispelled by 
grievous pain. 

512. nubila, do udy, gloo my. 

513. invidiosa —full of bitter thoughts. 

515. matris, objective gen. 

516. cura vilior, a less precious charge. 

517. illius, i.e. Proserpine. 

519. scire . . . voeas, if you call it finding, to know where she is, 

520. quod rapta [est], that she is stolen. 

521. neque . . . noil est, for your daughter does not deserve a robber 
for a husband, — if she is no longer my daughter, i.e. if I have lost her 
utterly. 

525. injuria, amor, predicate. 

526. pudori, dat. of service. 

527. tu modo velis, if only thou consent. — ut desint (concessive), 
though, etc. (§313; G. 608 ; II. 515, hi.)- 

528. quid, quod, etc., what [do you say to this] that, etc. — cetera, 
sther grounds. 



The Wandering of Ceres. 



6l 



529. nisi sorte, except by lot. 

531. lege, condition. 

532. cautum est, it has been provided. 

533. certum est, her mind is made up. 

534. jejunia solverat, had broken her fast. 

535. cultis hortis : the gardens of the lower world are not mentioned 
elsewhere, but as the Elysian Fields were illuminated by a sun of their 
own, and were otherwise attractive, it is natural to suppose that the palace 
of Pluto stood in a garden. 

537. de eortice : the seeds of the pomegranate are wrapped each in 
its separate pulpy sheath. This fruit is often used as a symbol of the lower 
world. 

540. Avernales : of Aver n us, i.e. of the rivers of the lower world; the 
name Avernus was applied to the sulphurous waters whose fumes were 
thought to kill the birds that flew over, especially to the lake Avernus in 
Campania. 

541. suo, her kindred; Acheron was a river and river-god of the 
lower world. 

543. profanam, of evil omen. 

544. Phlegethontide : Phlegethon was one of the rivers of Hades. 

546. sibi ablatus, deprived of himself '(his own identity). 

547. in caput erescit = his head enlarges. — ungues, bends back long 
claws, i.e. receives long hooked claws. 

548. natas, which had grown. 

552. Acheloides, daughters of Achelous (a river of Central Greece) 
and the Muse Melpomene. — unde, sc. sunt. 

555. doctae, skilled (in singing). The Sirens had the faces of maidens 
and bodies of birds, and were endowed with the gift of song. (See 
Fig. 26.) 

Fig. 26. 




557. ut, etc., that the waters as well as the land might experience, etc. 

558. posse . . . optastis, you wished to be able to rest above the waters 
on the oars of wings (cf. remigio alarum, Virgil, JEn. I. 301), i.e. to float 
in the air, or fly. 

559. faciles, compliant. 



62 



Notes. 



^63, remansit, sing, agreeing with vox, its nearest subject (§ 205, d ; 
G, 285, exc. 1; H. 463, i.). 

564. medius, as a mediator between : ??iedius with the gen. is not 
uncommon; cf. v. 409, above. 



Fig. 27. 




Return of Proserpine. 



565. ex aequo, 
equally. 

566. regnorum 
. . . duorum : Pro- 
serpine was, as wife 
of Pluto, a deity of 
the lower world, but 
as daughter of Ceres 
she was a goddess of 
fertility and vegetable 
life. Her annual de- 
scent to Hades (in 
the autumn) and re- 



turn to the earth (in the spring) symbolizes the apparent death and 
resurrection of nature. (See Fig. 27.) 

568. mentis et oris, sc. Proserpinae. 

569. quae: the antecedent is frons. — Diti quoque, even to Pluto, 
who was used to the sad faces of the dead. 

571. victis, i.e. after conquering them. 

573. sacer fons : Arethusa was a peculiarly sacred 
spring, and is represented on some Syracusan coins. 
(See Fig. 28.) 

576. fluminis Elei, i.e. the Alpheus. 

577. Achai'de, Greece. 

578. saltus legit, scoured the glades (in the 
chase). 

Arethusa. 582. nee . . . juvabat, nor did my too highly 

praised beauty give ?ne any pleasure. 
583. qu-a : the antecedent is dote corporis ; the abl. is abl. ol 
cause. 

585. Stymphalide : Stymphalos was a district of Arcadia. 

587. sine vertice, without an eddy. 

588. alte, deep below. 

590, nutrita unda, fed by the wave. 

591. sponte sua natas, i.e. natural shade, not arranged by human 
hands. — ripis, dative. 

597. nescio quod murmur, some murmur. When nescio qui (or 




The Wandering of Ceres. 63 

quis) means some, it is regarded as a mere indefinite pronoun, not as an 
indirect question; hence sensi is here indicative (§ 334, e; G 467, R. 1 ; 

H. 529, 5» 3)- 

605. fugere, sc. solent. 

607. Cyllenenque : a spondaic verse. Orchomenos and Psophis are 
cities; Cyllene, Msenalus, and Erymanthus are mountains, of Arcadia. The 
course here described is an almost impossible one; nor, for the matter of 
that, does the Alpheus flow near Stymphalos. 

609. me, ablative. 

611. patiens, enduring. — lab oris : see § 218, b ; G. 375; H. 

399, ii- 

615. umbram, i.e. of Alpheus. — nisi si, pleonastic for nisi (§ 315, 
a, 2; G.591, 2, R. 2 ; H. 507, 3, N. 4 ). 

619. Dictynna, a name of Diana, from a mountain in Crete. 

620. ferre, object of dedisti; to whom thou hast often given (i.e. 
granted) to bear, etc. 

622. tectam, sc. me. 

625. Io : the final vowel of interjections is not elided. 

631. servat = observat, he keeps in view. 

632. mini, dative of reference (§ 235, a ; G. 350, 1 ; H. 384, 

4, N.2). 

633. caeruleae, i.e. the color proper to water-deities : she was already 
turning to a fountain. 

634. lacus, pool. 

636. sed enim : the ellipsis is something as follows, — but [I was not 
yet safe] for, etc. 

637. posito, laying aside. — ore, countenance. 

639. Delia, an epithet of Diana from the island of Delos, which was 
sacred to her and her brother Apollo. 

640. cognomine . . . meae, welcome by the name of my protecting 
divinity : Ortygia (named from 6prv£, a quail) was sacred to Diana, and 
is one of her titles. 

642. fertilis = of fertility. — angues, dragons, or winged serpents. 
The chariot of Ceres was drawn by serpents. 

645. Tritonida in urbem, into the city of Pallas (Athens). 

646. Triptolemo : Triptolemus was a son of Celeus, king of Eleusi?, 
with whom Ceres had found shelter during her wanderings. She under- 
took to make the boy immortal by laying him in the hot ashes; and when 
this was prevented by the fears of his mother, taught him the arts of hus- 
bandry. Triptolemus was a principal figure in the Eleusinian worship of 
Demeter, being regarded as the medium through whom agriculture was 



64 Notes. 

taught to mankind. (See Fig. 29.) — rudi humo, in virgin soil 
(dative). 

647. post . . . recultae, cultivated agai n after a long time, i.e. which 
had long lain fallow; recultae agrees with humo. 

Fig. 29. 




Departure of Triptolemu 



650. subit penates, arrives at the dwelling. 

651. qua veniat, indir. question with rogatus; in the same con- 
struction with the accusatives nomen and patriam. 

661. Mopsonium : an ancient name of Attica was Mopsonia. — 
sacros jugales, the sacred yoke-beasts, i.e. dragons. 



XII. THE PUNISHMENT OF ARACHNE. 

VI. I. dictis talibus, the story of the transformation of the Pierides 
into magpies. 

2. Aonidum, the Muses, who lived on Mount Helicon in Aonia. 
which was afterward called Bceotia. 

3. secum, sc. dixit, she said to herself. 

5. Araehnes, Greek genitive. 

6. sibi : Minerva was the inventress and patron deity of weaving and 
embroidery. Arachne refused to yield to her in the renown of skill in 
weaving. 

8. Colophonius : Colophon was a city of Ionia. 



The Punishment of Arachne. 



65 



9. Phocaico murice: Phocaea was an Ionian seaport. The murex 
is a shell-fish which yields a purple dye. 

11. aequa : she was his equal; for he was a dyer, and she also was dc 
plebe. — ilia, Arachne. 

12. studio, by her diligence in embroidery, etc. 

13. Hypaepis, neut. pi., at Hypcepa, a small town of Lydia. 

15. Timoli : Timolus (or Tmolus) is a Lydian mountain, in the heights 
of which the river Pactolus takes its rise. 

17. factas vestes, the finished cloths. 

18. cum fierent, sc. spectare juvabat, it was pleasant to look on 
while they were making ; such was Arachne's grace (decor) as she worked. 

19. rudem lanam, the crude wool. — primos orbes, the first balls 
into which she rolled the wool. 

20. digitis subigebat opus, she plied the work with her fingers. — 
repetita . . . tractu, she softened by long and repeated combing the fiocks 
of wool that equalled the clouds in lightness; repetita agrees with vellera, 
lit. the flocks of wool combed repeatedly ; tractu refers to the long, steady 
motion of the comb (or fingers used as a 

comb). 

22. levi . . . fusum, huirled with deft 
thumb the tapering spindle. (See Fig. 30.) 
Haupt suggests that a line is lost after this, 
for the weaving ought to be mentioned. 

24. quod, i.e. se a Pa Hade doc tarn esse. 
— tantaque oflfensa magistra, incensed 
at so great a teacher, i.e. incensed at the idea 
that she had any teacher, even so great an 
one as Pallas. 

25. victa, if I should be defeated. 

26. canos, sc. capillos. 

27. baculum, obj. of addit. — in- 
firmos artus, obj. of sustinet. 

29. quae f ugiamus, for us to shun ; 
subj.of purpose (§317,2; G.630; H. 497,1.); 
i.e. not all which old age brings with it is disagreeable. 

30. tibi, dat. of agent. 

34. torvis, sc. oculis, as aspicit shows. 

36. obscuram, disguised. — resecuta est, replied ; resequor is rarely 
used except by Ovid. 

41. profecisse, to have accomplished anything. — eadem, i.e. the same 
as before. 




Spinner. 



usus, experience. 



66 



Notes. 



42. venit ; 43. venit. 

45. Mygdonides nurus, Lydian girls (or, more 
ried women) ; the Mygdones had emigrated from Thrace to the confines 
of Lydia and Phrygia. 

49. ab ortu, causal abl., with the preposition denoting the source from 
which the effect (here the glow) proceeds. 

50. stolidae, agreeing grammatically with palmae, really limits cupi- 
dine. 

52. nee jam, and no longer, just as non jam means no longer. 

53. constituunt: the ancient loom was upright, and made it neces- 
sary for the weaver to stand. (See Fig. 31.) 

Fig- 31- 




Penelope at her loom. 



54. stamine, with the warp. — telas, looms ; the word (contracted 
from texeld) means first the web, then the yarn stretched on the loom (i.e. 
the warp), then, as here, the loom itself. 

55. jugo, the cross-beam, the upper bar, by which the upright sides of 
the loom are held together. — harundo, the reed, a rod which separates 
the threads of the warp (stamen), causing them to fall alternately on 
each side, and this forming a passage for the shuttle (radius), by which 
the woof (subtemen) is passed in (inseritur), 

57. expediunt, unwind from the shuttle. 

58. pectine, with the comb ; this was used to separate the threads and 
drive them home to make the web close. — dentes, the teeth of the comb; 
these are cut (insecti) into the comb. 



The Punishment of Arachne. 



6 7 



59. vestes, ace. (§ 240, c, n.; G. 338, N. 2 ; H. 377). 

60. studio . . . laborem, and their interest beguiles the toil. 

61. Tyrium . . . aenum, purple (wool) which has felt (i.e. been dyed 
in) the Tyrian vat ; the purple dye of Phoenicia was famous. 

62. parvi discriminis, gen. of quality (§ 215; G. 365; H. 396, v.). 

63. ab imbre percussis solibus, when the sun's rays are struck by 
the rain. 

66. transitus, the transition from one color to the next. — luraina, 
eyes. 

67. usque . . . idem est, to such a degree is that (of one color) which 
touches (the next) the same ; the transition from one color to another is so 
gradual that each part seems the same as the next, but the extremes are 
clearly different (distant). 

69. argumentum, story. 

70. Cecropia arce, the citadel of Athens ; the Areopagus (scopulum 
Martis) is close by the Acropolis of Athens, and connected with it by a 
ridge, so that it almost forms a part of the same hill. 

71. antiquam . . . litem: Minerva (Athena) and Neptune (Posei- 
don) both claimed the right to give a name to Athens. Each performed 
a miracle to gain the assent of the judges; Minerva created the olive- 
tree, and Neptune the horse (or, according to the story most current in 
Athens, a salt spring). The victory was awarded to Minerva. (See 
Fig. 32.) 

Fig. 32. . 




Minerva's strife with Neptune. 



72. bis sex : Ennius (quoted by Haupt) mentions as the twelve great 
gods, Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars, Mercurius, Jovi' 



68 



Notes. 



(i.e. Jupiter), Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo; but sometimes others are 
mentioned in place of some of these. — medio Jove : Ovid is a little 
careless, for how can one be in the middle of twelve ? Besides, Minerva 
herself and Neptune are not among the twelve seated deities, as they are 
otherwise engaged. 

74. inscribit, marks, as plainly as if the names were written. 

77. ferum, the horse. — quo vindicet, a final clause. 

79. aegide: the segis was Minerva's breastplate (or shield), adorned 
with the Gorgon's head. 

80. simulat, represents : the meaning is the same as that of facit, in 
v. 76. 

81. fetum olivae, the sprig of olive : the olive is called hoary (ca- 
nens) because of the dull, grayish color of its leaves. 

83. ut . . . ausis : to show Arachne what she may expect (speret) 
as a reward for her boldness, Minerva adds four representations of the 
punishment of presumptuous mortals. 

85. quattuor in partes, on the four corners. 

86. brevibus . . . sigillis, set off in small pictures, or medallions. 

87. Rhodope and Hsemus were sister and brother who presumptuously 
called each other Hera (Juno) and Zeus (Jupiter) ; they were changed 
into mountains. 

a woman of the race of the Pygmies, Gerana 
(Greek for crane) or Oinoe, despised 
the gods, especially Juno and Diana, and 
was worshipped by her people as a god- 
dess. Juno changed her into a crane, 
and ordained that the Pygmies and cranes 
should always be enemies. This hostility 
is referred to by Homer (II. iii. 3 ff.). 
(See Fig. 33.) 

93. Antigonen : the daughter of 
Laomedon, proud of her long hair, com- 
pared herself to Juno, for which she was 
changed into a stork (ciconia). 

98. qui : the antecedent is angulus. 
— Cinyran : Cinyras was an Assyrian king, whose presumptuous daugh- 
ters were changed by Juno into the steps of her temple. 

101. oleis pacalibus, the olive-branches of peace : for the olive was 
the symbol of peace. 

103-128. These lines describe the work of Arachne (Maeonis, the 
Zydian). She represented the transformations of Jupiter by means of 



90. Pygmaeae matris : 

Fig. 33- 




Pygmies and Cranes. 



The Punishment of Arachne. 69 

which he seduced Europa, Asteria, Leda, and, others (103-114), and 
similar adventures of other gods (1 15-126). 
104. Europam : see Book II. 833-875. 

108. Asterien : daughter of the Titan Coeus and Phcebe. 

109. Ledam : Leda, daughter of Thestios, was approached by Jupiter 
in the form of a swan ; she was the mother of Castor, Pollux, and Helen. 

in. Nycteida: Antiope, daughter of King Nykteus of Bceotia, bore 
to Jupiter the twins Amphion and Zethus. 

1 1 2. Amphitryon : Jupiter approached Alkmena in the form of her 
husband Amphitryon, king of Tiryns. Hercules was her son. 

113. Danaen : Dana? was the mother of Perseus; Jupiter gained 
access to her in the form of a golden shower. — Asopida : zEgina, 
daughter of Asopus. 

1 14. Mnemosynen, one of the Muses. — Deoida : Proserpine, daugh- 
ter of Ceres (A^). 

129. carpere, find fault with. 

130. flava virago, the fair-haired warrior goddess; Minerva is 
called virago (cf. vir) on account of her masculine character. 

131. caelestia crimina, charges against the gods: the web is so 
called because in it were represented the disgraceful acts of some of the 
gods. 

132. Cytoriaco de monte, from Mount Cytorus: a mountain in 
Paphlagonia, upon which many box-trees grew; box- wood was used for 
making shuttles (radium). 

137. ne . . . futuri, that you may not be without care for the future, 
i.e. in order that you may be troubled for your descendants as well as for 
yourself. 

139. Hecateidos, of Hecate; she was a moon-goddess, and was 
mistress of all witchcraft. 

141. quis : abl. plur. of qui (§ 104, d ; G. 105, N. 2 ; H. 187, foot-note 5). 

142. toto corpore : abl. of specification. 

145. stamen: this word and telas are used with playful mockery; 
fVrachne still spins as a spider, just as she did while a woman. 



70 Notes, 



XIII. THE PRIDE AND GRIEF OF NIOBE. 

VI. 165. celeberrima, very numerously attended. — turba, abl. of 
specification. 

166. vestibus, dat. with intexto (§ 228; G. 347; H. 386). — intexto 
auro, abl. of cause. 

168. immissos, flowing. 

170. auditos, i.e. who have only been heard of, not seen. — visis, sc. 
caelestibus. 

172. Tantalus: a king of Phrygia, honored with the society of the 
gods. He is said to have desired, as a boon from them, that he might be 
immersed to the lips in sensual delights; and was punished for his crimes 
by the torment of eternal hunger and thirst, standing in a lake whose 
waters would never rise above his lips, while branches laden with rich 
fruit swung back whenever he tried to touch them, — a penalty which has 
made his name immortal in the word tantalize. See note on Book IV. 458. 

174. Pleiadum soror: Dione, mother of Niobe, and daughter of 
Atlas. 

176. Juppiter: father of Tantalus, as well as of Niobe's husband, 
Amphion. 

177. me, abl., in appos. with domina. — regia Cadmi, i.e. Thebes, 
the citadel of which was founded by Cadmus, though the city was built 
and ruled over by Niobe's husband, Amphion. 

178. fidibus, strings: the huge blocks of stone, of which the walls 
of Thebes were built, moved of themselves to their places at the sound of 
Amphion's lyre. 

181. accedit eodem, there is added to this, i.e. I have also. 

182. hue adice, add to this. 

185. nescio quoque = et nescio quo, the conjunction introducing 
audete; nescio quo Coeo, some Cceus or other, i.e. some one whom 
nobody knows. Cceus was a Titan, and father of Latona. On nescio quo, 
see § 202, a; 334, e; G. 467, R- 1 ; H. 191, N.; 529, 5, 3. 

187. pariturae negavit: when Latona was about to give birth to 
Apollo and Diana the jealousy of Juno prevented her from finding rest 
upon any spot of earth; but at last she found a refuge in the island of 
Delos, where her children were born. This island had before floated upon 
the sea, but was now fixed in its place. 

189. miserata (agreeing with Delos), having compassion. 

190. hospita, a stranger without a home. 

193. neget, deliberative subjunctive (§ 268; G. 259; H. 485). 



The Pride and Grief of Niobe. ?i 

195. possit, subjunctive in a clause of characteristic with quam cui 
^§320, c; G. 298; H. 503, ii. 3). 

196. ut, although. 

197. excessere metum, have passed beyond all fear. — fingite, sup- 
pose. 

198. huic populo (§ 229; G. 345, R. 1 ; H. 386, 2) : her children 
almost made a nation by themselves. The children of Latona are deris- 
ively called a mob, turba. 

200. qua . . . orba, how far is she removed from childlessness (lit. 
from a childless woman) by this? qua refers to turba, and is abl. of 
means with distat; the Latin relative cannot always be rendered by the 
relative in English. 

201. sacri, vocative, addressed to her children, whom she calls holy 
enough and to spare. Haupt reads, 

" lie, satis, properate, sacri est, laurum," etc. 

making sacri partitive genitive. Several other readings have been pro- 
posed. 

202. ponite = deponite. — deponunt, i.e. the people lay aside their 
wreaths in honor of Latona, and worship her only in silence. 

203. quodque licet : the antecedent is tacito . . . numen, they 
worship in silence, since that is all that is allowed them. 

204. Cynthi, a hill on the island of Delos. 

206. animosa, proud. 

207. cessura, willing to yield. 

208. an dea sim, dubitor, my divinity is called in question (lit. 1 
am doubted whether I a??i a goddess); the personal use of the passive of 
dubito is rare. — cultis, worshipped (agreeing with aris). 

210. facto, i.e. the exclusion from the altars. She adds insult to 
injury. 

212. quod . . . recidat, may it (i.e. the childlessness implied in 
orbam) fall back upon herself The first syllable of recidat is treated 
as long to suit the metre. 

213. paternam, like her father 's ; the tongue of Tantalus had betrayed 
the secrets of the gods. 

215. poenae limits mora; longa agrees with querella, long com- 
plaint is but a hindrance of punisJwient. 

216. Phoebe = Diana; if it were the vocative of Phoebus, the e would 
be short 

217. Cadmeida = of Thebes. — nubibus, abl., limits tecti. 
220. mollierat, beaten into dust. 



J2 Notes. 



221. Amphione, § 244, a; G. 395; H. 415, ii. 

222. Tyrio suco : the famous purple dye obtained from a species of 
shell-fish. 

224. qui . . . fuerat, who had once been the first burden of his mother, 
i.e. had been her first-born. 

227. ei, monosyllabic interjection. 

229. in latus, sideways. — armo, i.e. of the horse. 

230. inane, void. 

231. frena dab at, i.e. in order to flee. — imbris, objective genitive 
with praescius. 

232. rector, skipper. 

233. deducit, lets down, i.e. unfurls; he spreads all sail to reach a port 
before the storm. — qua, sc. parte. — effluat, escape. 

234. frena dabat: dantem, he gave loose rein; as he did so, etc., 
the repetition of a verbal idea in the form of a participle is very common. 

237. pronus, leaning forward. — admissa, at full speed, agrees with 
crura, but refers to the horse in general. 

241. nitidae : because the wrestlers anointed their bodies with oil. 

245. incurvata, writhing. 

246. suprema, for the last time. 

247. exhalarunt: the heavy ending of the verse (spondaic line) 
seems intended to suggest the last slow breaths of the dying. 

249. complexibus, in his ejnbrace. 

254. non belongs with simplex. — intonsum : the Grecian boys did 
not cut their hair until they arrived at manhood. 

261. profectura (from y>yoHq,\o), fated to avail. 

263. non oinnes, not all the gods, but only Latona and her children, 
needed to be prayed to. 

264. motus, affected. — jam non, no longer. 

265. Arcitenens, the archer, Apollo. 

269. potu^sse, sc. superos hoc (see below) following mirantem. 

271. nam this explains why only Niobe is mentioned. 

272. finiera • . . . dolorem : he had killed himself, and so ended at 
once his sorrow av d his life. 

273. Niobe Nicbe: the first is nominative, the second ablative. 

275. resupina, mth head erect, i.e. tossed so far back as almost to 
have the face turned v.pwards. 

276. invidiosa, an object of envy. 

280. pascere, imperative passive in reflexive sense = glut thyself. 
283. efferor, I am carried out to burial, i.e. I am more than killed. 
286. contento, tight-strung. — arcu, i.e. of Diana. 



The Pride and Grief of Niobe. 



73 



toros, biers. — demisso crine, in sign of mourning. 
imposito fratri ore, with her lips pressed (in a kiss) upon her 






Fig. 34- 



291. 
brother. 

293. duplicata, bent 
double. — caeco, blind, i.e. 
mysterious. 

294. oraque compressit, 
she shut her lips together, and 
they opened only after her 
death. 

296. trepidare, rush about 
(to find shelter). — videres, 
potential subjunctive (§ 311, 
a; G. 258; H. 485). 

297. sex, abl. abs. with 
datis and passis. 

298. toto . . . tegens. 
(See Fig. 34). 

301. pro qua: the ante- 
cedent is omitted, being readily 
supplied from the context. 

304. color, complexion. 

310. circumdata 
wrapped. 

311. in patriam, i.e. 
Phrygia; these events had 
taken place in Thebes. There ^ 
was in ancient times a colossal 
figure of a weeping woman on Niobe. 
Mt. Sipylus, in Lydia (origi- 
nally a part of Phrygia) : this was identified with Niobe, and was probably 
a freak of nature, with perhaps some touches of the human hand. 




74 Notes. 

XIV. THE ENCHANTMENTS OF MEDEA. 

VII. I. Miiiyae, a mythical race of Greece, with whom the Argonauts 
appear to have been connected, and whose name they often bear. — 
Pagasaea : the ship Argo, in which Jason and his companions sailed, 
was built in Pagasoe, a city of Thessaly. 

3. Phineus, a blind king of Thrace, endowed with the gift of prophecy; 
he had been tormented by the harpies, — filthy birds with faces of maidens, 
who seized and defiled the food upon his table, — and is therefore said to 
have been dragging out his old age in want (inopem senedani). He was 
freed from them by Zethus and Calais (two of the Argonauts), winged 
sons of Boreas (Aquilo), who drove them away, and pursued them through 
the air as far as the islands of the Strophades, where they were afterwards 
found by ^Eneas. 

6. Phasidos : the Phasis was a river of Colchis. 

7. regem, iEetes, king of Colchis, in whose possession the golden 
fleece was. — Phrixea : Phrixos and Helle, children of Athamas (king of 
Orchomenos) and Nephele, fleeing from their stepmother Ino, were car- 
ried over the sea on the back of a golden-fleeced ram. Helle fell into 
the sea and gave her name to the Hellespont. Phrixos reached Colchis, 
where he sacrificed the ram to Zeus (Jupiter). The golden fleece of the 
ram was kept in a sacred grove and guarded by a sleepless dragon. Jason 
was sent by his unjust uncle Pelias to seize the golden fleece, and was 
accompanied by many Grecian heroes. 

8. vox, answer ; numeris is abl. of cause' with horrenda = dreadful 
on account of the number of toils imposed. In reality there were but three 
of these, — to plough with the fire-breathing oxen; to sow the dragon's 
teeth, and fight with the armed men who sprang from the soil ; after which 
he was to get the fleece, guarded by the sleepless dragon. 

9. Aeetias, a feminine patronymic : the daughter of .Eetes was the 
famous enchantress Medea. 

12. nescio quis deus, some god (§ 334, e; G. 467, R. 1 ; H. 529, 5, 3). 
— mirum, sc. est, which is, however, generally omitted with mirum and 
in many other half-exclamatory expressions. 

13. quod relates to hoc and huic. 

14. jussa, i.e. the tasks imposed upon Jason. 

15. modo denique, only just now. 
20. mens, reason. 

22. alieni orbis (poss. gen.), in another world. 

23. quod ames (§ 317; G. 630; II. 497, i.), something to love.— 
vivat ille, whether he live, etc. 



The Enchantments of Medea. 75 

24. in dis est, depends upoji the gods. 

26. tangat: § 268; G. 259; H. 484, v. 

28. ore, beauty of countenance. 

30. suae segetis, of his own planting, limiting hostibus (dat.). 

31. praeda, predicate. 

36. terrigenas feros, the fierce sons of earth, i.e. the warriors sprung 
from the earth at the sowing of the dragon's teeth. 

37. ista, i.e. meliora. — precanda, facienda: not mere prayers 
(such as di meliora velint), but deeds are necessary if Jason is to be saved. 

^8. prodamne : Medea suddenly changes her tone and tries to over- 
come her love. If she helped Jason to obtain the fleece, she would betray 
{prodam) her father's power, for it had been foretold that ^Eetes would 
be powerful as long as he kept the fleece. 

39. ope nostra, by my aid. — nescio quis advena : Jason might be 
a mere worthless adventurer. 

40. per me, construed with sospes. 

41. poenae: as a traitress, she would naturally expect punishment. 
43. noil in sense qualifies timeam; such are his features, etc., that I 

have no cause to fear. 

46. ante, beforehand. 

47. quin, why not ? she is deriding her own fears. — tuta, neuter 
plural ace, object of times. — accingere, imperative passive, in the 
reflexive sense, gird yourself. 

49. Pelasgas, Grecian. 

50. servatrix, i.e. of Jason. — matrum, i.e. of the Argonauts; it 
limits turba. 

54. stant mecum, are with me, on my side. 

56. magna, explained by the following words. — servatae pubis, of 
having saved the youth. 

58. cultus : Colchis appears to have been then, as now, an uncivilized 
region. 

60. Aesoniden, Jason, son of JEson : this is in sense the antecedent 
of quern, attracted into the relative clause. Observe the different idiom 
of English. We should say " for whom I would exchange," etc. — quo 
conjuge, abl. of cause with felix. 

61. ferar, sc. sermonibus, / shall be called. The final syllable is 
lengthened in the thesis before the caesura. 

62. nescio qui montes, the Symplegades, the cliffs between which 
vessels must pass, but which closed upon and crushed them. The Argo, 
by watching its opportunity, had passed through with only the loss of its 
rudder, after which the rocks had become immovable. — ineurrere, run 
against the voyager. 



7 6 



Notes. 



63. Charybdis was a terrible whirlpool on the Sicilian side of the 
straits of Messina; Scylla was a monster dwelling in a cave on the 
Italian side of the same strait. She was a maiden 
down to the waist, which was girt with savage dogs. 
(Fig. 35.) See argument to Book XIV. vv. 1-74 
(p. 149). There is now a cliff on the Italian side, 
and a succession of eddies within the opposite 
point, which may have been more formidable in 
ancient times. Jason passed between them on his 
long and circuitous homeward voyage. 

72. pietas,y?/m/ love. 

73. dabat, was on the point of turning. 

74. Hecates : Hecate, daughter of Perses was 
the goddess of magic, and was identified with 
Artemis as goddess of the under-world. 

fortis, i.e. against her passion. 

solet agrees with scintilla. que connects assumere and cres- 

the quantity of the final a in parva and inducta shows their 




Scylla. 



76 

79 
cere: 



agreement. 



Fig. 36. 



S3- 



91. 
94- 



specie, beauty. 

solito, abl., follows formosior. 

turn denique, not until then. 

torum, marriage. 

promissa dato = keep your promises. 
— triformis : Hecate was represented as com- 
posed of three bodies, standing back to back. 
(See Fig. 36.) 

95. quod, whatever. 

96. patrem soceri: the father of ^Eetes 
was Helios, the sun-god. — futuri, agrees with 
soceri. 

97. eventus, _/#/<?. 

98. cantatas, enchanted (having been the 
subject of magic incantations). 

99. tesca, waste places (some editors read 
tecta, the house). 

10 1. 3Iavortis, Jfavon, an ancient form 
of Mars. 

102. jugis, on the lines of hills. This scene is represented in Fig. 27- 

103. purpureus, clad in purple. 

104. adamauteis, unsubdued. 




Hecate. 



The Enchantments of Medea. 



77 



106. camini, forges. 

107. aut, sc. ut resonare solent. — silices, limestone. — terrena 
fornace (abl. of means), in a lime-kiln (built of earthen bricks). — 
soluti, made brittle and friable. 

108. concipiunt ignem, develop heat. 
vertere, perfect. — venientis, i.e. Iasonis. 
medicamina, the herbs given him by Medea. 
subpositos, sc. tauros. 
vipereos dentes : these were some of the teeth of the dragon 

slain by Cadmus (Book III. vv. 50-130). They had been given by Minerva 
to iEetes. 

123. praetincta agrees with semina. 

praeacutae cuspidis, gen. of quality (§ 215; G. 365; H. 396, v.). 

Haemonii, Thessalian. 

Pelasgi, the Greeks. 

auxiliare, in aid of her former incantations. 

a se depulsum, tzirned away from himself. 

Achivi, another ancient name for the Greeks. 

barbara, i.e. Medea. 

adfectu, transport. 

Fig. 37- 



III. 
Il6. 
Il8. 
122. 



I3I- 
132. 

133. 

I38. 
I40. 
142. 
I44. 
147. 




Jason at Colchis. 



148. carminibus, dative. — horum, i.e. the incantations. 

151. arietis, three syllables, ar(y~)etis. — aurei, two syllables. 

152. Lethaei, possessing the property of the water of Lethe, — to 
cause forgetfulness. 

154. concita, raging. 

155. sibi relates to somnus = eyes that were unacquainted with it. 
(See the head of the dragon in Fig. 37, right-hand part.) 

157. spolia, in apposition with auctorem (Medea). 



'otes. 

158. Iolciacos : Iolcos was a seacoast upon the Pagasgean Gulf, from 
which the Argo had sailed. 

160. flamma, ablative. 

161. cornibus, dat. following inducta = with gilded horns. — au- 
rum: § 2ao, c, n.j G. 338, n. 2 ; H. 377. 

162. Aeson, father of Jason. 

166. excessit fidem, has passed belief. 

167. possunt, sc. carmina. — possint, deliberative subjunctive 
(§ 268; G. 258; H. 484, v.). 

168. deme, sc. annos. — meis, fated to nie. 

170. dissimilem [her mind], unlike his, i.e. unfilial. — subiit: the 
last i is long; see note on Book I. v. 114. — Aeeta relictus, the image 
of the deserted /Seta [/Eetes]. 

171. aflFectus, emotions. 

1 y^. transcribere : a term used by money-dealers, to describe the 
written bill or draft by which money was transferred. 

1 74. sinat, the apodosis of a less vivid future condition. — aequa , a 
reasonable request. — isto (sc. mucere) follows majus. 

177. annis tuis, abl. of means, like arte mea; and aevum is the 
object of revocare. 

179. ut, i.e. until the time that; it was three nights from full moon, 
when magic rites could be best practised. — tota, wholly. 

1 82. vestes : § 240, c, n.; G. 338, n. 2 ; H. 377. 

183. pedem, capillos, Greek accusative (§ 240, c; G. 338; H. 378). 
— nudos, unbound. 

186. nullo cum murmure, sc. est: even the insects in the hedge 
were silent. 

191. solvit, opened. 

193. aurea, predicate, agreeing with astra. 

195. cantusque artesque (ace), governed by instruis: another 
object (of the person) is magos. — magorum : the magi were a priestly 
class among the Medes, whose religion consisted in the worship of the 
evil principle, embodied in the serpent Afrasiab; it is represented by that 
of the devil-worshippers of the present day. As was natural, their worship 
was associated with necromantic arts, and the word magic is derived from 
their name. 

196. herbis, abl. of means. 

200. coneussa agrees with freta, being contrasted with stantia; 
sisto and concutio are also contrasted : she checks them when in motion, 
and excites them when at rest. 

204. sua eonvulsa terra, torn up from the earth in which they grew. 






The Enchantments of Medea 79 

207. traho, bring down, and so cause an eclipse ; for it was popularly 
believed that eclipses were caused by magic arts. — Temesaea, an epithet 
probably derived from Tamassus, in Cyprus, where were copper mines. 
On the occasion of an eclipse of the moon, they beat brazen vessels, in 
order to dispel the magic by the noise. — labores, eclipse. 

209. avi, i.e. the Sun-god, father of ^Eetes. 

210. vos refers to the objects addressed, vv. 192-196. 

212. in se fera \>e\\a,, fierce strife against each other. 

213. rudem, unacquainted with, construed with somni. — aurum, 
i.e. the golden fleece. 

214. vindice, its guardian, the dragon. 

217. neque . . . frustra: the flashing of the stars signified the con- 
sent of the gods. 

219. aderat, i.e. sent by her grandfather, the Sun. 

222. Tempe, neuter plural, a beautiful valley in Thessaly. 

223. Threces : under this name was comprised, in early times, Mace- 
donia, lying north of Thessaly. 

226. placitas, sc. herbas, those that she selects. The mountains and 
rivers here (224-230) mentioned are all in Thessaly. 

231. Boebes : Bcebe is in Thessaly, Anthedon in Bceotia; the latter 
lying on the Euripus, opposite Eubcea. 

233. vulgatum, made famous. — Glauci : Glaucus was a fisherman 
who, by tasting these herbs, was impelled to leap into the water, where he 
was changed into a sea-god. (See Book XIII. 917.) 

237. posuere : the magic power of the herbs was such that their mere 
odor caused the serpents to slough their skins and become young. 

239. tantum caelo tegitur, i.e. she remains under the open sky. 

242. verbenis, sprigs of various plants, used in sacred rites. 

243. scrobibus, sc. e ; construe with egesta. In sacrificing to the 
deities of the nether world, it was customary to dig a ditch, into which 
the libation was poured, and the blood of the black animal sacrificed was 
allowed to flow. 

244. velleris atri = a black-fleeced sheep. 
246. bacchi, zvine. 

249. umbrarum regem, Pluto. — rapta conjuge, Proserpine. (See 
Book V. vv. 385-424.) 

250. ne properent, i.e. before the completion of her magic rites. 

251. precibusque et murmure: just as -que is sometimes repeated 
in poetry (partly, at least, for metrical reasons), so here it is added before 
et (thus making the last syllable of precibus long) without any inde- 
pendent meaning. 



8o 



Notes. 



253. plenos, sound, (i.e. complete; cf " full gallop," "full stop," etc.). 
258. bacchantum : in the rites of Bacchus {Dionysos), celebrated 
by women, the votaries unbound their hair, and were possessed for a 
time with a religious frenzy. (See Fig. 38.) 

259. multifidas faces, light- 
wood, split fine. 

261. lustrat: this word here 
describes the circling about the 
old man, as well as the purifying 
rites. 

265. seminaque : -que is oc- 
casionally scanned long, especially 
in the first half of the second foot 
of the line. — acres, rank. 

267. refluum describes the 
motion of the tide, which is very 
slight (and in most places alto- 
gether wanting) in the Mediter- 
ranean; so here, the tides of the 
ocean. 

268. pernocte, full, for when 
Bacchanal. f uu it shines through the night. 

269. strigis : the strix is a 
bird often mentioned in magic, but, says Pliny, qua sit avium constare non 
arbitror. It is usually identified with the screech-owl. 

271. ambigui lupi : the were-wolf here described, was rather a man 
who could assume the form of a wolf, than a wolf who could turn into a 
man. The belief in such creatures was widespread among many peoples. 
— prosecta, the parts cut off for sacrifice. 

272. Cinyphii = Libyan. 

273. vivacis, long-lived: the stag, as well as the crow, was believed 
to live to a great age. 

274. passae, that had passed or lived. 

276. remorari expresses the purpose of propositum, the gift (mu- 
nus) intended to delay death (Tartara) (§ 273, d ; G. 423, 2; H. 

533, »■ 3)- 

277. jampridem qualifies arenti. 
transferred to the tree. 

290. situs, long tarrying in one place, and so the rust and dirt result- 
ing from such tarrying; here, the decay of age. 
293. huMC, sc. fuisse, of this aspect. 




mitis, the quality of the fruit 



The Murder of Pelias. 8 1 

In the story of Jason, a national hero of Thessaly, and Medea, " the 
wise one," we have the simple creation of the Grecian mind complicated 
with the unholy magical rites of the East. This is a myth, therefore, 
which records not only the early converse with far Asia, but the far more 
important mental intercourse which helped burden the Greek theology 
with superstition and fanaticism. 



XV. THE MURDER OF PELIAS. 

VII. 294. tanti . . . monstri, i.e. the restoration of /Eson's youth. 

296. hoc munus, that his nurses be made young. — Colchide, i.e. 
Medea. 

297. odium cum conjuge: odium is sometimes used with cum, 
also with in, adversus, and the genitive. — falsum, pretended. 

298. Phasias, Medea, from the river Phasis, in Colchis. — Peliae : 
Pelias, half-brother of Jason's father ^Eson, had usurped the royal power, 
and had sent Jason in quest of the golden fleece, with the hope that he 
would never return. 

303. situs (ace. pi.), the decay of old age. (See note on v. 290.) 

304. virgiuibus, dative. — Pelia, abl. of source. 

306. sine fine, endless, infinite. 

307. brevi spatio, abl. of time when, implying duration of time 
(§2 5 M; G. 393; H. 379, 1). 

310. qui: the antecedent is dux gregis. — aevo, abl. of specification 
(§ 253; G. 397; H. 424). 

314. Haemonio, Thessalian ; Thessaly was notorious for its magi- 
cians and witches. 

315. exiguo, because the ram was so old. 
317. minuunt: the subject is suci validi. 

320. nee mora, sc. est, without delay. — balatum, object of miran- 
tibus. — mirantibus, dat. of reference (§ 235; G. 350, 1 ; H. 384, 4, N. 3 ). 
(See Fig. 39.) 

322. promissa, i.e. of Medea. 

324. juga dempserat, had taken off the yokes, i.e. had unharnessed 
his horses for the night. — Hibero flumine, the ocean, which washes the 
western side of the Spanish peninsula. 

328. neei similis somnus, a death-like (i.e. very deep) slumber. — 
resoluto, relaxed. 



82 



Notes. 






331. jussae, as she had directed. 

336. spes inanes, empty hopes, which you have not the energy to 
accomplish. 

Fig- 39- 




The ram is made young. 

338. saniem, diseased blood ; here, blood corrupted by age. — conjecto 
ferro, by a stroke of the sword. 

339. his hortatibus, [moved] by these urgings. — pia : the superla- 
tive would naturally be used if there were a superlative of pius. She who 
is most filial is the first to be unfilial (by killing her father in the hope of 
making him young) . 

342. caeca, unseen [by themselves]. 
in fata, for the destruction. 



346 

347 
349 
35° 
352 



G. 350, 1 ; H. 384, 4, n. 2 ). 



illis, dat. of reference (§ 235, a: 

abstulit, cut off. 

quod nisi, but if . . . not. 

Philyreia tecta (in apposition with Pelion), the ho7?ze ofPhily- 
ra's son, the Centaur Chiron. 

353. Cerambi: at the time of the flood, Cerambus fled to Mt. Othrys, 
and was there changed by the nymphs to a beetle. 



The Myrmidons, 83 



XVI. THE MYRMIDONS. 

VII. 614. tanto . . . rerum, so great a storm of woes, referring to 
the pestilence. (See argument.) 

616. sub amplexus isse, to have e?nbraced. — Aeginae : yEgina was 
the daughter of the river-god Asopus. /Eacus was the son of YEgina and 
Jupiter. 

617. nostri: the genitive of the personal pronoun, where in prose the 
possessive pronoun would be used. 

619. secundo • thunder was a favorable sign when it came from the 
East. 

621. pigneror omen, I regard the omen as a pledge. 

622. rarissima, very unusual, i.e. of unusual beauty. 

623. Dodonaeo : at Dodona, in Epirus, the seat of the oldest oracle 
of Zeus (Jupiter) was a sacred oak, the rustling of whose leaves foretold 
the future. 

626. servantes, keeping, i.e. following without intermission. 

629. sonum, object of dedit. — sine flamine : construe with motis. 

637. visa est, appeared ; videri is very frequently used in descriptions 
of dreams. 

638. subjectis, lying under it. 

639. crescere, videri and the following infinitives still depend upon 
visa est; infinitive because quod is equivalent to idque (§ 336, c; 
G. 635; H. 524, 1). 

640. recto, erect. 

642. ponere = deponere. 

643. damno . . . visa, when I awake I curse my vision. 

644. nihil: the long i is the original quantity of this final syllable; 
the word is compounded of ne and hilum, " not a shred." 

646. has quoque somni, sc. esse. 

647. Telamon, son of /Eacus. 

653. priscis cultoribus, ablative, depending upon vacuos. 

654. Mynnidonas, Ant-men (/xvp/xr]^). — nee . . . fraudo, i.e. I 
keep their origin in mind by their name. 

656. laborum, quaesiti, genitive (§ 218, b; G. 375 ; H. 399, ii.). 

657. reservet, subjunctive in a clause of characteristic (§320; G. 
631, 1 ; H. 503, i.). 






8 4 



Notes. 



XVII. THE FLIGHT OF DAEDALUS. 



VIII. 152. vota, votive offerings, i.e. for his victory over Athens and 
Megara : it is in apposition with corpora. 

153. solvit, offered ; lit. paid, as if the sacrifice were a debt. — ut, as 
soon as. — Curetida : the Curetes were priests of Zeus in Crete; they 
celebrated his worship with strange, wild rites, dancing, and beating their 
spears upon their shields. 

154. contigit, on his return from Athens and Megara. 

155. opprobrium: the Minotaur, half man and half bull, the off- 
spring of Pasiphae, daughter of the Sun and wife of Minos. 

158. multiplici dorno, the labyrinth. 

159. ingenio fabrae artis, talent in the art of building. 

160. opus, i.e. multiplex domus. — notas, marks, by which the pas- 
sages could be remembered. — lumina, eyes. — flexum agrees with errorem. 

162. Maeandros: this river was famed for its winding course, and its 

name has passed into the 



Fig. 40. 




Theseus and the Minotaur. 



English language with this 
signification — meander. 

166. incertas, unde- 
cided. 

169. quo = in quern. 
— geminam . . . figuram, 
i.e. the Minotaur. 

1 70= Actaeo = Attic ; 
the Athenianswere obliged, 
by the conditions of peace 
imposed by Minos, to send 
every nine years seven 
boys and seven girls to be 
devoured by the Minotaur : 
these were selected by lot. 

171. sors, i.e. those 
who composed the third 
lot, and especially its vol- 
untary leader, Theseus, son 
of King /Egeus; so tertia 
sors, the subject of do- 



muit, is equivalent to Aegides, v. 174. — annis novenis, every nine 
years, belonging with repetita. — domuit, overcame. (See Fig. 40.) 



The Flight of Dcedalus. 



85 



172. iterata, reached again. — nullis (dat), by none of those before. 

1 73. filo, thread. Ariadne, daughter of Minos, gave Theseus a clew of 
thread, by the aid of which he traced his way back through the labyrinth. 

174. protinus, straightway; the three clauses introduced by post- 
quam, et, and utque, all lead up to this main sentence. — Diam, an 
ancient name of the island of Naxos. This island was sacred to Dionysos 
{Bacchus), who found Ariadne here after her abandonment by Theseus 
(see Fig. 41); henceforth she is associated with his worship. 

177. amplexus, ace. 

plural. — Liber, a Roman lg * 4I " 

god, identified with the 
Greek Dionysos. 

178. de fronte, i.e. 
Ariadne's. 

179. ilia, i.e. corona. 

182. Nixi (nitor) ge- 
nu (§ 254, b, I ; G. 401, 
N. 6 ; H. 425, ii. 1, n.), the 
kneeler ; Anguem tenen- 
tis, the snake-holder ; two 
constellations. (See, on a 
celestial map or globe, the 
position of this beautiful 
constellation, " the North- 
ern Crown.") 

184. loci natalis, 
Athens. 

186. obstruat, de- 
pending upon licet (§ 313, b; G. 607; H. 515, iii.) ; the subject is Minos. 

187. possideat, hortatory subjunctive in concession (§ 266, c: G. 264 ; 
H. 484, iii.). 

189. naturam no vat, he makes nature anew, i.e. he improves upon 
nature. 

190. a minima . . . sequenti, beginning with the smallest, and 
making a shorter one follow a long one ; a confused expression ; for if the 
smallest came first, a shorter one could not follow. It seems as if the poet 
thought of the slope (clivo), as regarded first from one end, and then 
from the other. 

191. clivo: as the tops of trees growing on a slope overlap one 
another, so the feathers overlap, being of different lengths. — putes, yon 
might suppose (§ 311, a, N. 1 ; G. 257; H. 485). — quondam, sometimes, 




Bacchus finds Ariadne. 



86 



Notes. 



Fig. 42. 




without reference to past time; a frequent use of quondam and olim in 
similes. 

192. fistula, an instrument consisting of a row of pipes, like a child's 
harmonicon : these pipes were of different lengths, so as to give different 
tones. (See Fig. 42.) 

193. lino, ceris : he fastened the lower 
ends of the feathers together with wax, and 
sewed or tied the broader outer part of the 
wings with thread. (See Fig. 43.) 

199. mollibat: an early form for mollie- 
bat. 

205. ignis, sc. solis. 

206. Booten : the constellations, Bootes 
(Arctophylax), Helice (the Great Bear or "Big 
Dipper"), and Orion are, perhaps, the most 
striking groups of stars in the northern heavens. 

208. pariter, at the same time. 

212. non repetenda, destined never to be 
repeated. 

215. artes : the accusative of the thing 
taught with erudio is used in poetry and late prose. The usual construc- 
tion is the ace. of the person and the abl. of the thing. 

217. arundine, fishing-rod. 

218. baculo, like stiva, depends 
upon innixus (§ 254, b, 1 ; G. 401, N. 6 j 
H. 425, 1, N.). 

219. -qvie connects obstupuit and 
credidit. 

220. Junonia: Samos was sacred 
to Hera {Juno). 

221. relic tae, sc. fuerant: they 
had flown north over the Cyclades 
(Delos, etc.), and then easterly, leaving 
Samos upon the north; though why 
they should pursue such a course (un- 
less to suit the metre) is not clear. 

225. rapidi (rapio), burning. 

226. odoratas, i.e. from the melting. 

227. nudos, sc. alis, stripped of 
his wings. 

228. percipit, catches in such a way as to be supported. 



Fistula and Double Flute. 



Fig- 43- 




Daedalus and Icarus 



The Flight of Dadalus. 



37 



230. nomen : the waters west and south of Samos were called the 
Icarian Sea. 

231. nee jam, no longer. 

235. tellus, the island Icaria, west of Samos. 

Fig. 44. 




Icarus lying drowned. 



237. elice, a ditch, for draining a field. 

239. Ulrica, only one of its kind. (See argument.) 

240. longum crimen, a long (i.e. perpetual) reproach ; in appos. 
with factaque nuper avis. 

241. huic, i.e. to Daedalus. 

242. germana, i.e. of Daedalus. 

243. bis senis: (§ 95> c '> G - 97, R- 2 ; H - x 74> 2 > 2). — puerum, in 
appos. with progeniem. — animi, genitive of quality. 



88 Notes. 

245. traxit in exemplum, took as a model. 

246. perpetuos, a row of. 

247. ex uno nodo, starting from one hinge. The instrument de« 
cribed is, of course, the compasses. 

248. aequali spatio, at an equal distance. — illis, abl. absolute. 

249. duceret orbem, drew a circle. 

250. arce Minervae, the Acropolis of Athens. 

251. lapsum, sc. esse eum. 

253. reddidit, turned him into. 

254. ingenii quondam velocis, of his once quick mind. 
259. antiqui, agrees with casus. 



XVIII. THE CALYDONIAN HUNT. 

VIII. 260. tellus Aetnaea : Sicily, where Daedalus found a refuge 
with King Cocalus; his native land, Athens, not being safe for him. 

261. Daedalon, Greek form of the ace; so Meleagron, v. 270. 

262. mitis habebatur, was friendly, inasmuch as he took up arms 
to protect Daedalus from the pursuit of Minos. 

263. Thesea (adjective), of Theseus. 
265. sanguine, i.e. of victims. 

267. Argolicas, Achaia : both names are used as equivalent to the 
whole land of Greece. 

268. Theseos, genitive. 

272. infestae, offended. 

273. Oenea, ace. of Oeneus. — successibus, abl. with pleni (§ 248, 
c, 2; G. 405, n. 3 ; H. 421, ii.). 

274. Lyaeo, an epithet of Bacchus. 

275. Palladios latices, olive-oil, sacred to Pallas {Minerva). 
278. Latoidos, the daughter of Lato (Latona), i.e. Diana. 

280. quaeque, etc. = et nos, quce inhonoratce dicimur, non, etc. : the 
person speaking is Diana, who speaks of herself in the plural by a common 
license. 

281. Oeneos, adj.; the genitive form is Gineos. 

282. quanto, sc. tantum, so great that. 

283. Epiros : both Epirus and Sicily were famed for cattle, but it 
seems that those of Epirus were the largest. 

285. horrent, stand erect. 



The Calydonian Hunt. 89 

287. dentibus Indis, i.e. elephants' tusks. 

292. Cererem, grain, as Bacchus is put for wine. 

294. fetus, produce (of the vine). 

297. non armenta, not even, etc. : armenta are herds of large cattle, 
as distinguished from the pecudes (sheep and goats), which were gathered 
in flocks (pecora). 

299. una, with him. 

300. lecta, chosen, not from that country alone, but from all Greece. 
The hunt of the Calydonian boar is represented as about a generation 
earlier than the Trojan war, several of whose heroes were sons of those 
who took part in this, as Achilles (son of Peleus) and Ajax (son of Telamon). 

301. Tyndaridae : these were the Dioscuri, or twin sons of Jove, 
Castor and Pollux, children of Leda, wife of Tyndarus. Castor was famed 
for horsemanship, and Pollux for skill in boxing. 

302. Iason : see the story of the Argonautic expedition, which is 
represented as the beginning of seafaring. 

303. concordia, in apposition with Theseus cum Pirithoo : their 
friendship was proverbial, like that of Damon and Pythias. 

304. Thestiadae : Toxeus and Plexippus, sons of King Thestius of 
^tolia, who was brother of Althaea, mother of Meleager. Lynceus and 
Idas were sons of Alphareus, king in Messenia. 

305. Caeneus : he had been a woman, but was changed to a man. 

306. Leucippus was brother of Aphareus; Acastus was the son of 
King Pelias of Iolcus ; Dryas was a son of Mars; Amyntor, king of the 
Dolopes; the Actoridae were Eurytus and Cleatus; Phyleus was the 
son of King Augias; Telamon and Peleus {creator Achilles) were sons 
of King ./Eacus of ^Egina; Pheretiades was Admetus, son of Pheres, 
king of Pherae, in Thessaly; Iolaus was the son of Iphicles; Ecliion, 
son of Mercury; Nestor, son of Neleus of Pylos, was the famous orator 
and counsellor of the Trojan war. Some of the names here mentioned 
by Ovid are mere names, of whose bearers nothing is known. 

310. Phe|retia|de II et Hy|ante|o Io|lao: before et and aut, 
preceded by the chief caesura in the third foot, Ovid sometimes uses a short 
syllable for a long, and allows hiatus; and hiatus is also allowed in the 
thesis of the fifth foot before a Greek name. 

315. socer: Penelope was wife of Ulysses, whose father (her father- 
in-law) was Laertes. — Parrhasio Ancaeo : hiatus (see on v. 310). 

316. Ampycides : this was Mopsus, a soothsayer of the Lapithae. 

317. Oeclides, Amphiaraus, an Argive soothsayer, who was betrayed 
through the vanity of his wife Eriphyle. — Tegeaea, Atalanta of Tegea, 
famed for her skill in hunting and her speed in running. 



90 Notes. 

3 1 8. mordebat, hooked. 

321. telorum custos = pharetra; hence feminine. 
325. renuente deo, without the approbation of the gods : an ill-omened 
love. 

330. devexaque, etc. : i.e. it rose from the plain, so as to look down 
upon the cultivated fields. 

331. tendunt, etc., the plural agreeing with the plural sense of pars 
(§205, <:, I; G. 211 ; R. 1 exc. I; H. 461, i). 

333- pedum, i.e. apri. 

335. tenet, singular, agreeing with its nearest subject (§ 205, 2, d ; 
G. 285, exc. 1; H. 463, i.). — ima, bottom (ace). 
343. ut qnisque, whichever of them. 

347. mittentis, i.e. if the sender had not, etc. 

348. visa est haesura (sc. fuisse; not visa esset, because the con- 
dition and conclusion belong to the dependent sentence), it seemed that 
it would have struck, etc., if, etc. (§ 337, b; G. 659, 2 ; H. 527, iii.). 

349. it, for iit, perfect. 

350. Phoebe (voc.) : the soothsayer Mopsus calls upon Phoebus, the 
god of prophecy. 

352. qua, so far as. 

357. moles, the block of stone hurled by a balista or catapult against 
a wall or a wooden tower. These machines were constructed on the prin- 
ciple of a bow, with cords (jiervi) . 

361. cornua, wings, as in an army; the hunters moved upon the boar 
in a crescent-shaped line. — jacentes, sc. eos. 

364. liquerunt, failed. 

365. citra Trojana, before the Trojan zuar, where the Pylian Nestor 
won his chief renown. 

366. sumpto conamine, giving himself a start. — posita ab hasta, 
by bracing his spear. 

369. dentibus tritis, whetting his tusks. 

370. recentibus armis, these fresh weapons. 

371. hausit = tore. 

372. nondum : Castor and Pollux became the constellation Gemini; 
they were always represented as mounted on white horses. 

376. saetiger, the bristle-bearer, i.e. boar. 

377. jaculis equo, dative after pervia ; loca, in apposition with 
silvas. 

380. Tegeaea, Atalanta. 

399. jactis, sc. telis. — ictus, the hits, antecedent of quos. 

391. Areas, an Arcadian; his name, Ancreus, is given in v. 401. 



The Calydonicwi Hunt. 



91 






392. quid praestent, how far they excel. 

393. concedite, make way. 

394. protegat, depends upon licet (§ 313, b; G. 607; H. 515, iii.). 

395. invita Diana, in spite of Diana. 

398. institerat digitis, rose tcpon his toes. — primos, etc., resting 
upon the extreme of the limbs. 

405. Aegides, Theseus, son of ^Egeus. 

406. licet, sc. nobis (§ 272, a; G. 535, r. 8 ; H. 536, 2, 3). 

409. voti limits potente. — f uturo, upon the point of accomplishing 
his wish. 

41 1. Aesonides, Jason, son of ^Eson. 

412. latrantis, a dog. 

413. tellure, etc., fixed in the earth. 

414. Oenidae, Meleager, son of QEneus. — variat, varies in its work. 
— missis duabus, sc. hastis, abl. abs. 

416. nee mora, sc. est. — in orbem, around. 

417. novo, because he had already shed blood once before. 

419. venabula : the plural is frequently used in poetry where the 
singular seems more natural; so corpora in v. 416 (see § 79, d ; G. 
204, r. 6 ). (See Fig. 45.) 

Fig. 45- 




The Calydonian Hunt. 



420. secundo, of applause. 

421. victricem, of the conqueror. 

422. multa tellure, over a great space. 

423. neque . . . cruentat : so the Greeks at once dread and mangle 
the slain body of Hector (II. xxii. 368-371). 

424. sua quisque : quisque regularly stands, as here, after any noun, 
pronoun, or adjective with which it is closely connected. 



92 Notes. 

426. Nonacria, Atalanta, who was from the mountain Nonacris. — ■ 
mei juris, which belongs to me. 

427. in partem veniat tecum, be shared with thee. 

430. illi, Atalanta. — laetitiae, a source of pleasure (§ 233; G. 356; 
H. 390. — cum munere, as well as the gift. 

433. titulos, honors. 

434. Thestiadae, the uncles of Meleager. (See v. 304.) 

435. sit longe, i.e. from helping thee. — captus amore, lovesick. 

436. auctor, sc. muneris = Meleager. — huic (§ 229; G. 345, r. 1 ; 
H. 385, ii. 2), Atalanta. — jus, right of disposing. — illi, Meleager. 

437. Mavortius : Meleager was thought to be a son of Mars. 
439. facta, deeds. 

441. dubium agrees with Toxea. — pariter, at the same tune. 
445. nato victore, on account of her soil's victory. 

448. vestibus, abl. of price, the regular construction with verbs of 
exchanging (§ 252, c; G. 404, N. 1 ; H. 422, N. 2 ). 

449. simul = simul atque, as soon as. 

450. poenae amorem, thirst for vengeance. 

451. partus, ace. pi. (for sing.), object of enixa. 

452. Thestias, Althaea, daughter of Thestius. — triplices sorores, 
the three Fates. 

453. stamina, the thread of Meleager's life : object of nentes. The 
Fates were Clolho, who span the thread of each man's life; Lachesis, who 
drew it forth; and Atropos, who cut it off. — impresso pollice, for the 
thread was twisted between the thumb and finger of the spinner. 

455. modo nate (voc), new-born. 

462. conata : it cost her so much effort, because maternal and sisterly 
love were in conflict. " According to the rules of vengeance which then 
prevailed, she holds herself in duty bound to offer the murderer as an ex- 
piation for her murdered brothers. Without such vengeance they believed 
that the soul of the murdered man would not obtain rest." — Siebelis. 

463. coepta, ace. pi., object of tenuit. 

467. nescio quid crudele, obj. of minanti, which is dative after 
similis. 

468. quern . . . posses, which you might think was itioved by pity. 

469. cum siccaverat, the plupf. indie, with cum (§ 325, <?; G. 580 ; 
H. 521, ii. 1), though it is difficult to see how the sense differs from that 
of the subjunctive. 

471. vento, dat. after contrarius. 

474. ponit = deponit. 

475. germana, as a sister. 



The Calydoniau Hunt. 93 

477. impietate, towards her son; pia, towards her brothers. 

478. rogus : the fire before which she stood was likened to a funeral 
pile; also (v. 480) to the altar erected by a tomb (sepulcrales arcs) to 
receive offerings to the deceased. — mea viscera, my own flesh, i.e. child. 

481. poenarum deae, the furies. — furialibus sacris (dat.), the 
vengea n ce- offering. 

483. nefas is object to both ulciscor and facio. 

489. magno, at great price. 

491. eimihi! here her determination fails her. 

493. cur= ut propter hanc catisam. — auctor, i.e. as his mother. 

496. cinis exiguus, a handful of dust. 

510. solacia, i.e. her son; solacia and vos are the objects of sequar. 

514. invitis : the very fire was loth to burn the brand upon which 
Meleager's life depended. 

518. cadat, subjunctive because it expresses the thought of Meleager 
(§ 321, 2, n. 1 ; G. 541; H. 516, ii.). — sine sanguine, bloodless. 

521. sociam tori: his wife's name was Cleopatra (or Alcyone), and 
she died of grief at his death. 

525. paulatim, etc., as little by little the white ash covered the brand. 

526. jacet, is overivhelmed. 

527. vulgusque: the ictus not infrequently falls on -que in the 
second foot. — capillos, Greek accusative. 

528. Eueninae: the Euenus was the chief river of ^Etolia. 

529. fusus, stretched, in grief. — spatiosum, weary, from its length. 

531. manus, i.e. her own. 

532. exegit, inflicted. The Roman regarded punishment as a debt 
which the person punished had to pay; consequently, instead of saying, 
/ inflict punishment upon any one, he said, / exact (exigo, sumo) punish- 
ment from (de) any one, an expression not unlike the slang, "I'll take it 
out of you." 

533. centum : construe with Unguis. 

534. Helicona : Mt. Helicon, between Bceotia and Phocis, the home 
of the Muses. 

536. liventia, i.e. ita ut liveant, a proleptic use. 

539- post cinerem, i.e. after it was burned. — haustos, collected. 

542. quas (the sisters), object of allevat. — Parthaoniae : Par- 
thaon was father of CEneus and grandfather of Meleager. — Latonia, 
Diana. 

543. nurum Alcmenae: Dejanira, who married Hercules, son of 
Alcmene; the two remaining sisters, Eurymedes and Melanippe, were 
metamorphosed into guinea-hens. 



94 Notes. 

The wild boar, according to the mythologists, is a type of winter, and 
Meleager a hero of the forces of spring (somewhat like Perseus and Her- 
cules), himself carrying with him, in the fatal torch, the seeds of his own 
death. 



XIX. PHILEMON AND BAUCIS. 

VIII. 620. tiliae contermina quercus, an oak near a linden tree ; 
the reason for describing the place in this way appears at the end of the 
tale. 

621. collibus, for in collibus. 

626. specie mortali, in mortal for 771. 

627. Atlantiades : Hermes (Mercury), son of Jupiter and Maia, who 
was daughter of Atlas; his herald's staff was called caduceus. — Perhaps a 
reference to this tale is to be found in Acts xiv. 1 1 foil. 

632. ilia, sc. casa; loc. abl. 

633. fatendo nee . . . ferendo : i.e. by neither concealing nor com- 
plaining. 

635. requiras, subjunctive in indirect question, used as subject of 
refert (§ 329, 4; G. 382, 2; H. 540, 1). 

636. tota, etc. : these two are the whole household, — neither masters 
nor slaves. — idem = iidem. 

637. penates, i.e. the house. 

640. quo = in quern. — textum rude, a piece of coarse cloth. 

644. tecto, fro/7i. the garret. 

645. minuit, cut up. 

647. truncat foliis, st7'ips. 

648. sordida, nigro, i.e. with smoke. — suis, from sus. 
650. doniat, softe/is. 

654. medias horas, the i7iterval. 

655. torum, 77iattress. 

656. lecto, couch or bedstead, of which sponda is the fra77ie, pedes, 
the legs. — salignis agrees with sponda and pedibus (abl. of quality). 

660. accubuere : the Greeks and Romans reclined upon couches at 
their meals, and this custom is here described as if it had existed in the 
heroic times. It appears from Homer, however, that in early times they 
sat instead of reclining. — succincta : waiters at table girded up their 
garments, in order not to be impeded by them. 

661. tertius, i.e. the table had but three legs, — a mark of poverty. 



Philemon and Baucis. 95 

662. clivum, the sloping surface. 

664. bicolor, two-colored, because the olive (baca 3Iinervae) is green 
when unripe, but black when ripe, and is eaten in both conditions. 

666. radix, radish. 

667. non acri, not glowing. 

668. fictilibus, i.e. in common earthenware. — eodem argento (in 
joke), the same sort of plate; caelatus, chiselled, engraved, carries on the joke. 

670. qua cava sunt, the inside. 

671. epulas, the piece de resistance, or solid course of the meal; here 
the pork mentioned in v. 648 and the cabbage of v. 647. 

672. nee longae senectae, gen. of quality, of no great age. — refe- 
runtur, are carried off. 

673. seducta agrees with vina; the wine was removed a little to 
make room for the dessert (mensis secundis), which was put upon the 
table together with the pork. 

674. rugosis palmis, wrinkled (dried) dates. — carica, dried figs 
(from Caria). 

677. vultus boni, kindly faces. 

678. nee iners pauperque voluntas, active and generous good- 
will; the negative nee belongs to both adjectives. 

679. cratera, accusative. 

681. supinis, with the palms up; in the attitude of prayer customary 
among the ancients. 

683. nullis paratibus, want of preparation. 

684. custodia = custos, the abstract noun used for the concrete. 
The Romans regarded the goose as a vigilant creature, as it appears in the 
story of the preservation of the capitol by the sacred geese of Juno (Livy, 
V. 47) . — villae, farm-house. 

686. aetate, construe with tardos. 

689. poenas, for refusing hospitality to the gods, v. 628 f. 

690. immunibus, predicate dative following esse (§ 272, a; cf. G. 
535. k. 3 ; H. 536, 2,3). 

699. etiatn qualifies dominis duobus (dative). — vetus and parva 
agree with casa. 

700. f ureas subiere, took the place of the crotched poles. 
702. tellus, i.e. the floor of the temple was marble. 

711. fides, fulfilment. 

712. soluti, enfeebled. 

714. inciperent, i.e. to relate. 

721. non vani, trustworthy. 

723. ponens, i.e. as was often clone by passers-by, — recentia, sc. serta. 



96 Notes. 



XX. THE DEATH OF HERCULES. 

IX. 134. medii temporis, i.e. since the slaying of Nessus. — acta, 
deeds. 

135. odium, as well as terras, is object of implerant, had filled the 
earth and sated the hate. — novercae, Juno. Hercules was the son of 
Jupiter, but not of his queen, Juno, who, through jealousy, imposed upon 
him the famous Twelve Labors. 

136. Oechalia: this was the city of Euboea, of which Eurytus was 
king. After capturing (Echalia, and putting Eurytus to death, Hercules 
proceeded with Iole, daughter of Eurytus, to the Cenaean promontory, to 
offer sacrifices to Jove. 

140. Amphitryoniaden : Hercules' mother, Alcmene, was wife of 
Amphitryon. 

143. difludit, gave vent. 

145. aliquid novandum est, some new counsel must be taken. 

147. conquerar, etc., deliberative subjunctive (§ 268; G. 265; H. 
4845 V.). — Calydona: Dejanirawas daughter of GEneus, king of Calydon. 

149. me esse, etc., depends on memor. The reference is to Meleager 
killing his uncles. 

150. injuria, sense of wrong. 
152. incurs us, suggestions. 

157. det depends upon mandat, being regarded as a command in 
indirect discourse; in sense it is equivalent to ut det (§ 331, f, R.; G. 
546, R. 2 ; H. 499, 2). 

158. L/ernaeae . . . echidnae: the arrow with which Hercules shot 
Nessus had been dipped in the poison of the Hydra, and this it was that 
made the blood of Nessus so destructive. 

159. primis, just kindled. 
163. virtute, fortitude. 

165. Oeten : after feeling the effects of the poison, he crossed over 
from Euboea to Mt. GLta, in Thessaly. The name " CEte " is usually femi- 
nine; here masculine. 

171. lacu, tank. 

173. caeruleus, livid (steel-blue). 

174. caeca, invisible. 

176. Saturnia, i.e. Juno, his old enemy. — pascere, glut thyself; im- 
perative passive. 

179. hoc aestu, on account of this flame. — tibi, in appos. with hosti. 
— cruciatibus qualifies aegram. 



The Death of Hercules. 



97 



1 80. laboribus, dat. after natam (§ 234; G. 359; H. 391, 1). 

182. peregrino = peregrinorum : Busiris (a king of Egypt) had 
caused Hercules to be dragged to the altar for sacrifice; but here he 
burst his bonds, and slew the impious king, together with his son and 
herald. The fettered Hercules is said to represent the sun in winter, 
and his victory the sun's reviving power in spring. 

184. Antaeo : Anteus (a giant of Libya), whenever he touched the 
earth, his mother, derived new strength from her. Hercules overcame 
him by lifting him from the ground and strangling him. — pastoris, 
Geryon, a three-headed giant, whose cattle Hercules drove away. With 
this begins the commemorating of the Twelve Labors. 

185. Cerberus, the three-headed dog who guarded the lower world: 
Hercules dragged him up upon the earth. (See Fig. 46.) 

186. tauri, the Cretan 
bull, which he must bind 
and bring to Eurystheus. 

187. Elis : here he 
cleansed the stables of 
King Augeas in one day 
by turning the river Al- 
pheus through them. — 
Stymphalides : he freed 
the Stymphalian Vale of 
numberless man - eating 
birds. 

188. Parthenium, a 
mountain between Arcadia 
and Argolis, where he 
wounded and captured the 
brazen-footed hind of Ar- 
temis. 

189. balteus, the belt 

of Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons, who dwelt on the river Thermodon, 
in Asia Minor : he slew her, and carried off her girdle. 

190. poma, the apples of the Hesperides, daughters of Atlas. (See 
IV. 637.) 

191. Centauri: the fight with the Centaurs was one of his exploits, 
but not one of the Twelve Labors. 

192. aper, the Erymanthian boar which ravaged Arcadia. — hydrae, 
the Lernaean hydra; whenever he cut off one of its nine heads, two sprang 
up in its place. 




Hercules and Cerberus. 



9 8 



Notes. 



194. Thracis : King Diomedes of Thrace, whose horses were fed 011 
human flesh. 

197. moles Nemeaea, the Nemean lion, to kill which was the first 
and chief of the labors; he always afterwards wore its hide. 

198. hac cervice : he took the place of Atlas in supporting the 
earth, while Atlas was gathering for him the three golden apples of the 
Hesperides. 

203. valet, prospers. 

206.' gerat: on the tense see § 312; G. 602; H. 513, ii. n. 1 . 

209. videres, potential subjunctive, you might have seen (§ 311, i.; 
G. 258; H. 485, N. 3 ). 

210. montibus (dat.), depends upon irascentem. — patrio, i.e. as 
son of Jupiter. 

212. collegerat, had passed into. 

213. feralia, deathly ; the feralia were a Roman festival to the dead, 
celebrated February 21. 

216. genibus, i.e. of Hercules. 

218. tormento (torqueo), abl. of comparison: it is an engine for 
hurling weights, — catapult or balista. 

221. molle agrees with corpus, subject of astringi and glomerari. 

225. prior edidit aetas, antiquity gave out or declared. 

229. tu, Hercules. 

232. iterum : Hercules had captured Troy, when ruled by King Lao- 
medon; his bow and arrows were afterwards carried by Philoctetes (the 
son of Pceas) to the great siege of Troy. 

2 33- Quo ministro, abl. abs., by whose instrumentality. 

234. subdita, sc. pyrae est. 

235. vellere : this word properly means the fleece of a sheep; here it 
is transferred to the lion's hide. 

236. clavae (dat.) : a knotty club was a regular attribute of Hercules. 

238. redimitus sertis : guests at a banquet wore garlands. 

239. in omne latus, over his whole body. 

240. securos, indifferent. — contemptorem suum, the hero who 
despised it. 

241. vindice, i.e. because he had freed the earth from so many 
plagues. 

243- 
245- 
247. 
251. 



iste, that which you feel. 

memoris, grateful. 

hoc, i.e. your favor. 

materna parte : his mother, Alcmena, being a mortal, whatever 






he derived from her was mortal. — vulcanum = ignem. 



Orpheus and Eurydice. 



99 



253. nulla flamma, abl. of means with domabile; for adjectives in 
-bilis and others containing a verbal notion may be construed with the 
abl. or the dat. as in v. 262. 

254. id, that part of him. — terra, governed by defunctum. — cae- 
lestibus oris (from ora), within the bounds of heaven. 

257. deo, as a god, in apposition with Hercule. — data praemia, 
after the reward has been bestowed. — nolet (fut.), he 7nay disapprove. 

260. ultima, his last words. 

261. notatam, marked for censure. 

264. quicquam . . . matris, anything derived from the form of his 
mother. 

Fig- 47- 




Hercules raised to heaverj 



265. Jovis vestigia, traces of Jove, i.e. likeness to him. 
268. Tirynthius : Hercules was born at Tiryns, in Argolis. 
272. astris, dat. after intulit. 



XXI. ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 



X. 1. inde, i.e. from the wedding of Iphis and Ianthe, which took 
place in Crete. 

2. Ciconum : the Cicones were a people of Thrace. 

3. Orphea, an adjective; the noun would be Orphea. — nequi- 
quam : because the marriage had an unfortunate end. 



I OO Notes. 

4. quidem, to be sure: he was present, but brought no luck with 
him. 

6. fax : the torch was the attribute of Hymen. — fumo, abl. of quality 
(§ 251; G. 400; H. 419, ii.). 

7. motibus, by swinging. 

11. ad superas auras, to the upper air, opposed to umbras (the 
lower world) ; cf. supero in ora, v. 26. — Rhodopems : Rhodope was 
a mountain of Thrace, the home of Orpheus. 

13. Taenaria : Tsenarum was a promontory in the south of Greece, 
where it was believed was an entrance to the infernal regions. 

14. leves, i.e. because mere shadows. — functa sepulcro, which have 
passed the tomb. 

16. nervis, i.e. of his lyre. 

18. quicquid relates to the subject of recidimus, whatever of us, etc.; 
the neuter makes the expression very general, applying not only to human 
beings, but to every creature. 

19. positis, laid aside. — oris from os. 

22. Medusaei: the mother of Cerberus was Echidna, a daughter of 
Medusa. In vincirem an allusion to Hercules is contained, who bound 
Cerberus and took him to the upper world. 

25. posse depends upon volui, pati upon posse. 

28. rapinae, i.e. of Proserpine by Pluto, Book V. vv. 362-424. 

29. per ego haec loca : in oaths and similar expressions, ego, if used 
at all, is regularly inserted between per and its noun. 

31. properata fata,, premature death. — retexite, spin backward, 
i.e. unspin, referring to the Fates, who spin the thread of life. 

32. omnia, all zve earthly objects. — debemur, are owed, i.e. we be- 
long in the last instance to you, as money really belongs to the person to 
whom it is due. 

36. justos, allotted, i.e. to which she had a right (jus). 

37. juris erit vestri, will be yottrs by right (see § 214, I, c; G. 366; 
H. 401). — pro munere usum, a loan instead of a gift; the right to 
the temporary enjoyment of property belonging to another was called 
usus. 

38. certum est mihi, my mind is resolved. 

41. Tantalus: his punishment was to be placed up to his, chin in 
water, which retreated from him as soon as he stooped to drink. See 
notes on Book IV. 458 and foil. 

42. Ixionis : he was bound to a revolving fiery wheel. 

43. jecur, the liver of Tityus, fed upon by vultures, and growing again 
as fast as consumed. 



Orpheus and Eurydi 



ce. 



IOI 



44. Belides (a Greek plural), grand-daughters of Belus (daughters of 
Danaus, hence usually called Danaides) : their punishment was to carry 
water in a vase with holes in the bottom. — Sisyphe : the punishment of 
Sisyphus is thus described : — 

" With many a weary step, and many a groan, 
Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone: 
The huge round stone, resulting with a bound, 
Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along the ground." 

Pope's Odyssey, Book XI. 

46. Eumenidum : the Furies, to whom this name — as well as that 
of " venerable," " revered," was given, in order to soothe them and depre- 
cate their anger. 

47. sustinet negare, holds out to refuse, i.e. persists in refusing. — 
qui regit, i.e. Pluto. 

50. legem, like hanc, is object of accipit; ne flectat, etc., is in 
appos. with legem. 

Fig. 48. 




Mercury bringing a soul to Charon 



55. afuerunt : e short, though regularly long {systole). — telluris 
summae, the surface of the earth. 

56. hie, adverb. — deficeret, sc. Eurydice. 
58. captans, eagerly reaching. 

61. quid, as well as se amntam [esse], governed by quereretur. 



102 Notes. 

65. tria : the story went, that when Hercules dragged the three-headed 
Cerberus from the lower world, a person meeting them was turned into 
stone from fear. 

67. natura prior, his fori7ier nature ; sc. reliquit. 

68. traxit : the story here referred to is not known any further. It 
would seem that Lethsea drew upon herself the anger of the gods by pride 
in her beauty; that her husband Olenos assumed the blame to himself, 
and that both were turned into stone. — Siebelis. 

71. pectora, lapides, in appos. with Olenos and Lethaea. 

73. portitor, Charon, the ferry-man over the Styx. (See Fig. 48.) — 
septem diebus, abl. of time in ivhich, used to denote the time during 
which (§ 256, b; G. 393, R. 2 ; H. 379, 1). 

74. squalidus, in mourning. — Cereris munere, food. 

77. Rhodopen, the mountain boundary of Thrace ; Haemum, a 
Thracian mountain. 



XXII. THE SONG OF ORPHEUS. 

X. 89. dis genitus : Orpheus was the son of Apollo and the muse 
Calliope. 

90. loco, dat. by poetic use (§ 225, b, 3; G. 358 ; H. 380, ii. 4). 

— Chaonis arbor : the oak, sacred to Jove, whose chief sanctuary was 
at Dodona, where the Chaonians had once lived. 

91. neraus Heliadum, poplars. (See Book II. 340.) 

92. innuba, because Daphne had been metamorphosed into a laurel, 
in order to escape Apollo's suit. 

95. genialis : the shadow of the plane was a favorite resort for 
pleasure and mirth. — impar, varied (the autumn colors of the maple). 

98. myrtus : the final us is accented in the thesis before the caesura, 
as is often done by Ovid before et and aut. The myrtle is called bicolor 
on account of its spotted leaves. — tinus, a plant similar to the viburnum. 

100. \il mi : the elms were used for vines to run upon. 

103. pinus : the stone pine of Italy spreads out at the top to a broad 
head, on a very high trunk, so that it seems to have its foliage tied up 
(succincta comas). 

104. deum (genitive) matri, i.e. Cybele. — Cybeleius, loved by Cybele. 

105. hac, sc. pinu; abl. of means. 

144. -que connects concilio and turba. 
147. modos, tones. 



The Song of Orpheus. 



103 



151. Phlegraeis campis : near Olympus, where the battle with the 
giants took place. 

153. superis, dat. of agent. 

154. ignibus, the fires of love. 

155. Ganymedis, son of Tros, king of Troy. 

156. aliquid, i.e. some form. 

157. mallet: subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic (§ 320; 
G. 631, 2; H. 503, i.). — alite, abl. of price (cf. pinu, v. 105) (§ 252, c; 
G. 404 ; H. 422, n. 2 ), which is derived from the abl. of means. 

158. quae posset, etc., i.e. the eagle, the bird of Jove. 

159. mendacious, as being not really his own. 

160. Iliaden : this patronymic describes the country {Mum), not the 
parentage of Ganymede; King Ilus 

was his brother. (See Fig. 49.) 

161. invita: because Juno was 
jealous of Jupiter's love for Ganymede, 
and because Ganymede supplanted 
Hebe, Juno's daughter, as cup-bearer 
to the gods. 

162. Amyclide, Hyacinth us, 
great-grandson of Amyclas, king of 
Amyclae, near Sparta. — posuisset 
in ae there = received into heaven. 

164. qua, so far as. 

165. Aries : this is the first con- 
stellation of spring, and the idea sym- 
bolized by the myth of Hyacinthus is 
that of the destroying power of the 
hot sun. The festival Hyacinthia at Ganymede. 
Sparta was in commemoration of this; 

at first sad, afterwards joyful, to rejoice in his restoration to life. 

167. genitor, Phoebus Apollo. 

168. Delphi, the place of the oracle of Apollo; this was considered 
the middle of the earth, and a stone was preserved here in the sanctuary, 
called the Omphalos, or navel of the earth. 

169. Eurotan, the river which .flows past Sparta. — immunitam: 
Sparta had no walls, its citizens believing that its best defence was in the 
valor of its citizens. In fact, no enemy ever came within sight of the city 
until the invasion of Epaminondas, B.C. 370. 

1 70. citharae, sagittae : the lyre and the bow were the two chief 
attributes of Apollo. 




104 Notes. 

171. sui, i.e. of his dignity. 

172. tenuisse, isse : the perfect infinitive is sometimes used (like the 
Greek aorist) where the present seems more natural. The poets occasion- 
ally use the perfect for metrical reasons. 

174. medius, half-way between. — Titan, the sun. 

175. noc-tis, genitive depending upon medius; the more usual con- 
struction would be inter . . . noctem. 

176. olivi: those who took part in these contests rubbed themselves 
over with oil, to render themselves supple. 

183. Taenarides, from Tanarzim, a promontory of Laconia = //^ 
Lacedcemonian. 

185. aeque quam, as much as; aeque ac is the regular expression. 

190. si . . . infringat is the protasis, demittant, etc., the apodosis 
of a less vivid future condition (ideal condition). 

196. Oebalide : Hyacinthus was son of CEbalus, king of Sparta. 

199. inscribenda, must be inscribed with, as if it were a tombstone. 

203. reddere, give up. — quod (§ 240, b; G. 610, r. 2 ; H. 378, 2), 
but. 

206. scrip to, inscription ; see v. 215. 

207. heros, Ajax, which name in Greek was Alas. This same flower 
was supposed to have sprung from his blood, when he killed himself (see 
Book XIII. 398). 

212. lilia, sc. capiunt: the flower here described is not our hyacinth, 
but is supposed to be the Turk's cap lily (see Virgil, " Index of Plants "). 

213. his, the hyacinths; illis, the lilies. 

216. funesta littera: the Greek cry of mourning was al al. 
219. praelata pompa, with exhibition of festal parade ; the festival 
came in July. 



XXIII. ATALANTA. 



X. 560. aliquam, feminine, a maid. 

562. posses, potential subjunctive, § 311, i; G. 258; H. 485. 

564. scitauti, sc. oraculum; she consulted the oracle about marry- 
ing (de conjuge). — deus, Apollo, the god of prophecy. 

566. te ipsa viva carebis, you will be deprived of yourself while 
living, i.e. you will lose your present bodily form before your death (in- 
stead of losing it by death as others do). Atalanta lost her own form by 
being transformed into a lioness. 



Atalanta. 105 

569. nee (= et non) : the connective joins fugat and inquit; the 
negative belongs to sum potiunda. 

578. velamine: her outer garment, for she would run in a light 
tunic. 

579. meum, i.e. of Venus, who is telling the story. — tuum, i.e. of 
Adonis. Atalanta was as beautiful as Venus or Adonis. 

582. quae peteretis : informal indirect discourse (§ 34 x » R -J G. 662; 
H. 528, 1). 

584. timet, sc. ne quis . . . velocius. 

588. non setius, not otherwise than, i.e. like. 

589. Aonio : Hippomenes was a Boeotian. 

590. magis, i.e. more than her swiftness. — et . . . decorem, and 
that swift running adds to her beauty, for the reasons given in the follow- 
ing lines. 

594. puellari candore, of maiden whiteness, abl. of quality modifying 
corpus. — ruborem traxerat, it (the running) had brought a flush. 

595. velum, an awning. 

600. non negatives deterritus. 

605. Onehestius, of Onchestus, a Boeotian town named after the father 
of Megareus, Onchestus the son of Neptune. 

609. Schoeneia, Atalanta, daughter of the Boeotian king, Schceneus. 

611. formosis iniquus, hostile to the beautiful. 

613. non sum tanti, I am tiot zvorth so much (gen. of value, § 252, a; 
G. 3795 3 8o > 1 ; H - 404)- 

616. quid, quod, etc., what (as to the fact) that, etc. (see § 333; G. 
525, 1, n. 3 ; H. 540, iv.). — interrita leti, see § 218, c; G. 374, n. 6 ; H. 
399, iii. 

617. aequorea, as great-grandson of Neptune. — quartus, because 
Neptune himself is counted as the first. 

619. ut pereat, expresses the result of tanti. 

624. viderit, hortatory subjunctive, let him see to that. This use of 
the perf. subj. of video is not rare in Ovid. In sense, the perfect differs 
little, if at all, from the present; see § 266, N. 1 ; H. 484, iv.; cf. intereat, 
the very next word. 

628. non belongs with ferendae, and invidiae non ferendae is 
genitive of quality limiting victoria ; my victory zvill be one of unbearable 
odium, i.e. will bring upon me unbearable odium. 

629. velles: her excitement is shown by the return to the second 
person. 

632. noliem, subjunctive of modesty (§311, £; G. 258, N. 1 ; H. 486,1.). 
— visa fuissem depends upon nollem (§ 331, b\ G. 546, r. 2 ; H. 499, 2). 



106 Notes. 

635. eras, where esses might be expected (§ 308, b; G. 597, R. 2 ; 
H. 511). 

636. utque rudis, as (i.e. like) an inexperienced maiden. 

637. facit: the indicative in an indirect question is common in early 
Latin, but is almost inexcusable in Ovid. 

639. me, Venus, who tells the story. 

648. comam, ace. of specification. — ramis crepitantibus, abl. of 
quality. 

649. hinc : construe with decerpta, and forte with ferebam. 
652. carcere,_/r<?,w the barrier. 

660. gaudeat, indirect question, the first half of the double question 
of which an, etc., is the second half. 

668. spectacula, the place whence people looked on, the field. 
675. ab obliquo, obliquely. 



XXIV. THE DEATH OF ORPHEUS. 

XI. 1. carmine, the stories of Ganymede, Hyacinthus, etc. (Seethe 
two previous selections.) 

3. nurus (plur.), often used for women of rank. — Ciconum, a Thra- 
cian tribe. — lymphata, frenzied. 

4. pectora, ace. of specification. The Bacchae clothed themselves in 
doe-skins at the Bacchic festivals. 

5. percussis . . . nervis, accompanying his 
song with striking the strings. 

7. nostri contemptor, the man who despises 
us : after the death of Eurydice, Orpheus had 
withdrawn from the society of women, — a suffi- 
cient reason for the hostility of the female wor- 
shippers of Bacchus. 

8. Apollinei : Orpheus was the son of Apollo 
and the muse Calliope. 

9. foliis : the thyrsus, carried by Bacchus and 
his votaries, was a staff (hasta), adorned at the 
top with ivy or with a pine-cone. (See Figs. 50 

_, and 51.) — notam, mark, i.e. bruise. 

Thyrsus. J ' 

12. veluti supplex : the stone, overcome by 
the music, fell like a suppliant at the feet of Orpheus, begging his pardon 
for having come through the air against him. 




The Death of Orpheus. 



107 



. 13. sed enim : there is an ellipsis after sed; but it was no use, /or, etc. 
Such ellipses are common in Latin and Greek (elenim, namque, Kal yap 
aWa yap), but in English we generally say simply but ox for, whichever 
seems to be the more important. 

14. abiit: see note on subiit, Book I. v. 114. 

15. mollita, i.e. like this stone. 

1 6. inf racto, curved. The Phrygian pipe — called Berecyntian, from 
Berecynttis, the chief seat of the worship of Cybele — was curved at the 
end into the shape of a horn. 

17. plausus, clapping of hands : these various sounds were connected 
with the orgiastic worship of Bacchus. — Bacchei : hiatus. 

18. obstrepuere, drozvned. 

20. etiamnum, even now, in spite of the noise of the Bacchanals. 

22. Maenades, the name of the female worshippers of Bacchus, from 
fiaiveaOai, to rave. (See Fig. 51.) — titulum triumphi, the honor of the 
triumph ; titulum is 
in appos. with volu- 
cres, etc., who form 
the glory of the tri- 
umph, i.e. form the 
procession. — rapu- 
ere, tore in pieces. 

24. luce, by day- 
light. 

25. s t r u c t o 
utrimque theatro, 
amphitheatre : the 
Greek term was not 
yet introduced into 
Latin. .The space in the middle was spread with sand, hence the term arena. 

26. matutina: the fight with beasts took place at Rome in the 
morning. 

28. thyrsos : see note on line 9. — munera, service. 
34. operis arma, the tools of their labor. 

37. ferae, the wild women. 

38. divellere (also written divulsere), they tore asunder; for the 
Bacchic revellers, in their frenzy, used to tear asunder even large animals, 
and devour their raw flesh. 

41. sacrilegae, because they attacked the priest and bard of Apollo. 

42. saxis, sensibus, dat. of agent (§ 232, a; G. 354; H. 388, 1). 
45. carmina, sc. tua; object of secutae. 




Maenades. 



108 Notes. 

48. carbasa, light garments. — obstrusa pullo, obscured with black. 
52. flebile nescio quid queritur, titters some tearful complaint. 

54. invectae, agreeing with lyra and lingua; but lingua implies 
also caput, as the tongue was in the head. — populare, of their native 
land. 

55. Methymnaeae, so called from the city Methymna. Lesbos was 
afterwards celebrated for its lyric poets, particularly Alcseus and Sappho. 

58. tandem : implying that Phoebus should have protected him before. 

62. arva piorum, the Elysian fields, the abode of the blessed. 

64. modo, now, corresponding to nunc . . . nunc. 

65. anteit, dissyllabic, -eit being pronounced as one syllable. 

67. Lyaeus, an epithet of Bacchus : Bacchus, as well as Apollo, was 
a patron of poets. 

68. sacrorum suorum : Orpheus had introduced these into Thrace. 

69. Edonidas = Thracian. 

70. vldere : the infinitive would be videre : it means here partici- 
pated in. 

71. in quantum, so far as, i.e. on the spot to which. — secuta est, sc. 
Orphea. 

72. traxit, sc. in terram. 

73. suum agrees with crus. 

75. astringit, tightens. 

76. harum limits quaeque. 

79. pes, etc. : the change begins with the feet, and rises to the head. 



XXV. THE STORY OF MIDAS. 

XI. 85. ipsos quoque agros, even the very country where Orpheus 
had been killed. 

86. Timoli : Timolus (or Tmolus), a mountain in Lydia, in which 
the river Pactolus, which flowed through the city of Sardes, takes its rise. 

87. aureus : this will be explained by the story now to be related. 

88. erat, the indicative with quamvis occurs in poetry and late prose 
(§313,^; G. 606, R.i; H. 515, n.s). 

89. satyri : a woodland race, with tails like those of horses, who 
followed in the train of Bacchus. (See Fig. 52.) The Romans confused 
the satyrs with Pan and the Italian fauni. (See Fig. 3.) — bacchae, the 
female worshippers of Bacchus, also called A/aenades. (See Fig. 51.) 



The Story of Midas. 



109 




Youthful Satyrs. 



90. Silenus, the foster-father of Bacchus : he, too, was of the nature 
of the satyrs. His chief characteristic is drunkenness. (See Fig. 53.) 

91. coronis : the ancients, when carousing, wore garlands of flowers. 

92. Midan, Midas, a 
mythical king of Lydia, 
a country which possessed 
great power in the sixth 
and seventh centuries 
B.C., its territory compris- 
ing the whole western 
half of Asia Minor. It 
was conquered by the 
Persian Cyrus, B.C. 546. 

93. Eumolpo, a 
Thracian singer, who 
found a home in Attica 
(called Cecropia, from a 
very ancient mythical king of Athens, Cecrops). Connect cui cum Ce- 
cropio Eumolpo; for Eumolpus was instructed by Orpheus, but did not 
instruct Midas. 

94. simul = simul atque. — sacrorum (neuter), the sacred rites 
(of Bacchus). 

97. coegerat, had marshalled, as a general mar- 
shals his forces preparatory to leading them away. 
(Cf. Book II. v. 114.) 

98. undecimus, the tenth : the ancients, in count- 
ing a series, reckoned the one from which the series 
began, as being the first from itself. 

100. gratum and inutile agree with arbitrium, 
which is limited by optandi muneris. 

103. vertatur : after efficere the usual construc- 
tion has ut, but ut is sometimes omitted (§331, Rem.; 
G. 546, R. 3 ; H. 499, 2). 

104. solvit, paid, i.e. gave. 

105. petisset, subjunctive because quod . . . 
petisset is part of the thought of Bacchus (§ 321; 
G. 541; H. 516, ii.). 

106. Berecyntius : Midas was son of Cybele. 

107. polliciti, the promise. 

108. non qualifies alta, which agrees with ilice. — fronde virenti, 
abl. of quality describing ilice. 



Fig- 53- 




Silenus. 



no 



'ores. 



124. 
125. 
130. 



132. 
133- 
134. 
135- 



114. Hesperidas : the Hesperides, daughters of Atlas, were guardians 
of a tree with golden apples. (See notes on Book IV. 637, and IX. 190 
and 198.) 

117. Danaen : Jupiter took the form of a golden rain when he visited 
Danae. — eludere, deceive. 

118. animo capit, comprehends, or realizes. — fingens, fancying. 
120. tostae : in early times the corn was parched before being ground. 

premebat, spread over ; the subject is lamina. 

auctorem muneris, the giver of the boon, i.e. Bacchus, i.e. wine. 

torquetur, is tormented. — ab auro : Ovid not infrequently uses 
ab with the abl. denoting the source from which an action proceeds instead 
of the simple abl. of means. 

131. splendida: even his skin was tinged with gold. 

Lenaee, an epithet of Bacchus. 

eripe, sc. me. 

mite, sc. est. 

restituit, restored, i.e. to his previous condition. — facti . . . sol- 
vit, in testimony of the act, he annulled (lit. released) the boon he had 
bestowed. This use of solvere is unusual; solvere munus means bestow a 
boonQas in v. 104), but a boon already given (data munera) cannot be 
bestowed, so data munera solvit must mean the very opposite of 
munera solvit. Some texts read pacti for facti, the boon give?t in ful- 
filment of the contract (of v. 100). 

137. Sardibus : Sardes was capital of Lydia; it was north of Tmolus. 
(See note on v. 86.) 

138. undis follows obvius. 
140. . plurimus, in full stream. 

141. elue has two objects, corpus and crimen, wash off your body 
and wash off (i.e. away) your guilt. 

144. jam, with veteris. — semine venae, the seed of the vein (of 
metal), means golden sand, which was found in the Pactolus. 

145. auro madidis, steeped with gold. 

147. Pana, Pan, a god of nature, represented with the legs, ears, and 
tail of a goat. 

148. pingue, dull ; as shown by the absurdity of his request. 

149. praecordia mentis = mens. 

152. Hypaepis, Hypaepa, a little town, south of Mt. Tmolus. 
154. arundine, the syrinx {fistula), or Pan's pipe, was made of reeds 
joined together with wax. (See Fig. 42.) 

156. Tmolo, here the god of the mountain; in apposition with judice. 

157. monte, abl. of place in which. 



Ceyx and Alcyone. ill 

158. liberat arboribus (abl.) : the head of the god is quaintly con- 
ceived as covered with trees, so as to obstruct his hearing. — quercu, an 
oak-wreath. 

160. deura pecoris : Pan, the nature god, was guardian of flocks. 

162. barbarico, i.e. as being in Phrygian style. 

164. sua, i.e. which crowned it. 

166. verrit humum, he sweeps the ground. — palla, a poetical form 
for pallium, the outer garment worn by Greeks; it was rectangular, while 
the Roman toga was rounded at the ends. 

167. dentibus Indis, ivory. 

168. a laeva, on the left side (§ 260, b; G. 390, n. 6 ; H. 434, i. 1.). — 
plectrum, the instrument with which the strings of the lyre were touched 
in playing. 

1 69. artificis, artist. — status, his very posture. 
171. summittere, i.e. in token of inferiority. 

174. unius, alone. — Delius, Apollo, who was born at Delos. 

176. in spatium, lengthwise. 

177. imas, at the base. 

1 78. in, in respect to. 

179. aures : on the ace. see § 240, c, N.; G. 338, 2, n. 2 ; H. 277 • 

180. turpi pudore, abl. of cause with temptat velare, on accoum 
of the shameful disgrace. 

181. tiaris, a high cap, bound under the chin, worn by Oriental 
monarchs. 

187. haustae = effossae. 

192. agricolam : so called because he had, so to speak, planted the 
secret in the earth. 



XXVI. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 

XL 583. morte, abl. depending upon functo (§ 249; G. 407; H. 
421,1.); fuueto morte = mortuo. — rogari, object of sustinet; she 

does not endure being asked. 

584. funestas, defiled by death; for a family in which there was an 
unburied corpse was unclean, and Alcyone's husband was a corpse although 
she did not yet know it. 

585. Iri : Iris was the goddess of the rainbow (see v. 589 ff.), and 
acted as Juno's messenger. 

587. imagine, in the form, abl. of quality limiting somnia (§ 251; G. 
400; H. 419, ii.). — mittat: subjunctive after jube; for jubeo implies 



112 



Notes. 



the idea of saying, and may therefore take the construction of indirect 
discourse ; the command to Somnus was : mitte somnia. 



velamina, accusative (see § 240, c, N.; G. 338, 2, N. 2 ; H. 377), 
arcuato : three syllables, the u being pronounced like w. 
jussi regis, of the king commanded, i.e. mentioned in the corn- 



Fig. 54- 



589. 
590. 
59i- 
mand. 

592. Cimmerios, a people dwelling in the region of perpetual darkness, 
which the ancients imagined to be in the extreme West. 
594. radiis, with his rays. 
597. vigil ales, i.e. the cock. 

599. sagacior anser : the watchful sagacity of the goose was espe- 
cially displayed in the preservation of the Capitol from the Gauls, B.C. 390. 
603. Lethes (genitive) : the river Lethe is generally placed in the 
nether world, where Virgil puts the abode of dreams; Homer, however, 
(Od. xi.) puts the abode of the dead in the extreme West, where Ovid 
puts Lethe and the dwelling of Somnus. The dead, Sleep, and Lethe all 
belong in the realm of darkness, which was by some supposed to be in the 
West, by others, under the earth. 

605. papavera: the poppy, from which opium is made, induces sleep. 
610. ebeno sublimis, built high with ebony. 
612. quo, loc. abl., on which. 
616. siinul = simul atque. — virgo, i.e. Iris. 
618. sacra, as the dwelling of the god Somnus. 
621. excussit sibi se, roused himself from 
himself i.e. from sleep. 

626. quae . . . aequent, relative clause of 
result (§ 319, 2; G. 631, i; H. 500, i.). 

627. Herculea Trachine, loc. abl., where 
one would expect the ace. after adeant. Trachis 
is called Herculean because Hercules spent the 
last part of his life there, and was burned on the 
neighboring mountain, CEta. 

628. adeant: see note on v. 587 above. 
630. vaporis, the heavy air, impregnated with 

sleep-giving odors. 

633. pater, Somnus. (See Fig. 54.) 
635. Morphea, Morpheus (from the Greek 
fxop(pri,form), the god of dream-forms. — non alter, no second one, i.e. 
no other. 

640. hunc, i.e. the alter just mentioned. — Icelon, a Greek word, 
meaning like. — Phobetora: a Greek word, meaning terrifer. 




Sleep-god. 



Ceyx and Alcyone. 1 13 

642. Phantasos, the god of phantasies and apparitions. This name 
also is Greek. 

647. Thaumantidos, Iris, daughter of Thaumas. 

652. Haemoniam, Thessalian : Trachis was in Thessaly, which was 
called Hsemonia after Hsemon, father of Thessalus. 

662. falso . . . noli, do not vainly expect me to return (lit. do not 
falsely promise me to yourself). 

669. lugubria, sad things, i.e. garments of mourning. 

670. inania, because the shades in the lower world had no substance, 
and could not fill the place. 

672. crederet: subjunctive in a clause of characteristic (§ 320; G. 
631, 1 ; H. 503, L). 

678. si sit illic, if he is there ; in indirect questions, si, like English 
if means whether. 

684. nulla, etc., Alcyone is no more, i.e. I am as good as dead. 

685. tollite, etc., away with your words of consolation. 
688. sed et umbra, but even though a mere shade, still, etc. 

696. vellem, subjunctive of modesty (§311,^; G. 258, N. 1 ; H. 486, i.); 
with duxisses, it is equivalent to utinam duxisses (§ 267,^; G. 261, R.). 

697. multum utile, very useful. — fait, it would have been (§ 308, 
c; G. 599, R. 3 ; H. 476, 5). 

699. non simul, not together, i.e. apart from you. — egissem, i.e. if 
I had gone with you. — discreta, separated from yours. 

700= absens, parted from thee. — perii, etc. : she feels that she is as 
good as dead and drowned (cf. v. 684), now that her husband is no 
more. 

703. pugnem superesse, struggle to survive. 

706. littera, inscription; she would have his name inscribed upon 
her tomb, though his body could not be laid there. 

714. quae, relative where the demonstrative is needed in English. — 
locis = in his locis. — acta, sc. esse. 

716. nescio quid, something. 

718. aberat: the indicative after quamvis is used by poets and late 
writers (§ 313, £•; G. 606, N. 1 ; H. 515, n. 3 ). 

719. omine: the body of a shipwrecked man, seen just at this place 
after the vision of the preceding night, was an omen of the shipwreck and 
death of her husband. 

722. quo magis . . . hoc minus, the more . . . the less (§ 250, R.; 
G. 403; H. 423). 

723. minus et minus est mentis, less and less she has (est, sc. ei) 
of her mind, i.e. more and more beside herself she becomes. 



114 Notes. 

724. posset, subjunctive of result (§ 319, 2; G. 631, 2; H. 500, i.). 
729. facta manu moles, not a natural promontory, but an artificial 
breakwater. 

732. modo natis, newly grown. 

734. maesto (dative), sc. sono : ancient writers frequently speak of 
the mournful note of the kingfisher. 

735. tenui rostro (abl. of means) : the kingfisher's beak is long and 
slender. 

742. alite, into a bird ; the abl. of means (or price) is used with verbs 
of exchanging (§ 252, c; G. 404, N. 1 ; H. 422, N. 2 ). — fatis obnoxius 
isdem, subject to the same fate ; obnoxius agrees with amor, though in 
sense it refers to Ceyx and Alcyone. 

744. coeunt, they mate. 

745. perque dies, etc. : the ancients believed that the kingfisher 
brooded for seven days in winter upon a floating nest, and that throughout 
those days the sea was always calm. Hence the expression dies halcyon- 
ides, halcyon days, applied to fair weather or prosperous times. Perhaps 
the story of the floating nest is due to the fact that the kingfisher's nest is 
built among the rocks low down by the sea, and is sometimes washed off 
by the waves. 

748. nepotibus, the descendants of Alcyone, daughter of ^Eolus. 



XXVII. THE CHIEFS AT TROY. 

XII. 1. Aesacon, ace, subject of vivere; the ace. and inf. depends 
upon nescius. 

2. nomen [not corpus] : it was called a ccenotaph (empty tomb). 

3. inferias, offerings to the dead: they are called inanes, because 
iEsacus was still living, although they did not know it. 

4. Paridis : Paris was absent on his visit to Lacedsemon, whence he 
brought back Helen, — the cause of the Grecian expedition against Troy 
(the conjuratae rates'). 

7. commune, union or combined power. 

10. Aulide: Aulis, in Bceotia, was the meeting-place of the fleet, and 
here they were detained for several weeks by adverse winds. 

16. damna, loss, i.e. her young. 

19. Thestorides, Calchas, son of Thestor, the chief soothsayer of the 
Grecian host. 

21. digerit, divides off, i.e. by way of interpretation. 



The Chiefs at Troy. 



"5 



22. ille, the serpent. 

23. superat, remains. 

24. Aoniis, Boeotian. 

25. bella, i.e. the host, by metonymy. 

28. virginis deae, Diana. Agamemnon had killed a hind consecrated 
to her, and so his daughter Iphigenia must be sacrificed by way of atone- 
ment. 

Fig. 55- 




Iphigenia. 



29. pietatem, fatherly love. 

30. rexque patrem, the king overcame the father, i.e. Agamemnon's 
duty as a king overcame his paternal affection. 



Ii6 Notes. 

32. victa est: according to the original form of the story, the maiden 
was actually sacrificed; but it was afterwards modified in this way, in order 
to satisfy the popular sympathies. (See Fig. 55.) 

33. sacri, the sacred rite. 

34. mutasse, to have exchanged. — Mycenida : Iphigenia's home was 
Mycence. — cervn, for a hind (§ 252, c; G. 404, N. 1 ; H. 422, N.' 2 ). 

36. Phoebes, as well as maris, limits ira. 

39. orbe medio, in the middle of the world. 

40. triplicis mundi, the three worlds, of heaven, earth, and hades. 

41 . quamvis regionibus, by however wide spaces (abl. of specification) . 
43. tenet, sc. locum. 

46. tota, sc. doinus. 

47. fremit, murmurs. — refert, re-echoes. 

52. extrema, the last rumblings. 

53. leve vulgus, i.e. milia rumorum. 

54. mixta and commenta agree with milia; the genitive agreeing 
with rumorum would be equally natural. 

56. quibus relates to rumorum. 

61. dubio auctore, abl. of quality. 

62. ipsa, i.e. Fama. — rerum, partitive genitive, limits quid. 

68. Protesilae : Protesilaus, a Thessalian, the first of the Greeks who 
fell at Troy: this had been foretold by an oracle. — magno stant, cost 
dear (§ 252; G. 404; H. 422). 

69. fortis animae (genitive, limiting nece), by the death of Protesi- 
laus, that valiant soul. — cognitus (sc. est) Hector, i.e. they became 
acquainted with Hector and found out what sort of a man he was. 

71. Sigea, Sigean ; Sigeum is the northwestern point of Asia Minor, 
at the mouth of the Dardanelles (Hellespont), near the site of Troy. 

72. Cygnus, king of Colohae, near Troy : he was invulnerable, as being 
a son of Neptune. 

74. Peliacae : its shaft was taken from the forests of Mt. Pelion, in 
Thessaly, near the home of Achilles. (See II. xix. 390.) 

77. Hector, i.e. his death. — colla, ace. of specification. 

81. Haemonio, Thessalian. 

82. Aeacides : /Eacus was the father of Peleus, father of Achilles. 
84. profecit, sc. Aeacides. 

86. nate dea : Achilles was son of the sea-goddess Thetis. 

87. ille, Cygnus. — quid, why. 

89. parma (appos. with onus), a small round buckler. 

90. decor, i.e. only ornament. 

91. ob hoc, for this reason. 




The Chiefs at Troy. 1 17 

93. qui, sc. eo, i.e. Neptune. 

9.6. aes, etc. : the shield was composed of ten thicknesses of hide 
covered with a plate of copper. 

97. novena, used here for the cardinal number. — orbe, circle of hide. 

100. apertum, exposed. 

102. circo, i.e. the arena of the amphitheatre. 

104. elusa . . . sensit, perceived that his blozv had missed; i.e. the 
red cloth, held out to excite the bull, gave way when he plunged against it. 

106. haerebat, sc. ferrum. — maims, i.e. not the weapon. 

108. Lyrnesia, he had captured the city Lyrnesos in Mysia. 

109. Tenedon, Tenedos, a small island off the coast of Troy. 

1 10. Thebas, a city of Mysia, ruled by king Eetion, father of Androm- 
ache. 

111. Caicus, a river of Mysia, where he wounded Telephus, son of 
Hercules, and afterwards healed him by the application of rust from his 
spear. 

112. opus, efficacy : once in the wound, and once in the healing. 

113. per litus, along the shore. 

1 1 5. ante actis, what he had done before. 

118. quo plangente, abl. abs. — moribundo vertice, abl. of instru- 
ment. 

121. in hoc, in respect to this one, i.e. Cygnus. 

125. qua, where. 

127. sanguis : final is in this word was originally long. 

130. cavari, indented. 

131. laedi, blunted. 

132. retecto, pulling- off, i.e. the shield of Cygnus (abl. abs.). 

137. aversos, turned away, i.e. from the direction in which he was 
going = as he went backwards. 

138. quern relates to lapis. — impulsum agrees with Cygnum. 

140. praecordia = pectus. 

141. vincla, bands. — subdita, bound beneath. 

145. cujus, etc., whose name he formerly bore, i.e. into a swan (cyg- 
nuni). The transformation of another Cygnus into a swan is described in 
Book II. v. 367 ff. 



u8 



Notes. 




XXVIII. THE TALE OF GALATEA. 



Fig. 56. 



XIII. 750. Fauno, Faunus, an Italian god of the woods and fields, 
usually identified with the Greek Pan (here abl. of source; § 244, a; G. 
395; H. 415, ii.). — Symaethide, daughter of Symsethus, a river of 
Sicily. 

752. nostra, mine ; Galatea tells the story. 

753. octonis iterum, twice eight. The ablatives in this line are abla- 
tives of quality (§ 251; G. 400; H. 419, ii.). 

755. Cyclops : a misshapen race, sons of Poseidon; they had but one 
eye, which was in the middle of the forehead. This one was named Poly- 
phemus. — fine, here feminine, is usually masculine. 

759. ille, the Cyclops. 

760. silvis, dative. 

761. magni cum dis Olympi, of 
great Olympus together with the gods, i.e. 
gods and all. 

765. rastris : Polyphemus is so huge 
that he uses a rake for a comb and a 
scythe (falce) for a razor. 

769. tutae, etc. : see the story of the 
adventures of Ulysses and of ^Eneas with 
the Cyclops, in the third book of Virgil's 
^Eneid. 

771. nulla, etc. : he was a soothsayer, 
who interpreted the flight of birds. 

773. Ulixes : this story is told by 
Homer, Od. ix. 289-397 (Bryant's transl., 

325 ff-)- 

775. altera, i.e. Galatea has blinded 
him with love. — vera, object of moneu- 
tem, which is object of spernit. 

776. litora, when he might hope to 
see the Nereid Galatea. 

of the wedge-shaped hill, which com- 




Galatea and Polyphemus 



780. medius, on the middle 
manded an extensive view of the sea. 

783. apta, i.e. as the mast of a ship. 

784. centum : not of seven, as was the pipe used by ordinary mor als. 

785. senserunt, felt, i.e. trembled with. His pastoral whisperings 
(pastoria sibila) were so loud as to shake earth and sea. 



The Talc of Galatea. 1 1 9 

791. lascivior, more playful ; the kid is frequently mentioned as an 
example of playfulness. 

798. eadem Galatea, yet the same Galatea. 

800. lentior, originally flexible, and hence hard to break, tough, and 
as applied to character, hard to influence, perverse. 

803. feta, with young. 

805. vellem, subj. of modesty (§ 311, b; G. 258, n. 1 ; H. 486, 1). — 
possem, expressing the purpose of vellem (§ 267, c ; G. 261 , R ; H. 499, 2). 

806. Claris latratibus, at loud barking. 

808. noris (i.e. noveris), sc. me; perfect subjunctive in a less vivid 
future (future perfect) condition (§ 307, c; G. 596; H. 509). 

809. labores, verb. 

810. pars montis, appos. with antra. — pendentia, lit. hanging; 
then arched because an arch or vault seems to hang unsupported in the 
air. — vivo saxo, of living rock. 

811. quibus, loc. abl. for in qnibus. 

819. deerunt, dissyllabic, as those forms of desum in which de is fol- 
lowed by er usually are. 

820. arbutei fetus : see note on Book I. 104. 

821. multae, sc. oves, the idea being implied in pecus. 

824. pauperis, predicate genitive (§ 214, d; G. 366, r. 1 ; II. 401). 

826. ut, etc., how they can hardly get round their distended udders -with 
their legs, i.e. can hardly move their legs between which the distended 
udders hang. 

827. fetura minor, a younger generation, appos. with agni. 

829. inde= ex eo = ejus. 

830. liquefacta coagula, steeped rennet : the English would prefer 
here a passive construction, part is curdled with rennet. Rennet is made 
from the stomachs of calves; and when steeped and softened in water is 
used to curdle milk preparatory to making cheese. 

%33- par-ve : the adverb from parvus (if there were one) would be 
parve. 

840. liquidae aquae, in clear (or calm) water. 

844. nescio quern : Polyphemus is represented as so rude as not even 
to recognize the existence of the gods. 

852. haec omnia, all nature. 

853. orbis (=oculus), sc. est. 

854. genitor, the father of Polyphemus was Neptune. 

858. Nerei, Greek vocative. 

859. contemptus, genitive depending upon patientior (§ 218, b\ 
G - 375 J H - 399»»0- 






120 



Notes. 



863. quod, i.e. placeat; let him please himself, and he shall be free to 
please yon, which (i.e. though) I should wish he did not. — modo copia 
detur, sc. mini; only let me have an opportunity ', and he shall feel, etc. 

864. pro, in proportion to. 

867. laesus, stirred tip. 

868. cumque . . . meo, i.e. I seem to have ^Etna with all its fire in 
my bosom. 

875. veneris, love. — ista . . . vestrae, the whole clause is object 
of faciam (§ 332; G. 553; H. 501, ii. 1) with omission of ut (H. 502). 
§79- Symaethius : the mother of Acis was the nymph Symaethis. 
880. parentes, vocative. 

extremus, only the ex- 



Fig. 57 




Young river-god 



K. caerulus, 



OOj. 

tr entity. 

884. angulus montis, corner of 
a mountain, i.e. the huge rock thrown 
by the Cyclops. 

885. quod solum, the only thing 
which. — per fata, with the permis- 
sion of the fates. 

886. avitas, of his grandsire, the 
river god Symaethus. 

894. cornua (ace. of specifica- 
tion) : horns were the regular at- 
tributes of river-gods; they were 
symbols of strength. (See Fig. 57.) 
the color of the sea, and hence attributed to deities 



of the water. 



XXIX. THE DEIFICATION OF ROMULUS. 



XIV. 772. proximus, next after Proca, who is mentioned in v. 622. 
— Ausonias, Italian. — miles Amuli, the soldiery of Amtdius, i.e. the 
warlike Amulius. 

773. nepotum munere, as a gift from his grandsons (lit. by the favor 
of his grandsons) ; they were Romulus and Remus. 

774. Parilibus : the festival of Pales, goddess of flocks and herds. 
This festival occurred April 21, which was regarded as the day of the foun- 
dation of Rome. See the first selection from the Fasti. The 1 in Pales 
is changed to r. 



The Deification of Romulus. 121 

775. Tatius, king of the Sabines. — patres, the fathers of the Sabine 
women whom the Romans had carried off. 

776. Tarpeia : she showed the Sabines the way into the citadel, de- 
manding as her reward what they wore on their left arms. She meant 
their bracelets; but the Sabines, disgusted with her treachery, threw their 
shields (which they wore on their left arms) upon her and killed her. — 
via reclusa, abl. abs. 

777. poena, abl. depending upon dignam. 

778. sati Curibus, those sprung from Cures, a city in the Sabine 
country, i.e. the Sabines. 

'j'jg. corpora victa sopore, i.e. the sleeping Romans. 

780. portas, the gates of the city which lay between the Capitol, 
which they had taken, and the Palatine. 

781. Iliades, Romulus, son of Ilia or Rhea Silvia. 

782. Saturnia, Juno; she had been an enemy of the Trojans, and 
now hated their descendants the Romans. 

783. Venus, the mother of the Trojan Aeneas, from whom the Romans 
traced their descent, was friendly to the Romans. 

784. clausura fuit, was on the point of closing; livelier than clausis- 
set. — nisi quod, except that. 

785. Jano : the name Janus was in early times that of a real gate 
(also called porta Janualis) which was at the same time the temple of 
Janus quadrifrons. It stood at one of the entrances to the forum. Near 
it were hot sulphur springs. 

787. nee sustinuere, they did not hold out against her. 

790. ora, opening, door. 

791. subponunt, sc. Na'ides. 

794. Alpino rigori : the cold of the Alps was proverbial among the 
Romans. 

795. audebatis: the poet now addresses the waters. 

797. rigidis, hard, fierce. — promissa, by Juno. 

798. Martius miles, the soldiery of the race of Mars. Mars, being 
the father of Romulus and Remus, was regarded as the source of the 
Roman race. 

799. quae . . . obtulit, i.e. when he attacked them, not acting merely 
on the defensive. 

801. generi, soceri: the Romans had carried off the Sabine maidens, 
and thereby become the sons-in-law of the Sabines. 

804. accedere regno, to be associated (with Romulus) in the royal 
power. 

805. populis duobus, the Romans and Sabines. 



122 Notes. 

809. nee . . . uno, depends no longer upon one particular rultr, i.e. 
can get along without Romulus. 

810. promissa, sc. sunt. — nepoti, of Jupiter. 

811. ablatum, sc. nepotem. 

814. This verse is borrowed from the first book of the Annales of 
Ennius. Ovid uses it again, Fasti, ii. 487. 

815. summa, the sum, i.e. the contents. 

818. sensit: the subject is the same as that of the following verbs. — 
rapinae, the carrying away of Romulus, which Mars was to execute. 

819. temone, the pole ; this presses the horses only in so far as its 
weight causes the yoke to press them. 

820. conscendit equos : a not uncommon expression for mounting 
into a chariot. — Gradivus = Mars. 

823. reddentem regia jura, giving royal judgments. — suo jam 
Quiriti, to the Quirites, now really his own since the death of Tatius. 
The Quirites are the sati Curibus of v. 778. 

825. dilapsum, sc. est. — lata plumbea funda missa : notice the 
cases. 

826. intabescere, melt, fade away. The melting away of bullets in 
the air is mentioned several times in Roman literature. When thrown out 
of sight, the bullet naturally seems to disappear entirely. 

827. pulvinaribus altis, the high cushions upon which the images 
of the gods or the offerings to them were laid ; here used for divine honors 
in general. 

828. trabeati : the trabea was a robe with red stripes and border 
worn by the kings, and afterwards by the equites. A draped statue of 
Quirinus seems to be referred to here. 



XXX. THE WORSHIP OF ^ESCULAPIUS. 

XV. 622. praesentia, helpful. 

624. Coroniden : iEsculapius was son of Apollo and the nymph 
Coronis. 

625. insula: the island of the Tiber was the seat of the worship of 
^Esculapius (see v. 739). — sacris asciverit, enrolled ' among the sacredrites. 

629. nihil posse, have no power. 

630. rnediam orbis humum : the oracle at Delphi was held to be 
the middle point (omphalos) of the earth. 

634. et locus, etc. : the usual description of the circumstances attend- 



The Worship of sEsculapins. 



123 



Fig. 58. 



ing the utterance of oracles. — laurus : the final vis, though naturally short, 
is occasionally treated as long in the thesis, especially before et and aut. 

— ipse, Apollo, though here his statue is meant. 

635. cortina, because the priestess (Pythid) sat upon it when she 
uttered the oracle. 

637. propiore loco : Epidaurus, the chief seat of the worship of 
^Esculapius, was nearer by sea to Rome than was Delphi. — petisses : 
hortatory subjunctive, denoting an unfulfilled obligation in past time 
(§ 266, e), you should have sought. 

639. qui minuat, to lessen, clause, of purpose. 

640. avibus, auspices, because the chief auspices were by the flight or 
song of birds. 

642. colat, inhabits. 

643. qui petaut, men to seek. 

645. concilium, etc., hendiadys = the coun- 
cil of the Grecian fathers. — darent follows 
oravere, the subjunctive representing the im- 
perative of the direct discourse. 

647. Ausoniae, an ancient name of Italy. 

— certas . . . sortes, that so the infallible 
oracle declares ; indirect discourse depending 
upon oravere. 

652. telluris limits orbi. 

654. sed qualis, etc., i.e. in contrast to his 
assumption of a snake's form the next day. 
^Esculapius is represented in art as an old man 
with a staff about which a serpent is twined 
(see v. 659). (See Fig. 58.) 

660. nota. imperative. 

667. operosa, constructed with labor. (See 
Book I. 258.) 

668. indicet : subjunctive representing the 
imperative of direct discourse (this and similar 
clauses are sometimes explained as clauses of 
purpose with omission of ut). 




/Esculapius. 



669. 
670. 
676. 
677. 
silence. 
681. 



cristis altis limits aureus. 

in serpente deus, the god incarnate in the serpent. 

vitta, fillet. (See Fig. 59.) — crines, ace. of specification. 

animis, etc., a common formula for commanding a reverential 

referunt geminata, repeat. 



124 



Notes. 



682. Aeneadae: the two syllables ea are contracted into one in 
scanning. 

683. rata, authenticating. 

691. suum, of his attendants. 

692. officium, reverent service. 

696. coronatae : ships were festooned with flowers on sailing. 

700. Pallantidos, 
Aurora. 

701. Lacinia: the 
Lacinian promontory, 
where was a temple of 
Juno : Scylaceum was 
a little further south- 
west. 

703. Iapygiam: 
this was the southeast- 
ern promontory of Italy, 
which came in due 
course before Lacinium : 
the three names that 
follow cannot be iden- 
tified. 

705. Caulona, a city of the Bruttii. — Naryciam : this name was 
given to I^ocri Epizephyrii, as being a colony of the Locrian Narycus. 

706. fretum angustaque = fretum angustum. — Pelori, a prom- 
ontory at the northeastern extremity of Sicily, the modern Capo di Faro. 

joy. Hippotadae, ^Eolus, son of Hippotes, king of the Winds : his 
home was the JEolian islands. — Temeses : Tempsa, famed for copper mines. 

708. Leucosiam, a promontory, south of Paestum, — a place now, as 
then, famed for its roses. 

709. _ Minervae, the promontory opposite the island of Capri; then 
come Surrentum (Sorrento), Herculaneum, Stabiae, Neapolis (Naples, 
whose ancient name was Parthenope), and Cumae, the abode of the Sibyl. 

713. calidi fontes, Baise, a fashionable watering-place in Ovid's time. 
Liternum lay between here and the mouth of the Volturnus. The other 
names are of well-known towns. 

716. graves, tmhealthy, by reason of the swamps. — quam, etc., 
Cajeta, where ./Eneas built a sepulchre to his nurse Cajeta. 

717. Antiphatae domus: Formiae, wbere Antiphates was king. — ■ 
Trachas was another name for Tarracina, situated near the Pomptine 
Marshes. 




The Apotheosis of Ccesar. 



125 



Fig. 60. 



718. tellus Circaea, Circeii. — spissi, with deep sand. 

721. per sinus, etc., i.e. making, etc. 

722. parentis, Apollo, who had a temple on the coast at Antium. 

723. Epidaurius, iEsculapius. 

724. hospitio . . . nsus, having enjoyed the hospitality of the related deity. 

726. moderamine, the rtidder. 

727. Castrum, sc. Inui, a town midway between Antium and the 
mouth of the Tiber; the ancient town of Lavinium was near by. 

730. quae . . . servant : the Vestal virgins, six in number, were among 
the most important functionaries of Roman 
worship. — Troica agrees with Vesta: 
the worship of Vesta and the Penates was 
said to have been brought by yEneas from 
Troy. 

732. per adversas undas, tip the 
stream. 

734. sonant, crackle. 

737. malo, mast (malus, bad, has 
short a). 

740. insula : . the Island is between 
the Capitol and Janiculum. (See Fig. 60.) 
— laterum e parte duorum, on the two 
sides. 

741. media tellure, while land is between (abl. abs.). The subject 
of porrigit is amnis. 

742. Latia pinu, the Roman ship. 

743. caeleste, a poetic form of the ablative. 




The landing. 



XXXI. THE APOTHEOSIS OF CAESAR. 

XV. 745. hie, JEsculapius. 

746. marte togaque, war and peace, the toga being the distinctive 
garb of peace. 

747. magis, construed with quam, v. 750. 

748. properata, speedily won. — rerum, deeds. 

749. sirtus : see v. 850. 

750. progenies, the emperor Augustus, his adopted son. 

751. quod exstitit, substantive clause, the fact that, etc. (§ ^23> *-*. 
525; H.540, iv.). 



1 26 Notes. 

752. domuisse : Tacitus, more modestly, says : potest videri ostendisse 
poster is, non tradidisse. — Agr. 13. 

753. septemflua : there were seven principal mouths of the Nile. 

755. Cinyphium, derived from Cinyps, the name of a Lybian river. 

— Jubam : Juba, king of Numidia, fought against Caesar at Thapsus 
(B.C. 46) . — Mithridateis . . . Pontum : there had been six kings of 
Pontus named Mithradates, the most famous of whom was Mithradates the 
Great. His son Pharnaces was overthrown by Caesar (B.C. 47). 

756. Quirini : Quirinus, an ancient god of the Romans, was identified 
by them with their eponymous hero, Romulus. (See selection xxix.) 

757. aliquos: Caesar celebrated five triumphs. — egisse, the word 
regularly used for triumphal processions. 

758. quo praeside, i.e. in making him ruler. 

762. genetrix, Venus. 

763. pontifici : Caesar held the office of pontifex ?naximus, the head 
of the state religion. The word is used here, in order to fasten upon his 
murder the character of sacrilege. 

767. Iiilo : lulus, son of ^Eneas, was the alleged ancestor of the Julian 
gens. 

768. justis curis, well-grounded fears. 

769. Calydonia: Diomedes, son of Tydeus, of Calydon, had wounded 
Venus at the siege of Troy, when she was interfering in behalf of the 
Trojans. — vulneret and the following subjunctives, seeing that, etc. 
(§ 320, e; G. 633; H. 517) : the relatives refer to the subject of ero, v. 768. 

770. male defensae moenia, the unsuccessful defence of the zvalls, lit. 
walls of ill-defended Troy. 

771. natum, /Eneas: his wanderings, his descent into the infernal 
regions, and his war with Turnus (who was supported by Juno) are enu- 
merated. 

778. sacerdotis Vestae: the worship of Vesta was under the special 
oversight of the pontifex maximus, who resided in the Regia, adjoining 
her temple. 

781. veterum sororum, the Fates. 

783. ferunt, they declare. — arma, tubas, cornua, are subjects of 
praemonuisse, depending upon ferunt. All these signs are said to 
have preceded Caesar's death. 

789. caerulus, livid. — vultum, ace. of specification. 

791. Stygius, Stygian or infernal, because a bird of ill-omen. 

792. ebur, the ivory images of the gods : this was a common portent. 

— cant us and verba are prophetic voices and incantations, heard in the 
sacred groves. 



The Apotheosis of Ccesar. 127 

794. litat, gives favorable omens. 

795. caput, a projecting portion of the liver: it was a very bad sign 
if any portion of the viscera was cut by the slaughterer's knife. 

800. praemonitus, premonitions. — deum, genitive. 

801. in templum : the place of Caesar's assassination was the Curia 
(senate-house) Po7iipeii, which was a templum, in the Roman sense, as 
being a place formally consecrated by auguries. This was necessary for 
assemblies of the Senate, or of the people; while, on the other hand, not 
every aedes, or abode of a god, was necessarily a templum. 

803. Cytherea, an epithet of Venus, from the island Cythera. 

804. condere, sc. Caesarem : in this manner Venus had saved Paris 
from Menelaus, and yEneas from Diomedes. 

806. Diomedeos : the adjective is equivalent to a possessive genitive 

(§ 190; G. 362, R.i; H. 395, n. 2). 

808. intres licet, granted that you enter, i.e. though you enter (§ 313, 
b; G. 607; H. 515, hi.). 

810. rerum tabularia, the archives of fate. 

812. metuunt: Fate was even above the gods. 

818. deus (pred.), as a god. 

819. natus suus, Augustus, his adopted son. 

821. nos, i.e. the gods. — in bella, for his wars. — suos, sc. socios : 
he will have us as his friends, i.e. on his side. 

822. illius auspiciis : the auspices could be taken only by the com- 
mander, who had been formally vested with the imperium. — obsessae : 
Mutina was besieged by Antony, B.C. 43, and relieved by Octavius and 
others, acting then in the interests of the Senate. 

823. Pharsalia: because Philippi, where Octavius and Antony de- 
feated Brutus and Cassius (B.C. 42), might be poetically regarded as in the 
same country as Pharsalia in Thessaly, where Caesar defeated Pompey. 
Emathia is a district of Macedonia. 

825. Siculis undis : it was in the neighborhood of Messana, in Sicily, 
that Agrippa, the admiral of Octavius, defeated Sex. Pompeius, B.C. 36. 

826. conjunx, Cleopatra, who married Antony. 

827. non bene, unfortunately. 

828. servitura, sc. esse, etc. ; depends on minata erit. — Canopo : 
Canopus was a city on the western mouth of the Nile in Lower Egypt, 
noted for its wealth and luxury. 

830. numerem, dubitative subjunctive (§ 268; G. 265 ; H. 484, v.). 

%33- j«ra: Octavius, as Augustus, reorganized the civil institutions of 
Rome. 

836. prolem : Tiberius and Drusus, sons of Livia (wife of Augustus) 



I2& Notes. 

by a former marriage. They were adopted by their step-father, and 
Tiberius succeeded him as Emperor. 

838. Pylios annos, i.e. the years of Nestor. 

840. hanc animam, this (i.e. Caesar's) soul. 

842. aede, the temple of Divus Julius fronted on the Forum. 

843. media sede senatus, in the midst of the senate house (abl. of 
place; § 258,/ 2; G. 388; H. 425, 2, N. 2 ); this act of Venus followed 
immediately upon the murder. 

845. eripuit, sc. animam. 

850. nati . . . illo : the soul of Caesar, now divine, and placed as a 
star in heaven, sees the good deeds (benefacta) of Augustus (nati), and 
rejoices that they are greater than his own. 

852. hie, Augustus. 

853. obnoxia, subject to. 

854. una in parte, in this one point, i.e. his superiority to his father. 

855. Agamemnonis, etc. : Agamemnon, Theseus, Achilles, and Jupiter 
were greater than their fathers, just as Augustus is greater than Julius Caesar. 

857. ipsos : i.e. Julius and Augustus. — aequantibus, because Julius 
and Augustus, like Saturn and Jupiter, were gods. 

859. triformis, i.e. consisting of earth, sea, and sky. 

861. Aeneae comites, the Penates, or household gods, brought by 
^Eneas — through fire and sword — from Troy, and established in Lavinium. 

862. di Indigetes : these are generally reckoned as deified heroes; 
among them was yEneas himself. Romulus (Quirinus), again, was son of 
Mars, one of whose chief titles was Gradivus, " the strider." 

864. Vesta, etc. Augustus became Pontifex Maxim us in the year 12 
B.C. The Pontifex Maximus was obliged to live near the temple of Vesta. 
In order to fulfil the letter of this law, Augustus built a temple of Vesta 
within his palace on the Palatine Hill, thereby receiving Vesta among his 
household deities. 

865. Phoebe : Apollo was the tutelary deity of Augustus, who built a 
temple to him on the Palatine. 

866. Tarpeias, the original name of the Capitoline Mount, afterwards 
confined to a part of the hill. 

869. Augustum, adjective. — quem relates to orbe. 

870. faveat, as a god. — absens, i.e. no longer on earth. 

871. Jovis ira, i.e. the lightning. 

872. edax (cf. gdo), consuming, wasting. 

873. corporis, objective genitive with jus. 

874. finiat, hortatory subjunctive. 

875. mei, of myself. 



Shorter Poems. 129 



SHORTER POEMS. 



For the metre of this, and all the following extracts (elegiac}, see 
§ 363; G. 785; H. 615. The Pentameter is most conveniently scanned 
by dividing it into two half- verses (hemisUchs), consisting each of two feet 
with an added half-foot. 

I. FASTI. 

I. The Festival of Pales. 

IV. 721. Parilia, ace. (§ 239, 2, c, r.; G. 339, N. 4 ; H. 374, 1). The 
form Parilia was regularly used by an interchange of 1 and r frequent 
among primitive nations, and also among young children. — poscor: this 
is the word regularly used of a person formally called upon to sing or 
speak. 

722. Pales, an Italian goddess of pasturage (possibly of the same root 
as pa-scor). The word is sometimes masculine. 

723. faveas canenti, be propitious to me as I sing. 

725. certe: this gives the reason why he deserves her favor. — de 
vitulo cinerem : the ashes were preserved from the sacrifice of the 
Fordicidia (April 15), and used for the lustrating rites of the Parilia. 
They were mixed with bean-straw (beans being regarded by the ancients 
as having a peculiar purifying efficacy) and the curdled blood of the 
October horse, sacrificed October 15 (see v. 733). 

726. februa : from this is derived the name of February, the month 
of purification, — the last in the old Roman year. 

727. transilui : the chief ceremonial of theParilia was leaping through 
heaps of blazing hay and stubble; the herds also were driven through them. 
This, too, is a cleansing rite. 

728. uda laurea : a bough of laurel was used to sprinkle purifying 
water. 

729. navalibus, etc. : the poet thinks of his poem as a voyage upon 
which his ship is starting. 

730. suos, their own, i.e. favoring. 

731. virginea: the suffimen (fumigation) was prepared by the Vestal 
Virgin, by whom the blood of the October horse had been preserved. 

732. Vestae : she was the special guardian of chastity. 



1 30 Notes. 

734. inane culmen, the hollorv stalk. 

736. virga, a brush-broom, usually of laurel. 

738. longa corona, festoon. 

739. vivo, crude. 

741. mares: it is hard to see why this epithet should be applied to 
the olive, except from its tonic bitterness. — taedam, pitch-pine. — her- 
bas SsLbin&s, jziniper ; the name is still preserved in the word savin. 

742. crepet, crackle ; this was an especially favorable sign. 

745. suas, appropriate to her ; no blood could be shed on her festival. 
— resectis : this is explained as referring to the cutting up of the food to 
be shared among the worshippers. 

746. silvicolam : the pastures were openings in the forest, or them- 
selves covered with a light growth of wood. 

749. sacro, sc. loco. " The list of innocent sins which follows curi- 
ously illustrates both the superstitious fears and the trifling observances of 
a primitive pastoral life. There is, moreover, a touching simplicity through- 
out the whole petition, which affords a strong contrast to the frightful 
depravity of civilized Rome, as described in the pages of Juvenal and 
Martial." — Paley. As illustrated, too, we may add, in many of the 
writings of Ovid himself. 

750. bustis : the bustum was a mound heaped up upon the spot where 
the body was burned. 

752. semicaper deus : the rural god Faunus was identified with the 
Greek Pan, who was represented with goat's legs. (See Fig. 3.) 

753. opaco, shady. 

754. fiscina frondis : " In countries where grass is less plentiful than 
with us, sheep, goats, and cattle are still fed in great measure on the 
foliage and succulent twigs of trees (see Virg. G. i. 226, ii. 435 ; Eel. x. 30)." 
< — Paley. 

758. ungula : the worshipper seems at some time to have driven his 
flock into a lake, just as, in v. 755, he sheltered them during a hail-storm 
under a rustic temple. 

759. fontana nuraina, etc. : " Nothing is more pleasing in ancient 
mythology than the fanciful doctrine which peopled all earth and sea with 
multitudes of fair female spirits. Every hill and dale, every grot and 
crystal spring, every lake and brook and river, every azure plain and coral 
cave of ocean, was animated and hallowed by the presence and protection 
of the Nymphs." — Ramsay. 

761. labra Dianae, referring to the story of Actaeon, who saw Diana 
in her bath : the goddess, as a punishment, turned him into a stag, and he 
was torn in pieces by his own dogs. (See Met. Book III. 138-252.) 



Shorter Poems. 131 

762. Faunum : this well-meaning god (from faveo) was angry if 
discovered asleep on the ground. 

765. minus multos, fewer (sheep or goats). — redigam, gather in, 
i.e. at night. 

766. rapta lupo, snatched from the wo/f i.e. after the carcass was 
devoured. 

768. quae, etc., clauses of purpose. 

769. aera, money, for the peasant's money is copper, inasmuch as he 
rarely attains to a silver piece. 

770. vimina rara, wicker-work, through which the curd was allowed 
to drain; they were called fscellae. — sero, from serum. 

772. quamlibet qualifies teneras. 

775. ad annum = quotannis. 

777. ad ortus, the proper position for the worshipper. 

780. sapam, new wine {inustuni) boiled down to a third. 

781. per, etc., the ceremony alluded to in v. 727. 

784. turba, i.e. of interpretations : it is Ovid's custom, on occasion, 
to introduce a multitude of these, as here. 

786. duce, i.e. the shepherd. 

787. semina is predicate : that fire and water are called dei illustrates 
the ancient custom of deifying all objects and powers of nature. 

791. exsul : the formula of exile was aqud et igni inter die er e ; the 
bride also was welcomed to her new home with these elements. 
793. Phaethonta, i.e. his memory. (See Met. ii. 1 ; i. 253.) 
799. pietas Aeneia, i.e. in carrying his father Anchises through the 
flames of burning Troy : dant tela locum fiammccque recedunt (Aen. ii. 

633). 

801. condita est: Rome was said to have been founded on the day 
of the Par ilia. 

802. Lares, the household gods ; in practice there was very little differ- 
ence made between the Lares and Peitates, but in their origin they were 
quite different. The Lares were deified ancestors, the Penates were asso- 
ciated with Vesta, and worshipped on the hearth, the name being con- 
nected with penus, penetralia, and other words referring to something 
in the interior. 

803. mutantes agrees with incolas understood, subject of suppo- 
suisse. 

804. et connects tectis and casae. — cessaturae, because they were 
on the point of leaving it. 



132 Notes. 

2. The Founding of Rome. 

809. frater Numitoris : Amulius, who had stolen the kingdom from 
his brother. Romulus and Remus, grandsons of Numitor, restored his 
authority to him, and put the usurper to death. 

810. pastorum : Romulus and Remus had been brought up among 
shepherds. — gemino duce, Romulus and Remus. 

812. ponat uter: not to be understood of the mere act of building 
the city, which was to be done in common, but as to which should enjoy 
the dignity of founder. 

814. fides, reliance on; the word auspice is derived from avis (auis) 
and -specio. 

815. Palati : this was the original seat of the city : the Aventine, south 
of it, lay for a long time outside the limits of the city. Romulus ascended 
the Palatine, Remus the Aventine. 

818. statur, impersonal passive, they abide by. 

819. signet, subjunctive of purpose. — aratro : the founder of the 
city marked out the walls by ploughing about the space, the sods being 
turned inward : the sod represented the walls, the furrow the moat. 

821. fossa: this was not the moat, but a pit dug in the centre of the 
city; in Rome it was in front of the Temple of Apollo, on the Palatine. 
It was called mundus, and in it were placed the objects here enumerated. 
It bore thus a certain analogy to the corner-stone of modern buildings. — 
ad solidum, to firm earth. — fruges, i.e. boni ominis causa. 

822. vicino, i.e. not the neighborhood, but the vicus from which each 
of the settlers had come. 

824. fungitur, gets through with, or does its duty by. 

826. vacca: the bull was harnessed outside, at the right of the cow. 

827. condenti, sc. mini. 

828. Mavors, an old form of Mars. — mater : this word is not here 
used to imply relationship (asgenitor or genitrix), but, like pater, is often 
applied to the deities in reverence, as in Jupiter, Marspiter, Liber pater. 

831. huic is to be taken with dominae terrae, — dominae being 
used proleptically, that is, in the way of anticipation. 

832. dies = sol. 

833. laevo : thunder on the left was a favorable sign, because, as the 
person taking the auspices faced south, the east, the place of the sun's 
rising, was at his left. 

837. Celer, a mythical companion of Romulus, the eponym of the 
Celeres, or Roman Knights. — vocarat, i.e. by this name, Swift. 

838. curae tuae, genitive (§ 214, c; G. 366, R. 1 ; H. 403). 



Shorter Poems. 1 33 

842. his, abl., sc. muris. 

843. nee mora, sc. est. — Celer: the usual story was that the blow- 
was given by Romulus himself. 

851. adplicuit, sc. fratri. 

852. invito, dat., sc. mini (§ 229; G. 345, R. 1 ; H. 385, 2). 

854. Faustulus and Acca, the shepherd and his wife, who had reared 
Romulus and Remus. — comas, ace. of specification. 

855. nondum facti Quirites : this term was, in historical times, 
applied to all the Roman citizens, in their character of citizens. Its origin 
is uncertain, but it was usually supposed to have been the name of a Sabine 
settlement upon the Quirinal, which was afterwards incorporated with the 
Palatine Rome. 

856. ultima, as the last act. 

857. hoc : § 225, a; credo takes the ace. of the thing (when a neuter 
pronoun), and the dat. of the person. 

860. nominis hujus (i.e. Caesar) limits plurls (ace. plural). 
862. umeris, i.e. by head and shoulders, implying a great disparity. 

3. Ritual to avert Blight. 

901. quae restant, remaining. — luces, days. 

902. in medio cursu : a division of the season which is not easy to 
account for, and is inconsistent with other authors. 

903. pecudem Helles, the golden-fleeced ram, which carried away 
Phrixus and Helle, children of Athamas, and gave its name to the constel- 
lation Aries. It really sets March 25, while Cams does not rise, but sets 
(i.e. ceases to appear in the west after sunset) in April. 

904. signa dant imbres. "The showers give indications of the sea- 
sons." — Ramsay. 

905. Nomento : Nomentum was a town about twelve miles northeast 
of Rome, on the Via Salaria ; the grove of Robigo was five miles from 
Rome on the Via Clodia, which was westerly of this. Probably therefore 
Ovid got upon the Via Clodia by a cross road. 

907. flamen : the jlamen was a special sacrificing priest, either 
attached to the worship of a special god, or to a special corporation. 
There were three of chief rank, called Jlamines maj'ores, the Dialis (of 
Jupiter), Martialis, and Quirinalis ; the other twelve were devoted to 
the worship of inferior deities, some of them utterly passed into oblivion. 
The Flamen of Quirinus had charge of the worship of Robigo (see v. 910). 

911. aspera: this word, as well as scabras (v. 621), describes the 
roughened surface of the blighted plant. 



134 Notes. 

913. sideribus, construed with nutrita: it is well known how strong 
is the belief in most primitive communities of an influence of the stars 
upon the crops. 

915. notasti, have marked ; perhaps an allusion to the nota censoria, 
or rank of infamy, stamped by the censors upon those whom they degraded 
politically. 

916. habet, reckons. 

918. pallet, loses color. 

919. incalfacit udos : this was their explanation of blight. 

923. ferrum : robigo means rust as well as blight. 

924. prior, beforehand ; predicate adjective agreeing with the subject, 
where in English we use an adverb. 

926. otia agit, is at peace ; in the reign of Augustus, the temple of 
Janus was closed, for the first time in two hundred years. 
- 928. situs, see note, Met. vii. 290. 

932. absenti, in gratitude for thy absence. 

933. villis solutis, with long nap ; linen, among the ancients, was 
woven with a nap, as wool is now: the mantele (maniple), patera, and 
acerra were regular implements of sacrifice. "Acerra ought to be trans- 
lated incense-box [not censer]. The frankincense in ancient sacrifices was 
generally consumed on the altar, not in a vessel constructed for the pur- 
pose, as in the ceremonies of the Jewish religion and the Roman Catholic 
church." — Ramsay. 

936. obscenae : " as early as the time of Homer, the dog was taken 
as the symbol of shamelessness and impudence." — Peter. 

937. nova, unusual. 

939. Icarium : the dog-star, Canicula, was metamorphosed from the 
dog of Erigone (the Virgin), daughter of Icarius. It rose (i.e. reappeared 
in the east just before sunrise) July 26. 

940. praecipitur, ripens loo fast. 



II. HEROIDES. 

Penelope to Ulysses. 



1 . lento : after the ten years' siege of Troy, Ulysses was delayed by 
ten years of wandering and adventures before returning to his wife Penel- 
ope in Ithaca, as related in the Odyssey. 

2. veni, imperative. 



Shorter Poems. 135 

3. jacet certe, has doubtless fallen. 

4. tanti fuit, was worth what it cost (§ 252, a; G. 380, 1, R; H. 404). 

6. adulter, Paris, who carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of 
Sparta. 

7. jacuissem, this, like the following verbs, is in the apodosis of a 
condition contrary to fact, the omitted protasis (si abrutus esset) being 
implied in the preceding lines. 

9. fallere, to while away. 

10. tela: she spent her time in weaving a shroud for her father-in-law 
Laertes, what she wove by day being unravelled at night, to foil the impor- 
tunity of her suitors (v. 88). 

15. Antilochum, a Greek warrior at Troy, son of Nestor. 

17. Menoetiaden : Patroclus, son of Mencetius, dearest friend of 
Achilles : he was killed by Hector, while wearing Achilles' armor. 

18. successu, etc. : Ulysses was famous for craftiness. The failure of 
Patroclus fighting in assumed arms makes Penelope fear that the tricks 
of Ulysses will not save his life. 

- 19. Tlepolemus, son of Hercules and Astyoche, led the Rhodians 
against Troy, and was slain by Sarpedon, king of Lycia. 
22. amantis, i.e. of Penelope. 

26. ad patrios deos, before the ancestral gods, i.e. before their altars 
or images. 

27. nymphae, brides. 

28. illi, i.e. mariti, who had fought at Troy. — suis, sc. fatis. 

31. monstrat, etc. : he paints with wine a plan of Troy on the table, 
and shows how the armies were drawn up. 

35. Aeacides : both Peleus, father of Achilles, and Telamon, father of 
Ajax, were sons of vEacus. Here Achilles is meant. 

36. missos, let go — at full speed. 

37. te quaerere misso, sent to seek you ; the infinitive denoting pur- 
pose is poetic (see § 331, g; G. 423, N. 2 ; H. 533, ii. 1). 

38. gnato : the wanderings of Telemachus, son of Ulysses (see Odys- 
sey, Books i.-iv.), were almost as noted as those of his father. 

39. Rhesum : Rhesus, a Thracian king, came to aid the Trojans, but 
Ulysses and Diomed entered his camp and killed him and many others the 
night of his arrival. — Dolon, a Trojan scout, was killed on the same 
occasion by a trick. 

40. ut, how. 

43. uno, i.e. Diomed. 

46. Ismariis, of Ismarus, a mountain of Thrace. 

47. vestris, of you and your comrades. 



136 Notes. 

48. Ilios, nominative. 

50. dempto line, without end, or forever. 

5 1 . aliis, for other wives. 

52. incola, etc. : the conquerors often colonized a captured city, the 
land, cattle, etc., passing to the new settlers. 

60. mihi, from me (§ 229; G. 350, 1 ; H. 385, 2); really a dative of 
the person interested. 

62. charta = epistola. 

63. Pylon : Pylos was reigned over by Nestor, son of Neleus. 

67. moenia Phoebi: the walls of Troy were built by Apollo and 
Neptune. 

68. votis, i.e. for a speedy end of the war. 

69. scirem, etc., sc. si starent moenia. 

75. quae vestra libido est, such is your lustfulness ; vestra, not 
tua, because she refers not to Ulysses alone, but to men in general. 

79. fallar, etc., optative subjunctive. 

80. revertendi liber, free to return. 

82. cogit, attempts to compel. 

83. increpet, subjunctive depending upon licet (§331,/", R-; G. 607; 
H. 499, 2) ; so dicar depends upon oportet (G. 553, 4, R. 1 ). 

87. Dulichium, an island at the mouth of the Achelous; Samos, an 
island off the coast of Asia Minor; Zacynthos, now Zante, one of the 
group near Ithaca. 

91. Pisandrum, etc., names of suitors. 

94. tuo sanguine qualifies partis (from pario). 

95. Irus, a beggar, favored by the suitors. — edendi limits ultimus 
pudor, a most shameful eater. 

98. Laertes was the father, Telemachus the son, of Ulysses. 

99. ademptus : when Telemachus went to Pylos to seek news of his 
father, the suitors lay in wait to kill him, but he was saved by Minerva. 

103. nine faciunt, besides these are counted. 

104. cura = curator, the swineherd Eumseus. 

105. ut qui sit, as one who is (clause of characteristic) i.e. since 
he is. 

108. erat tuenda, ought to be protected. — ilia, sc. aetas. 

109. pellere, infinitive expressing purpose; cf. v. 37. 

1 iq. portus et aura, haven of safety and breath of air ; she calls him 
so because he is so longed for and so necessary. 
116. ut, although. 



Shorter Poems. 137 

III. AMORES. 

I . The Poet of Idleness. 

I. 15. quid, why? — livor: properly, a livid color; figuratively, 
malice. 

3. non me: these accusatives with infinitive are dependent up^n 
obicis. The only honorable careers for a Roman youth of good family 
were war and law, or statesmanship; hence Ovid speaks of being re- 
proached for adopting poetry as his profession. 

6. foro : the courts of justice as well as some of the public assemblies 
(those of the tribes) were held in the Forum. — ingrato, unremunerative. 

8. mini, dative of the person interested, who is here the same as the 
agent. 

9. Maeonides, Homer; Tenedos, an island; Ide, a mountain, and 
Simois, a river near Troy. 

-II. Ascraeus, Hesiod of x\scra, whose "Works and Days" treat of 
the operations of agriculture. 

13. Battiades, Callimachus (about 250 B.C.), a native of Cyrene, a 
city ruled by a dynasty of Battiadae. Ovid's judgment of this poet in the 
next verse is probably sound. 

15. cothurno, buskin; a high shoe worn in tragedy, put, therefore, for 
tragic poetry. 

16. Aratus (about 250 B.C.) wrote on Astronomy. 

17. fallax servus, etc., characters of the new Attic comedy, the chief 
writer of which was Menander (342-291 B.C.). 

19. Ennius, the earliest great Roman epic poet (239-169 B.C.) ; his 
poetry was greatly admired, but seemed to later critics to lack finish (arte 
carens). — Accius, a Roman tragic poet (170 to about 94 B.C.). 

21. Varronem : not the celebrated antiquary (116-27 B.C.), but 
Varro Atacinus (82-37 B.C.), who translated among other things the Argo- 
nautica of Apollonius Rhodius. — prima in ratem, the ship Argo, in 
which Jason sailed for the golden fleece. 

22. Aesonio duci, i.e. Jason; dative of agent. 

23. Lucretius, a sublime poet upon philosophy : De Rerum Natwd 
(about 98-55 B.C.). 

25. Tityrus, a character in Virgil's first Eclogue. — fruges, the sub- 
ject of the Georgics. — Aeneia anna, the ^Eneid. 

28. Tibullus, a favorite poet of love, of Ovid's own time. Ovid 
laments his death, Am. iii. 9. 



138 Notes. 

29. Gallus, another elegiac poet, contemporary of Ovid, also renowned 
as a soldier, in east and west : Lycoris was the name of his mistress. 
31. cum, though. 
34. Tagi : a river of Spain, then famed for its gold mines. 

36. Castalia : a fountain at Delphi, sacred to Apollo. 

37. myrtum : this plant was sacred to Venus. 

38. sollicito amante (abl. abs.), while lovers are anxious. 

39. fata, death. 

2. Elegy on a Parrot. 

II. 6. 2. exsequias, funeral procession ; in the expression exsequias 
ire, the accusative is regularly used without a preposition. 

7. quod scelus ista querella, that lamentation for the crime which, 
etc. — Ismarii, Thracian ; this was Tereus, king of Thrace. — Philo- 
mela, the nightingale. 

8. expleta, etc., i.e. you have lamented long enough for that. 

9. devertere, imperative. 

10. Itys, son of Tereus, served up to him by his wife Progne, and her 
sister Philomela, in revenge for an atrocious crime. 

15. juvenis Phoceus, Pylades, son of King Strophius of Phocis, and 
friend of Orestes. 

17. rari coloris, genitive of quality (§ 215; G. 365; H. 396, v.). 
19. ut, when. 

21. hebetare, make dull. 

22. Punica, of Tyrian dye, a deep crimson. — croco, saffron, with 
rubro, of a reddish yellow, or orange. 

23. vocum, genitive, depending upon simulantior (§ 218, b; G. 

375 J H - 399, "•)• 

28. flant anus, i.e. grow old. 

29. minimo, abl. of means, not of fulness. — prae sermonis amore, 
by reason of your love of talking. 

30. ora, synecdochical accusative. 

34. auctor, prophet. 

35. invisa Minervae: the crow had lost the favor of Minerva by 
prating (see Met. ii. 551). 

36. vix moritura : the longevity of the crow has always been prover- 
bial. 

38. extremo ab orbe, from the ends of the earth. 

40. suis, i.e. of their years. 

41. Phylacidae, Protesilaus, the first slain of the Greeks at the siege 






Shorter Poems. 139 

of Troy; Thersites, a loud-mouthed and mutinous soldier in the Grecian 
army at Troy. 

44. per mare rapta, swept to nought. 

45. septima lux, i.e. of his illness. 

46. vacuo colo : the thread of his life had been spun out. The 
Parcce, or Fates, were represented as spinning out the thread of life. 

48. Corinna, the name of the girl referred to in v. 43. 

54. unica, the only one of his kind. The belief of the ancients was 
that there was but one phoenix at a time, and upon his death a young one 
sprang from his ashes. 

55. ales Junonla, the peacock. 

61. colligor, etc., it is inferred from my very tomb that I, etc. (§ 330, 
d; G. 528, 1; H. 534,1,^.). 

82. ora fuere mini, etc., / had a mouth taught to speak more than 
{would be expected of) a bird. 

3. Farewell to the Loves. 

III. 15. I. mater Amorum, Venus. 

2. meta: a conical pillar, or goal, at the end of the Circus, about 
which the chariots turned in the race, of course often grazing it. — elegis, 
dative of agent. 

3. quos relates to elegis (Amores). — Peligni: see Life of Ovid. 

5. ordinis, sc. equestris : this was an aristocracy of wealth in Rome; 
here it appears to indicate a class of country gentlemen, to which Ovid 
says his family belonged. 

6. militiae turbine : referring to the parvenu aristocracy which had 
sprung from the civil wars. 

7. Catullo, a lyric poet of extraordinary merit, who lived about a 
generation before Ovid (B.C. 87). 

9. coegerat ad arma, in the Social or Italian War, B.C. 90. This 
was a revolt of the Italian allies, among them the Peligni, to force from 
Rome an equality of political rights. 

15. Amathusia, an epithet of Venus, from Amathus, a city of 
Cyprus. 

16. aurea, etc., pluck up your golden standards, i.e. decamp. 

1 7. corniger : Bacchus was sometimes represented with horns, as a 
symbol of the powers of nature; it was chiefly in his mystic worship (see 
Tib. ii. 1, 3). 

18. area major: this refers to his undertaking greater works, — the 
Metamorphoses and the Fasti. 



140 Notes. 

IV. TRISTIA. 

I. Banished from Rome. 

I. 3. 6. finibus, abl. of separation. — Ausoniae, Italy. 
7. spatium, time. 

15. extremum, for the last time. 

16. modo de inultis, fro m many a short thne before ; they had 
dwindled to one or two. 

19. nata, his daughter Perilla. 

20. certior, informed. 

12.. noil taciti funeris, of a funeral with loud lamentatiojis. 

30. f rustra, in vain, for he was not saved from banishment. — lari, abode. 

32. jam, again. 

35. sero, etc. : taking up a shield after one is wounded is like shutting 
the stable door after the horse is stolen. Ovid feels that it is now too late 
to defend himself. 

36. odiis, ablative of deprivation. 

37. caelesti viro, Augustus. 
40. deo, i.e. Angusto. 

44. exstinctos : the hearth fire was out, for the master of the house 
was banished. 

48. Parrhasis, Arcadian; the Great Bear was originally an Arcadian 
maiden, a companion of Diana, named Callisto. 

50. fugae, exile. 

57. vale dicto, ablative absolute. 

62. utraque, i.e. for either reason. 

66. Thesea, i.e. with the love of Theseus for Pirithous. 

68. in lucro, counted as gain. 

72. Lmcifer, the morning star (the planet Venus). 

75. Mettus (Fufetius), king of Alba, who was thus punished for 
treachery by Tullus Hostilius (Liv. i. 28). 

83. et mini facta via est, for me, too, the way is made ready. — 
ultima, far distant. 

86. Caesar erit, shall be Cccsar, i.e. a ruler whom I cannot disobey. 

88. utilitate, i.e. that this was best. — manus, i.e. like a captive. 

89. ferri, the technical term for carrying upon the bier. 

J2. sem(i)anlmis, only four syllables (§ 347, d, R.). — media domo, 
abl. of place (§ 258,/ 2; G. 388; H. 425, 2, N.' 2 ). 

100. mei, for me,; objective genitive, limiting respectu. 



Shorter Poems. 141 



2. The Exile's Sick- Chamber. 

III. 3. 2. eram, epistolary imperfect (§ 282; G. 252; H. 472, 1). 

5. animi, partitive genitive with quid. — regione, locative ablative. 

6. inter, among, not between; for both these tribes were north of 
Tomi : the Sauromatse (Sar -mates) inhabited Southern Russia, the Getae, 
the modern Moldavia and Wallachia. 

8. nescio quo modo, somehozv. 

10. Apollinea : yEsculapius, god of healing, was son of Apollo. 

16. parte, than a part, i.e. you hold my whole heart. 

19. sic qualifies aliena locutum = been delirious. 

22. restituenda, sc. erit. 

23. nuntiet aliquis, let some one announce, i.e. if any one should say. 
31. quantum erat, how great a task would it have been. 

23. fuisset praeeepisset, should have been, etc.; pluperfect subjunc- 
tive, denoting an unfulfilled obligation in past time (§ 266, e). 

35. integer, i.e. unharmed by exile. 

41. dominae, of my wife. 

47. ut audieris, when you hear it; future perfect. 

57. ferendo, by bearing them. 

58. rude, inexperienced. 

62. Samii senis, Pythagoras. — rata, authentic. 

65. referantur: after facio, especially in the imperative, ut is often 
omitted. 

67. fratrem, Polynices; who was killed in the war of " the Seven 
against Thebes," and buried by his sister Antigone, contrary to the com- 
mand of the tyrant Creon. 

70. suburbano : the Roman tombs were along the sides of the roads 
which led from the city. 

72. tituli, inscription, limits notis (§ 214,/; G. 361 ; H. 396, vi.). 

77. majora monumenta, predicate. 

81. exstincto, sc. niihi, to me when I am dead. — feralia munera : 
gifts carried to the grave of the departed; there was a special festival 
styled Feralia, celebrated Feb. 21. 

88. vale, i.e. good health. 

3. To Per ilia. 

III. 7. I. perarata, written, lit. ploughed through; for the ancients 
often wrote by scratching with a pointed stylus upon wax-covered tablets. — 



142 Notes. 

Perillam : Perilla was Ovid's daughter. She inherited something of hei 
father's poetic talent (see w. 11—32). 

6. nee mora, sc. est, immediately. 

8. mala nostra, my woes. — levata, sc. esse. 

10. cogere, depending upon reverti, is equivalent to ad cogendum. 

12. non patrio is explained in the next line, for a maiden to whom 
nature had given mores pudicos could not write in Ovid's earlier manner. 

15. hoc, i.e. ingenium. — Pegasidas undas, the waters of Hippo- 
crene, a spring on Mount Helicon in Bceotia, sacred to the Muses; hence 
used, like Castalia, to mean poetry. Hippocrene was said to have sprung 
forth under the hoof of the winged horse Pegasus. 

16. male limits periret. 

19. ignes, fires, i.e. genius. — idem, nominative plural. 

20. Lesbia, Sappho, the Lesbian poetess. 

24. tui, objective genitive with judex, equivalent to tuus. 

26. cessares : the subjunctive occasionally follows ubi in clauses 
having the force of general conditions. This is very rare in Ovid and his 
contemporaries, but becomes more common in later writers. — causa 
ruboris : she blushed for her negligence. 

27. exemplo, by example, i.e. dreading my fate. 

28. tu . . . meae, you also have followed the acts of my punishment^ 
i.e. have given up writing or changed your style. But the line may be 
corrupt, and several emendations have been proposed. 

32. sacra, because poetry was sacred to the Muses. 
36. strepitum non faciente, noiseless. 

40. censibus, riches, as estimated by the census. 

41. id quodcumque, whatever (that whichever). 

42. Irus, the beggar in the Odyssey; Croesus, a king of Lydia. 
These two are proverbial examples of poverty and wealth. 

45. cum, although. 

46. mihi, dative of reference (§ 229; G. 345, R. 1 ; H. 385, 2) equiva- 
lent to an ablative of separation. 

53. maneat, subjunctive of wish. 

4. Winter Scenes in Thrace. 

III. 10. 3. suppositum agrees with me, and governs stellis. The 

stars which never touch the sea (i.e. set) are the north star and those near 
it. He who is under them is in the far north. 

5. Bessi, natives of Thrace: for the others see III. 3, 6. 

6. quam qualifies non digna, hoiu unworthy. 



Shorter Poems. 



143 



7. medio, intervening, i.e. between us and the savages. 
12. axe tremente, the pole, poetically represented as quivering with 
the earth's weight. 

19. braccis : trousers were unknown to Greeks and Romans until 
they came in contact with Gauls and Sarmatians. 

20. ora, face. 

23. nuda, bare, i.e. without the jar. 

27. papyrifero amne, the Nile. 

28. multa ora, seven according to Ovid (Trist. ii. 189); according to 
Tacitus (Germ. 1), there were six: septimam os pahidibus hauritnr. The 
Danube was known to the ancients in its lower course by the name Hister, 
and afterwards in its upper waters as the Danubius. — vasto f reto, the 
Black Sea. 

34. plaustra : the Sarmatians, a nomadic race, dwelt in carts drawn 
by oxen. 

38. lubrica testa, a slippery shell, i.e. ice. 

41. IJeandre : the youth Leander swam across the Hellespont from 
Abydos to Sestos, to visit his mistress Hero. 

43. pandi, infini- 
tive expressing the pur- 
poses of tollere (§ 273, 
t\ G. 423; H. 533, 
ii.). 

45. alis : the winds 
were personified as 
winged creatures, and 
are so represented in 
art. (See Fig. 61.) 

52. redundatas, 
brimming. 

53. aequato, made Boreas. 
level, so that they could ride upon it. ' 

55. equo pollens, like the Cossacks of the present day. 

64. tinctile, from being dipped. 

65. perdunt, destroy. 

72. lacus, vats. 

73. Acontius, who wrote upon an apple the words Per Dianam juro 
me Acontii futuram conjugem, and laid it where his mistress Cydippe 
should pick it up. As soon as she had read off the words, she was held 
bound by the solemn vow. 




144 Notes. 



5. The Poefs Autobiography. 

IV. 10. I. qui fuerim depends upon ut noris, which depends upon 
accipe. 

3. gelidis undis : it was in the mountain region of the Peligni. 

6. cecidit, etc. : B.C. 43, when both consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, were 
killed in the civil war, before Mutina. 

7. usque a proavis : see note, Am. hi. 15, 5, where the same line 
occurs. 

10. quater qualifies tribus, and tribus mensibus is ablative of the 
degree of difference (§ 250; G. 403 ; H. 423) ; four times three months before. 

12. liba: the cakes offered to the genius or inborn spirit on the birth- 
day. These were made of flour, cheese, and eggs and honey was usually 
poured over them. 

13. festis quinque, sc. diebus : the Quinquatria (also Quinquatrus) 
or five days' festival of Minerva, began March 19, and the gladiatorial 
shows began on the second day. Ovid's birthday was then the 20th of 
March. 

15. teneri, predicate adjective, while we are young. 

16. ab arte, from their professional skill. 

22. Maeonides, Homer. 

23. Helicone, the Boeotian mountain sacred to the Muses. 

24. soluta modis, devoid of rhythm, i.e. prose. 

25. numeros, measures. 

28. liberior toga, the toga virilis, the ordinary dress of a Roman 
gentleman, was assumed at about the age of sixteen, on the festival of the 
Liberalia, March 17. Before this age boys wore the toga prtztexta, bor- 
dered with purple. 

29. lato clavo : this was a broad purple stripe running up and down 
the front of the tunic or body-garment : it was the mark of senatorial 
dignity, and was also given by Augustus to a special body of the wealthier 
equites, — the illustres, — who were thus marked as being destined to the 
Senate and a political career. 

30. studium, taste. 

33. primos honores, the first steps of honor ; no person could aspire 
to the higher offices until he had held certain lower positions. The first 
grade was usually the vigintiviratus, or occupancy of one of the group of 
twenty magistracies; this was a step to the qusestorship, but did not 
entitle him to a seat in the Senate. The office held by Ovid was probably 
that of triumvir capita/is, police commissioner. There were, however, 






Shorter Poems. 145 

two other boards of three, the triumviri noctumi and monelales, having 
charge of the night police and of the mint. 

35. curia restabat, the Senate-house remained, i.e. the next step in 
Ovid's political career would have been entrance into the Senate, but as 
he did not care to pursue a political career, he exchanged the broad sena- 
torial stripe for the narrow equestrian. — coacta est, was narrotved. 

39. Aoniae sorores, the Muses, whose sacred mountain, Helicon, 
was in Bceotia, anciently called Aonia. 

41. poetas, i.e. those enumerated below. 

44. Macer : he wrote a poem on birds, herbs, etc., not a line of which 
is extant. 

45. Propertius, an elegiac poet of remarkable merit. 

46. sodalicio : they were members of the same sodalitas. 

47. Ponticus, who wrote a Thebaid : there was more than one poet 
of the name of Bassus. — heroo, sc. versu. 

50. Ausonia, Italian. Horace himself claims 

Princeps Aeolium carmen ad Italos 
Deduxisse modos. — Od. in. 30, 13. 

51. Vergilium, Tibullo : these poets both died 19 B.C. when Ovid 
was twenty-four years old. — tantum, only, qualifies vidi. 

53. Galle: see note, Am. i. 15, 29. 

56. Thalia, properly the Muse of Comedy, is mentioned here simply 
as a Muse : Thalia mea, my poetry. 

57. legi: it was customary in Rome for authors to read their works 
in public as a sort of advertisement before publication. 

60. Corinna : see note Am. ii. 6, 48 : it has been conjectured that she 
was Julia, daughter of Augustus, and that an intrigue with her may have 
been the cause of Ovid's banishment. 

66. moveret : subjunctive in a clause of characteristic. 

67. cum, although. — hie = talis, such an one, as described in the 
line before and in the following words. — igne,Jire of love. 

68. fabula, scandal. 

69. paene puero, hardly more than a boy. 

70. tempus per breve : Ovid was divorced from his first wife as well 
as his second (v. 72). 

75. filia : Perilla, to whom Trist. iii. 7 is addressed, for Ovid seems to 
have had but one daughter. 

78. lustris : as the lustrum is generally reckoned at five years, this 
would make his father ninety at the time of his death (but see below, note 
on v. 95). 



146 Notes. 

80. fuit, with fleturus, equivalent to flevisset (§ 308, d ; G. 597, r. 2 ; 
600; H. 511, 2. — justa, due (funeral) rites. 

83. me, exclamatory ace, though in v. 81 the nominative is used. 
85. exstinctis, the dead. — aliquid nisi, something besides. 

87. paren tales umbrae, shades of my parents. 

88. in Stygio foro, in the Stygian court, i.e. in the court of the 
lower world. — crimina nostra, charges against me. 

90. errorem, a mistake. This is one of Ovid's clearest utterances 
concerning the cause of his banishment, but it throws little light upon the 
subject (cf. v. 101). 

91. studiosa pectora, eager hearts of my friends who wish to know 
of my life. 

95. ortus, birth. — Pisaea oliva: the reward of the victor in the 
Olympic games (held in the territory of Pisa) was a crown of wild olive. 
As these games came once in four years, decies victor would naturally mean 
forty years; he was, however, fifty at the time of his banishment, and we 
can account for the discrepancy only by supposing that he reckoned the 
Olympiad at five years, an almost inconceivable blunder. Mommsen ex- 
plains it, however (RYm. Chron. p. 170), by calling attention to the con- 
fusion of the ancients themselves in regard to the expression quinto quoque 
anno, for the period in the Julian calendar : " the poet," he says, " rightly 
supposed that the Olympiad and the Julian lustra [^decern lustris peractis, 
Ibis. 1], were of equal length, and very wrongly supposed the latter to be 
five years." 

97. ad laeva, i.e. as one sails out from the Bosporus. 

99. nimium qualifies nota. 

103. indignata est, disdained. 

105. per otia, in peace, limiting ductae. 

106. temporis, i.e. of the exigency, or the new life into v/hich he was 
thrown. — arrna : the arms adapted to the occasion seem to have bee 
self-control and submission. 

no. Sarmatis (patrial adj. fern.) agrees with ora. 

112. quo possum, the only thing with which I can do so. 

113. quod, object of referatur, refers to carmine. 

1 14. sic, even thus. 

115. quod vivo, etc., substantive clauses depending upon gratia 
(sc. est) tibi (§ 333; G. 542; H. 540, iv.). 

116. lucis, life. 

119. ab Histro : the Muse takes him in spirit from the wild banks of 
the Ister to the very home of the Muses. 
122. ab exsequiis, after the funeral. 









Shorter Poems. 147 

126. maligna, grudging. 

129. veri limits quid. This is almost the same as the last line of the 
Metamorphoses. 

130. protinus ut moriar, although I should die at once. 
132. jure, deservedly, qualifies carmine tuli. 



V. EX PONTO. 

To His Wife. 






I. 4. 1. deterior aetas, a worse age, i.e. old age. — canis, sc. ca- 
pillis. 

4. lusus, the antecedent of qui, is incorporated in the relative clause 
(§200,^; G. 616; H.445>9)- 
7. altera, a second. 

9. digerat, should distribute, i.e. allowing one evil to each year. 

10. Nestore : Homer says that the Pylian Nestor lived through three 
generations of men, i.e. a hundred years. 

I I . ut, how. 

13. novali, fallow land ; the ancients did not practice rotation of 
crops, but let the land lie unused part of the time to preserve its fruitfulness. 

16. non intermissis cursibus, with no rest from races. 

1 7. firma . . . licet, though she be strong. 

18. quae . . . aquis : the ancients frequently drew their ships on 
land for repairs and to prevent rotting. 

22. carpit, gnaws or wears away. 

23. Aesone natus, Jason, who sailed to the Euxine for the golden 
fleece. 

29. mini opposed to ille, v. 27; he went at the bidding of Pelias, a 
petty Thessalian chieftain; my ruin was wrought by the anger of Augustus, 
the ruler of the world. 

30. utraque terra, i.e. the country to the east and to the west. 

36. quae tulit, the Argo, built under the supervision of Minerva. 

37. Tiphys was helmsman of the Argo. — Agenore natus, Phineus, 
who aided the Argonauts by his prophetic power (see note on Met. VII. 3). 

41. Cupidinis artes, referring to the love of Medea for Jason (Met. 
VII. 9, foil.). 

42. quas vellem, etc., which (i.e. artes) / woidd Love had never 
learned from me. The reference is to Ovid's earlier poems, especially the 



148 Notes. 

Ars Amato7'ia. On vellem didicisset see § 267, c ; G. 261, R. 2 ; vellem 
is subjunctive of modesty (§ 311, b ; G. 258 ; H. 486, 1), followed by a 
substantive clause of purpose without ut (§ 331,/, R. ; G. 546, R. 2 ; H. 
499, 2). 

44. dei, Augustus. 

49. talem, stick, i.e. old, as implied by insenuisse. 

51. non pingue, not phtmp as in youth. 

52. cura mei, care for me. 

57. Memnonis mater, Aurora, goddess of dawn. 



A SPECIAL 



Vocabulary to Ovid 



COVERING THOSE PORTIONS OF HIS WORKS 

CONTAINED IN 

ALLEN c> GREENOUGWS OVID 

REVISED EDITION 



By J. B. GREENOUGH 



>XK< 



Boston, U.S.A., and London 

PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY 

1901 



Entered at Stationers' Hall. 



Copyright, 1.891, 
By J. B. GREENOUGH. 



All Rights Reserved 



Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A. 
Presswork by Ginn & Co., Boston, U.S.A. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 

a. — Actually long vowels are marked without reference to syllabic quantity, 
and all vowels (in the words when first presented) not marked long are 
supposed to be naturally short, although the syllable may be long by 
position. The pronunciation will of course depend on the rules learned 
from the grammar. 

[]. — All matter in square brackets is etymological. 

[Gr. Al'oXos] . — A Greek word in brackets preceded by Gr. indicates that the 
Latin word is borrowed from the Greek one given. 

[?] . — The interrogation in brackets marks a doubtful etymology ; after a word 
or suggestion it indicates, as usual, a doubt, or a suggestion not yet gen- 
erally received. 

fservo. — A dagger marks a stem, or, in some cases, a word not found in 
Latin, but which must once have existed. Such stems and words are 
printed in different type. 

-^FER. — The radical sign is used for convenience to indicate a root. By this 
is meant the simplest Latin form attainable by analysis ; though, strictly 
speaking, a root is impossible in Latin, as roots had ceased to exist, as 
such, ages before Latin was a separate language. 

as if. — The words as if indicate that a word is formed according to such an 
analogy, though the actual growth of the word may have been different. 

cf. — Compare, either for resemblance, contrast, or etymological kinship. 

wh. — Which. 

poss. — possibly. 

prob. — probably. 

unc. — uncertain. 

kin. — kindred, kinship. 

(-). — a hyphen indicates composition. 

{-\-)\ — The plus sign indicates derivation by addition of a termination; the 
process originally, of course, was one of composition. 

reduced. — The word reduced indicates the loss of a stem vowel either in 
composition, derivation, or inflection. 

Strengthened. — The word strengthened indicates a vowel change by which 
the length of a root vowel is increased ; as */div., fDyau, Vsnu, fnau. 

"Weakened. — The word zveakened means that a vowel has descended the 
vowel scale ; as from a to o or e, o to e or i, etc. 

p. — present participle. 

p.p. — past participle. 

ger. — gerund (or gerundive). 

abl. — ablative. 

ace. — accusative. 

dat. — dative. 

compar. — comparative. 

superl. — superlative. 

Italics. — Matter in italics is for translation ; in Roman, is explanatory only. 



VOCABULARY. 



NOTE. — This vocabulary is not intended to serve as a key, but only to show 
the ideas which the Romans attached to the words given, and to suggest such 
English expressions as will serve for translation after the ideas are discovered. 

In using it, therefore, the pupil should acquaint himself with the idea, and if 
no suitable expression in English occurs to him, he may then look farther to find 
one suggested. If the collocation of ideas is one that is strange to him, he may 
also look farther to see in what peculiar turns the Romans used such a collo- 
cation. But he should never be content to find the translation merely, or even 
first. What he must get is the idea, and then find, in his own vocabulary, or 
through some suggestion, an appropriate expression in his own language. 



a, interj., see ah. 

a, prep., see ab* 

ab (a, abs), [gen. or abl. of same 
stem as airo], prep., away from 
(cf. ex, out of), from off. — Esp. 
in a series of events after (from 
one to another). — Fig. of source, 
from. — With the passive, to de- 
note the agent, by. — With, differ- 
ent conn, of ideas from Eng., on, 
in, in respect to, for : a dextra, 
on the right ; materno a san- 
guine, on the mother's side ; in- 
signis ab arte, famous for his 
skill. — In comp. as adv., from, 
away, off. 

Abantiades, -ae, [Abanti- (as if 
stem of Abas) + ades], m., de- 
scendant of Abas, king of Argos. 
— Esp. Perseus (his great-grand- 
son). 

abditus, p.p. of abdo. 

abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, [ab- 
do 2 ], v. tr. 3, put away, hide. — 
Hence, plunge, bury (of a weapon) . 



— p.p., abditus, retired, concealed, 

hidden. — n. pi., abdita, hidden 

ways. 
abduco, -cere, -xi, -ctum, [ab- 

duco], v. tr. 3, lead away. — Less 

exactly, take away, zvithdrazv. 
abed", -ire, -if, -itum, [ab-eo], v. 

intr. irr., go azvay, go off. — Fig., 

pass, turn, be lost: in flammas, 

burst. 
abies, -etis, [?], n. 3 i.,fir (tree or 

wood). 
abigo, -ere, -egl, -actum, [ab- 

ago], v. tr. 3, drive away. — Fig., 

dispel. 
ablatus, p.p. of aufero. 
abluo, -ere, -lul, -lutuin, [ab-luo], 

v. tr. 3, wash off, wash, bathe. 
aboleo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ab-foleo, 

cf. obsolesco] , v. tr. 2, wear azvay, 

waste azvay, destroy (lit. and fig.)- 
abripio, -ere, -ripui, reptum, 

[ab-rapio], v. tr. 3, snatch from 

or azvay, drag off, carry off, tear 

away ok from. 

I 



Vocabulary. 



abrumpo, -ere, -rupl, -ruptum, 

[ab-rumpo], v. tr. 3, break off, 
break azvay, break (off). — p.p., 
abruptus, broken. 

abscedo, -ere, -essi, -essum, [abs- 
cedo], v. intr. 3, withdraw, depart. 
— Esp., revolt from (dat.). 

abscindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissum, 
[ab-scindo], v. tr. 3, cut or tear 
off; sever, divide, separate. 

absconds, -ere, -didl, -ditum, 
[abs-condo], v. tr. 3, hide away, 
hide. — Hence, swallow. 

abstulf, [abs-tuli], perf. of au- 
fero. 

absum, -esse, afui, afuturus, 
[ab-sum], v. intr. irr., be away, be 
off, be far, be distant, be wanting, 
not be there, not be among (dat.), 
be unknown (poena metusque), 
be absent, be far from (helping 
one) : tantum abest, so far is it, 
etc. — pres. p., absens, absent. 

absumo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, [ab- 
sumo], v. tr. 3, {take away), con- 
sume, exhaust, waste (lit. and fig.) . 

abunde, [old abl. of fabundus 
(ab-unda)], adv. (overflozvingly) , 
in full measure, abundantly . 

abundo, -are, -avi, -atum, [abun- 
do-, cf. abunde], v. intr. I, over- 
flow. — Less exactly, abound. 

ac, see atque. 

Acastus, -I, [Gr. "Kkol(ttos~], m., 
son of Pelias, king of Iolcus, en- 
gaged in the Calydonian hunt. 

Acca, -ae, [?], f., Acca Laurentia, 
wife of Faustulus, who cared for 
Romulus and Remus. 

accedo, -ere, -essi, -essum, [ad- 
cedo], v. intr. 3, come to, approach, 
join ; (from mercantile use ?) be 
added to (cf. accession) : e5dem, 
be added to the same account. 

aecendo, -ere, -cendi, -eensum, 



[ad-fcando, cf. candeo], v. tr. 
3, light, kindle, set on fire. — P-P-, 
accensus, inflames. 

accensus, p.p. of aecendo. 

accerso (arcesso), -ere, -ivi, 
-Itum, [?], v. tr. 3, fetch, smnmon, 
send for. 

accinctus, p.p. of accingo. 

accingo, -ere, -nxi, -nctum, [ad- 
cingo], v. tr. 3, gird on. — Also, 
gird (with a thing) . — Pass., gird 
on (to one's self, abl.), arm one's 
self — Hence, gird one's self 
arouse one's self — p.p., accinc- 
tus, girded, armed. 

accipio, -ere, -cepl, -ceptum, 
[ad-capio], v. tr. 3, take, receive, 
accept. — Hence, hear. 

accipiter, -tris, [unc. stem (akin 
to ocior) fpetris, akin to peto], 
m., a hawk. 

Accius, -I, [cf. Acca], m., L. 
Accius, a Roman tragic poet. 

acclinis, -e, [ad-clinis, y'CLi (cf. 
kXivui), -f is], adj., leaning (on 
something), reclining, lying down, 
drooping. 

accllvis, -e, [ad-clivus, weak- 
ened], adj., sloping, ascending. 

accllvus, -a, -um, [ad-clivus], 
adj., asce?iding. 

accommodo (adc-), -are, -avi, 
-atum [ad-commodo], v. tr. 1, 
ft to, ft on, ft (on). 

accumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi- 
tum, [ad-cumbo], v. intr. 3, re- 
cline (esp. at dinner). 

acer, -eris, [?], n., maple (tree or 
wood). 

acer, -eris, -ere, [ ^/ac + rus, weak- 
ened], adj. {sharp). — Y\g.,ferce, 
wild, active, bitter, hot : non acer, 
not too hot. 

acernus, -a, -um, [acer+nus], 
adj., of maple, maple- (as adj.). 



Vocabulary. 



acerra, -ae, [?], f., casket, box (for 
incense). 

acervus, -I, [acer + vus], m., heap, 
pile. 

Achaia, -ae, [Gr. 'Axaia], f., a dis- 
trict in the northern part of Pelo- 
ponnesus; also Achaia Phthiotis, 
a district in Thessaly. — Less ex- 
actly, Greece. 

Aehaicus, -a, -una, [Gr. 'AxatKos], 
adj., Achcean. — Less exactly, Gre- 
cian. 

Achais, -idos, [Gr. 'Axatsl, f. adj., 
Achcean. — Less exactly, Grecian ; 
also subst., Achaia, Greece. 

Acheloides, -urn, [Gr. 'Axioms], 
f., daughters of the AZtolian river- 
god Acheloiis. — Hence, the Sirens. 

Acheron, -ontis, [Gr. 'Axe/w], 
m., a river of the lower world. 

— Hence, the lower world. — Per- 
sonified, the god of the river. 

Achilles, -is (-1, or-ei), [Gr. 'AxiA- 
Aevs], m., son of Peleus and the 
sea-goddess Thetis, the greatest 
Grecian warrior in the Trojan war. 

Achivus, -a, -um, [as if Gr. 'Axei- 
f6s~\, adj., Achcean. — Less exactly, 
Grecian. 

acies, -el, [ v^c + ies, perh. through 
intermediate stem], f., point, edge, 
line. — Hence, line of sight, look, 
glance. — Transf., line of battle, 
war. 

Acis, -idis, [Gr. "Ants'], m., son of 
Faunus and Symaethis, changed 
to a river-god. 

aconitum, -I, [Greek], n., poison. 

— PL, same. 

Acoutius, -I, [Gr. 'AkoVtjos], m., a 
youth from the island of Ceos, 
lover of Cydippe. 

acriter, [acri+ter, N. of -teros, 
cf. alter, utrum], adv., sharply, 
fiercely, violently : flere {bitterly) . 



Actaeon, -onis, [Gr. 'AktoiW], m., 
son of Autonoe, daughter of Cad- 
mus, torn to pieces by his dogs. 

Actaeus, -a, -um, [Gr., 'Aktcuos], 
adj., belonging to the region Acte. 
— Hence, Attic. 

actor, -oris, \_^Jag (ago) + tor], 
m., driver, mover ^ doer, performer. 

Actorides, -ae, m. : I. an Ethi- 
opian, Erytus, son of an unknown 
Actor; 2. Patroclus, the friend of 
Achilles; 3. Actoridae, -arum, 
Eurytus and Cleatus, sons of the 
Messenian Actor, participants in 
the Calydonian hunt. 

acumen, -inis, (acu- (stem of 
acuo) + men], n., sharpness, 
point: sine acumine, pointless. 

acuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [acu- 
(stem of acus, lengthened) + o], 
v. tr. 3, sharpen. — p.p., acutus ; 
see the word. 

acus, -us, [-y/AC-f us], f., {sharp 
thing, point) , needle. 

acutus, -a, -um, [p.p. of acuo], 
adj., {sharpened), sharp, pointed, 
sharp-pointed. — Transf., shrill : 
vox. 

ad, [case of unc. stem, cf. en], 
prep., towards, to. — Less exactly, 
at, for, by ; ad radios lunae ; ad 
annum, (yearly, cf. from year to 
year). — Adv. in comp., to, on, in, 
often merged in verb. 

adamanteus, -a, -um, [Greek], 
adj., of adamant. — Hence, im- 
perishable, indestructible, immor- 
tal. 

adamas, -antis, [Greek, uncon- 
querable], m., adamant (a fabled 
mixture of metals supposed to be 
indestructible). 
adcommodo, see accommodo. 
addico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, [ad- 
dico], v. tr. 3, adjudge to. — Hence 



Vocabulary. 



(from decision in case of debt or 
slavery), consign to slavery, en- 
slave. 

addo, -ere, -didi, -ditum [ad- 
do land2 ], v. tr. 3, put on, add to, 
unite with : se {join one's self) ; 
nomina rebus (give) ; adde quod 
{consider too). 

addueo, -ere, -xi, -ctum, [ad- 
duco], v. tr. 3, lead to, lead, draw 
to, draw up. — p.p-> adductus, 
tightened, drawn (of a bowstring). 

adductus, p.p. of adduce 

adedo, -ere, -edi, -esum, [ad- 
edo], v. tr. 3, eat into, eat up, con- 
sume. 

adeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [ad-eo], v. 
tr. and intr. irr., go to, approach 
(ace). 

adeo, [ad-eo], adv., (Jo that point), 
to that degree, so much (as indi- 
cated by what goes before) : us- 
que adeo (to that degree). 

adfecto (aff-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[adfecto- (stem of adfectus, cf. 
profectus], v. tr. 1, (make for), 
assail, aim at, aspire to. 

adfectus (aff-), -us, [ad-factus, 
through adficio], m., feeling, 
emotion. 

adfero (aff-), -ferre, -tull (at- 
tuli), -latum (all-), [ad-fero], 
v. tr. irr., bring to, bring, supply. 

adficio (aff-), -ere, -feci, -fec- 
tum, [ad-facio], v. tr. 3, (mahe 
in any condition), affect, affect 
(with sickness). — Esp., injure. 
— p.p., adfectus, affected, injured 
(as by sickness). 

adfirmo (aff), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[ad-firmo], v. tr. JT, (establish by 
assertion), declare, affirm : ad- 
firmo, I can affirm. 

adflatus (aff-), -us, [ad-flatus, 
through adfloj, m., breath (on 



anything, as affecting it well or 

ill). ^ 
adfligo (aff-), -ere, -flixi, -flic- 

tum, [ad-fligo], v. tr. 3, dash (to 

or on), dash down. 
adflo, (aff-), -are, -avi, -atum, 

[ad-flo], v. tr. and intr. 1, breatlte 

(on anything), blow upon, breathe 

ttpon : adflatum venenum (nox- 

ious breath). 
adfor, see affor. 
adfore, see adsum. 
adfundo (aff), -ere, -fudi, -fu- 

sum, [ad-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour 

011. — Less exactly, throw on. — • 

p.p., adfusus, throwing one's self 

on. 
adgredior (agg-), -1, -gressus, 

[ad-gradior], v. dep. 3, (step 

towards, esp. with hostile intent), 

attack, assail. — Also, enter upon, 

undertake. 
adhaereo, -ere, -haesi, -haesum, 

[ad-haereo], v. intr. 2, stick to, 

cling to, be caught, ground (of 

vessels) . 
adhibeo, -ere, -hibul, -hibitum, 

[ad-habeo], v. tr. 2, apply, put, 

call in (deos) . 
adhuc, [ad-huc (cf. adeo)], adv., 

to this (time),_y^, as yet, still (not 

yet ceased), to this day, even yet, 

thus far (of time). 
adicio (adj-), -ere, -jeci, -jec- 

tum, [ad-jacio], v. tr. 3, apply 

(stimulos), add. 
adigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, [ad- 

ago], v. tr. 3, drive to, drive (to), 
force. 
adimo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, 

[ad-emo, in its orig. meaning], v. 

tr. 3, take from, take off, rob of 

deprive (ace. with dat.) : sucis 

ademptis (by the loss of, etc.) ; 

Naso ademptus (the lost Naso). 



Vocabulary. 



5 



aditus, -us, [ad-itus, through 
adeo], m., approach, entrance, ac- 
cess : aditu carens, {inaccessible'). 

adjaceo, -ere, -ul, no sup., [ad- 
jaceo), v. intr. 2, lie near, be near, 
be close to. 

adjutrix, -icis, [ad-jutrix (ju -f 
trix)], f., abettor (female), assist- 
ant. 

adjutus, p.p. of adjuvo. 

adjuvo, -are, -juvf, -jutum, [ad- 
juvo], v. tr. I, aid, assist. 

adlevo, see allevo. 

adligo (all-), -are, -avi, -atuin, 
[ad-ligo], v. tr. 1, bind together. 

adloquor (all-), -I, -locutus, [ad- 
loquor], v. dep. 3, speak to, ad- 
dress, accost. 

admirabilis, -e, [|tem of admiror 
-f bilis], adj., admirable. 

admiror, -ari, -atus, [ad-miror], 
v. dep. I, marvel, ?narvel at, 
wonder. 

ad missus, p.p. of admitto. 

admitto, -ere, -mlsl, -missum, 
[ad-mitto], v. tr. 3, {let go to), 
admit. — Hence, from allowing, 
commit (of an action). — From 
letting go reins, let go, urge on (a 
horse, etc.). — p.p., admissus, 
rapid, swift : passus (rapid) ; 
aura (swiftly moving). 

admoneo, -ere, -ul, -itum, [ad- 
moneo], v. tr. 2, remind, suggest, 
warn. 

admonitor, -oris, [ad-monitor, 
through admoneo], m., reminder, 
prompter ; operum Lucifer. 

admoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum, 
[ad-mo veo], v. tr. 2, move to, bring 
near, place near. — Esp., harness 
(cf. "put to"), apply, use, employ 
(as in medicine). — p.p., admo- 
tus : admotae herbae (by the use 



adnuo (ann-), -ere, -nul, -nutum, 

[ad-nuo], v. intr. 3, nod assent, as- 
sent, smile- upon (an undertaking). 

adoleo, -ere, -ui, -ultum, [ad- 
oleo], v. tr. 2, (add by growth, cf. 
adolesco). — Fig., magnify (in 
religious language), sacrifice to. — 
Trans, burn, kindle, light. 

adoperio, -ire, -perul, -pertum, 
[ad-operio], v. tr. 4, cover up, 
cover. — p.p., adopertus, covered, 
enveloped, enveloping (as middle), 
veiling. 

adoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ad- 
oro], v. tr. I, pray to, worship. 

adpareo, see appareo. 

adpello, see appello. 

adpono, see appono. 

adplico, see applico. 

adsiduus, see assiduus. 

adspicio, see aspicio. 

adsterno, -ere, -stravl, -stratum, 
[ad-sterno], v. tr. ^prostrate (on 
or near). — Pass., prostrate one's 
self. 

adsto (asto), -are, -stiti, no sup., 
[ad-sto], v. intr. 1, stand by or 
near, stand (by or near). 

adstringo, -ere, -striuxi, -stric- 
tum, [ad-stringo], v. tr. 3, bind 
to, bind, catch fast, congeal (gla- 
cies). 

adsuesco, see assuesco. 

adsum, -esse, -ful (aff), -futa- 
rus (afF-), [ad-sum], v. intr. irr., 
be there, be present, be at hand, be 
in (trans, by have with change of 

. subj.), attend, come. — Esp., to aid, 
aid, assist. 

adulter, -terl, [ad-ulter (cf. ul- 
tra) ?], m., adulterer. 

adulterium, -I, [adulter + ium], 
n., adultery. 

aduneus, -a, -um, [ad-uncus], 
adj., curved, crooked. 



6 



Vocabulary. 



aduro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum, [ad- 
uro], v. tr. 3, burn (into), scorch. 
— Less exact, nip (with frost). 

adveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, 
[ad-veho], v. tr. 3, bear to, carry, 
bear (to). 

advena, -ae, [ad -f f vena (ven 
-f a, cf. agricola)], m., newcomer 
(as opposed to native), stranger. 

advenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventuin, 
[ad-venioj, v. intr. 4, come to, 
come, arrive at, arrive. 

advento, -are, -avl, -atum, [ad- 
jvento-, through advenio], v. 
intr. 1, come (to). 

adventus, -5s, [ad - f ventus, 
through advenio], m., coming, 
arrival. 

adversus, -a, -urn, p.p. (of ad- 
verto, wh. see) as adj. or petri- 
fied into adv. and prep., turned 
towards, exposed to, opposing, in 
one's face, opposite, facing, in 
front of : in adversum {against). 

adverto (advorto), -ere, -verti, 
-versum, [ad-verto], v. tr. 3, 
turn (to). — Pass, as mid., turn 
(intr.). — Esp. with animum, 
attend (to). — Also alone, at- 
tend. 

advoco, -are, -avl, -atum, [ad- 
voco], v. tr. 1, call to, call in, call 
to one's aid. 

advolo, -are, -avl, -atum, [ad- 
volo], v. intr. 1, fly up (to the 
rescue). 

adytum, -i, [Gr. &8vtos, unap- 
proachable^, n., inner shrine, 
sanctuary. 

Aeacides, -ae, [Aeaco -f des, as if 
Gr.], m., son or descendant of 
Aiacus : I . Peleus ; 2. Achilles. 

Aeas, -antos, [Gr. Afas], m., a river 
in Illyria, generally called Aous. 

aedes, -is, [ ^/aed -f- es (cf. aes- 



tus)], f., {hearth, fireplace), tem- 
ple. — PL, house. 

Aeeta (Aeetes), -ae, [At7jT7]s], 
m., king of Colchis, father of 
Medea. 

Aeetias, -adis, [imitation of Gr.], 
f., Medea, daughter of yEetes. 

Aegaeon, -onis, [Gr. Alyaiwv'], m., a 
marine giant with a hundred arms. 

Aegaeus (-eus), -a, -um, [Gr. 
Alycuosj, adj., sEgean (i.e., of the 
yEgean Sea, between Greece and 
Asia Minor) . — Neut., with or with- 
out mare, the JEgean Sea. 

aeger, -ra, -rum, [? (cf. ignis)], 
adj., sick, disordered. — Transf., 
sickening (luctus). 

Aegeus, -ei, [Gr. Aryevy], m., king 
of Athens, son of Pandion and 
Pylia, father of Theseus. 

Aegides, -ae, [imitation of Gr.], 
m., Theseus, son of sEgeus, king 
of Athens. 

Aegina, -ae, [Gr. Aty iva], f., daugh- 
ter of the river-god Asopus, and 
mother of ^Eacus. The island of 
^Egina, opposite Athens, was 
named after her. 

aegis, -idis, [Gr. alyis, same mean- 
ing], f., cegis, breastplate (of Jove 
and Minerva). 

Aegyptius, -a, -um, [Gr. Alyv- 
7ttjos], adj., Egyptian. 

Aello, -us, [Gr. 'AeAAco], f., ( Wind- 
blast), one of Actseon's hounds. 

aemulus, -a, -um, [? (cf. imi- 
tor)], adj. (often as noun), rival, 
emulating. — Esp. m. and f., a ri- 
val. 

Aeneades, -ae, [Aenea- (as stem 
of Aeneas) + des], m., descendant 
of ALneas. — As. adj., Roman. 

Aeneas, -ae, [Gr. AtVeias], m., the 
hero of Virgil's ./Eneid, son uf 
Venus and Anchises. 



Vocabulary. 



Aeneius, -a, -urn, [Aenea + ius], 

adj., belonging to JEneas, of 
JEneas. 

aeneus, -a, -urn, [aeno + eus], 
adj., of copper, of bronze, brazen. 

aenus, -a, -um, [aes+ nus], adj., 
of copper, of bronze, brazen. — Esp. 
n. as noun, kettle. 

Aeolides, -ae, [Aeolo-f des], m., 
son or descendant of JEolus : I . 
Athamas ; 2. Sisyphus ; 3. Cepha- 
lus. 

Aeolius, -a, -um, [Aeolo-f- ius], 
adj., of ox belonging to sEolus. 

Aeolus, -1, [Gr. AfoAos], m. : 1. the 
god of the winds, son of Hippotes; 
2. son of Hellen, grandson of Deu- 
calion, and father of Athamas and 
Sisyphus. 

aequalis, -e, [aequo + alis], adj., 
uniform, equal. — Esp. as noun, 
coeval, ' crony,' playmate (of Pro- 
serpine). 

aeque, [old abl. of aequus], adv., 
equally, as ?nuch, not less. 

aequo, -are, -avi, -Stum, [aequo 
-fo], v. tr. I, make even, even, 
level (with the ground). — Pass., 
be equal. — p.p., aequatus, eqzial, 
level. — Pres. p., aequans, equal, 
equalling. 

aequor, -oris, [aequo (as if 
^/aeqv) -f or], n., {the level), the 
sea 9 expanse (ponti), waves. — 
Also pi. 

aequoreus, -a, -um, [aequor 
-feus], adj., of the sea: origo 
{descent from Neptune) ; Britanni 
(beyond the sea). 

aequus, -a, -um, [unc. root + us], 
adj., level, even, miiform, equal. — 
Hence, just, propitious. — Also, of 
low degree {not above the rest). — 
n. as noun, justice, right: ex 
aequo {equally). 



aer, aeris, [Gr. arjp"], m., the air, 

the firm a m ent. 
aeratus, -a, -um, [as if p.p. of 

faeso (aes+o)], adj., furnished 

with bronze, bronze-pointed. 
aereus, -a, -um, [aes+eus], adj., 

brazen. 
aeripes, -edis, [aes- (as if aeso-) 

+ pes], adj., brazen-footed. 
aerius, -a, -um, [aer-ius], adj., of 

the air, of heaven (aurae), air- 
piercing (alpes) . 
aes, aeris, [?], n., copper, bronze. — 

Hence, things of bronze, tablet (of 

laws), money, coin : cavum 

{bronze kettle). 
Aesacus (-os), -i, [Gr. Afirawos], 

m., a son of Priam who was changed 

into a sea-gull. 
aesculeus, -a, -um, [aesculo + 

eus], adj., oaken, of oak, oak. 
aesculus, -i, [faesco (perhaps v'ed 

+ cus) + lus], f., oak (the Italian 

oak with edible acorns). 
Aeson, -onis, [Gr. AiVcoj/], king of 

Iolcus, father of Jason. 
Aesonides, -ae , [Aeson -f ides], 

m., son of ' s£son, Jason. 
Aesonius, -a, -um, [Aeson + ius], 

adj., of or belonging to sEson : 

heros {Jason, son ofsEson). 
aestas, -atis, [as if faed + tas (cf. 

juventa and juventus)], f., 

{heat), summer. 
aestivus, -a, -um, [as if faed 

-f-tivus (cf. captivus), adj., of 

summer, summer's, summer-. 
aestuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [aestu 

+ o], v. intr. I, boil, seethe, burn, 

grozv hot. 
aestus, -us, [Vaed -f tus (cf. 

aedes)], m., heat, summer, tide 

(as seething) : aestus erat {it 

was hot) . — Also pi. 
aetas, -atis, [aevo-f tas], f., age 



8 



Vocabulary . 



(generally), age of the world, time 
of life. — Esp., youth. 
aeternus, -a,-um, [aevo -f ternus 
(cf. diuturnus, sempiternus)], 

adj., eternal (lasting an a.ge),per- 
petual (ver) , immortal: in aeter- 
num {forever). 

aether, -eris, [Gr. aWrjp, fiery air], 
m., air, heaven, heavens. — Op- 
posed to aer (Jhe lower atmos- 
phere) . 

aetherius, -a, -um, [aether + ius], 
adj., of heaven : aurae. 

Aethiops, -opis, [Gr. Aldto$], adj., 
African. — Subst, an Ethiopian. 

Aethon, -onis, [Gr. AWuv'], m., 
(the Blazing One), one of the 
horses of the sun. 

Aetna, -ae, [Gr. Airvrf], f., Mt. 
sEtna, the famous volcano in Sic- 
ily (now Monte Gibello) . 

Aetnaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. AItpcuos], 
adj., belonging to Mt. ALtna, of 
ALtna, ALtncean. 

Aetne, -es, f., the Greek form for 
Aetna. 

aevum, -i, [^/i + vum (cf. aXu>v)~], 
n., age (esp. long continued), age 
of the world, the world, time. 

aff-, see adf-. 

affor (adf-),-arI, -atus, [ad-for], 
v. dep. I, address. 

Agamemnon, -onis, [Gr. 'Ayapefi- 
vu)v~\, m., king of Mycenae, son of 
Atreus, brother of Menelaus, hus- 
band of Clytemnestra, father of 
Orestes, Iphigenia, and Electra, 
commander-in-chief of the Grecian 
forces at Troy, was murdered by 
his wife and her paramour ^Egis- 
thus. 

Agenor, -oris, [Gr. 'Ayfjpup"], m., 
king of Phoenicia, father of Cad- 
mus and Europa. 

Agenorides,-ae, [Agenor -f ides], 



m., son or descendant of Agenor . 
I. Cadmus; 2. Perseus. 

ager, -ri, [•y/AG + rus], m., field. 

agger, -eris, [ad-fger (root of 
gero as stem)], m., heap, pile (for 
funeral pile), mole. 

aggredior, see adgredior. 

agito,-are, -avi, -a turn, [fagito- 
(p.p. of ago) + o], v. tr. i, drive, 
set in motion, wave, shake, agi' 
tate : spes (foster); fumos (roll, 
whirl). 

Aglauros, -i, [Gr. "Ay\avpos], f., 
daughter of Cecrops, king of 
Athens. 

agmen, -inis, [-y/AG + men], n., 
(drove), band, pack, throng, 
crowd. 

agna, -ae, [ ?] , f. , ewe lamb. 

agnosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum, 
[ad-nosco], v. tr. 3, recognize. 

agnus, -i, [?], m., lamb. 

ago, -ere, egl, actum, [v" AG > cf. 
agmen], v. tr. 3, drive, put in 
motion, perform, do. — In various 
uses not conforming to English : 
silentia terrae (be wrapped in ; 
properly, be engaged in) ; grates 
(render) ; rimas (show) ; iter 
(press on, pursue) ; natales 
(pass).- — Pass., be at stake. — p.p., 
actus : acta nox (past) ; trium- 
phus (celebrated). — N. pi., deeds. 

Agre, -es, [Gr." Ayprf], f., Huntress, 
a hound of Actseon. 

agrestis, -e, [agro- (by some unc. 
analogy) -ftis], adj., rustic, wild, 
sylvan. — PI. as noun, rustics. 

agricola, -ae, [agro-fcola (cf. in- 
cola)], m., planter, husbandman. 

Agriodus, -ontos, [Gr. 'Aypi6Sovs~\, 
m., Wild-tooth, one of Actseon's 
hounds. 

ah (a), interj., ah, oh. 

ai, [Gr. At], interj., alas. 



Vocabulary. 



aio, [?], v. tr. def., say. 

ala, -ae, [for axilla (?)], f., wing 

(in all Eng. senses). 
alacer, -ris, -re, [?], adj., active. 
albeo, -ere, no perf., no sup., 

[albo-f eo], v. intr. 2, whiten. — 

Less exactly, foam. — pres. p., 

albens, white. 
albidus, -a, -um, [albo-f dus], 

adj., whitish, white. 
albus, -a, -um, [?], adj., white 

(not shining ; cf. candidus, 

shining white). 
Alee, -es, [Gr. 5 AA/<7)], Courage, one 

of Actaeon's hounds. 
Alcides, [Gr. 'AA/ci'S^s], m., Hercu- 
les, as grandson of Alceus. 
Alcmena (-e), -ae, [Gr/AAK/*^ !>*?], 

f., daughter of Electryon, wife of 

Amphitryo, mother of Hercules by 

Jupiter. 
Alcyone, -es, [Gr. 'A\Kv6vri~], f., 

daughter of vEolus and wife of 

Ceyx. 
ales, -itis, [ala -f tis (reduced)], 

adj., zvinged. — As noun, bird. 
alieuus, -a, -uin, [alio- (with unc. 

lengthening) -f nus (cf. egenus)], 

adj., of another, another'' s, strange, 

foreign. 
alimentum, -I, [ali- (stem of alo) 

-fmentum], n., food, sustenance, 

subsistence (for living creatures, 

and also for fire, and in figurative 

uses). — Also pi. 
alio, [old dat. of alius, cf. eo], 

adv., elsewhither, elsewhere (as end 

of motion). 
alipes, -edis, [ala- (weakened) 
- -f pes], adj., wing-footed. — As 

noun, steed, Mercury. 
aliquando, [ali- (as stem of alius) 

quando (cf. aliquis)], adv., at 

some time, for once {at last, if 

never before). 



aliquis, -qua, -quod, (-quid), 

[ali- (as stem of alius) quis], 
pron., some, any, some or other. — 
As subst., some one, something. 

aliter, [ali- (as stem of alius) 
-f ter (cf. leviter)], adv., other- 
wise : non aliter {just as) . 

alius, -a, -ud, [?], adj. pron., other, 
another. — As subst., another, some 
{thing) else, others. 

allevo (adl-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[ad-levo], v. tr. 1, raise up, re- 
lieve. 

alums, -a, -um, [V AL ( a l°) 
-fmus], adj., fostering, kindly, 
propitious. 

alnns, -1, [?], f., alder (tree or 
wood). 

alo, -ere, -ul, -itum, (but cf. altus, 
altor), [cf. aim us], v. tr. 3, 
nourish, feed, foster. 

Alpes, -ium, [prob. Celtic], f., the 
Alps. 

Alpheias, -adis, f., the Alphean 
One, a name given to Arethusa on 
account of her union with the 
river-god Alpheus. 

Alphenor, -oris, [Gr. 'AA^rwp], 
m., one of the sons of Niobe. 

Alpheos, -I, see Alpheus. 

Alpheus, -i, [Gr. 'A\(pei6s^, m., the 
chief river of Elis; personified, the 
river-god, husband of Arethusa. 

Alpinus, -a, -um, [Alpi- (as stem 
of Alpes, lengthened) + nus], adj., 
of or belonging to the Alps, Alpine. 

altare, -is, [alta- (stem of altus) 
-fare (n. of -aris)], n., altar 
(perh. properly the elevated struc- 
ture on the top of the raised 
mound, ara?). 

alte, [old abl. of altus], adj., high, 
(as adv.) aloft. — Comp., altius, 
too high. — From change of point 
of view, deeply, deep. 



10 



Vocabulary. 



alter, -tera, -terum, [al- (reduced 
stem of alius) -f ter (cf. uter) ] , 
adj. pron., a second, the other, an- 
other (where an indefinite object 
out of all others is opposed to one 
definite one) : alter . . . alter 
{the one . . . the other) ; quilibet 
alter {anybody else) ; unus et 
alter {one or two). 

alternus, -a, -um, [alter- (as stem 
of alter) + nus], adj., alternate ; 
pedes, alternate (i.e. of elegiac 
verse, pentameter and hexameter 
alternating) ; crinibus, with alter- 
nate hair (hair alternating with 
snakes) . 

Althaea, -ae, [Gr. 'A\6aia], f., 
mother of Meleager, wife of 
CEneus, king of Calydon. 

altor, -oris, [^/al (alo) +tor], 
m., fosterer] foster-parent (used of 
Silenus). 

altrix, -icis, [V AL (alo) +trix], 
f., nourisher, nurse. 

altus, -a, -um, [V AL (alo) + 
tus], adj., fostered. — Hence, 
(grown, and so) high, lofty. — 
From change of point of view, 
deep: pulvis {thick). — Comp., 
higher (than usual, etc.) : unda 
{overwhelming, rising). — Sup., 
highest : sol {at its height) ; ab alto, 
from the heights (of the air), on 
high (cf. a dextra). 

alumnus, -i, [prob. for falomenos, 
pres. pass. p. of alo], m., foster- 
child, nursling. 

alveus, -i, [alv6 + eus],m.,r/^«w<?/. 

alvus, -I, [V AL (alo) +vus], f., 
belly. 

amans, -antis, pres. p. of amo, as 
adj., loving. — As noun, a lover. 
— Comp., more a lover. 

anmrus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bitter 
(lit. and fig.). 



Amathusius, -a, -um, [Amathus 

+ ius], adj., Amathusian, of Ama- 
thus, a city in Cyprus; an epithet 
of Venus, who was worshipped at 
Amathus. 

amator, -oris, [ama+tor], m., 
lover. — As sn\].,fond of. 

ambages, -is, [cf. ambigo], f., long 
story, circumlocution, disguise (of 
speech), story (impliedly long). 

— Also of journeys, roundabout 
course, zvinding. 

ambigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, 
[amb-igo], v. tr. 3, drive around. 

— Also (cf. ago), plead on both 
sides, discuss. — Pass, impers., the 
question rises. 

ambiguus, -a, -um, [amb-faguus 
(y'AG-f vus), through ambigo], 
adj., {to be argued on both sides, 
cf. ambigo), in doubt, uncer- 
tain, dubious, deceptive. — Hence, 
many-formed, two-formed. 

ambio, -ire, -ii, -itum, [amb-eo], 
v. tr. irr., go around, surround, 
explore, come over, grow over (of 
a bark on a tree). 

ambitio, -onis, [amb-fitio (cf. 
ambio)], f., {a going round). — 
Esp. to canvass for office, a can- 
vassing. — Hence, ambition. 

ambitiosus, -a, -um, [fambitio- 
(as stem of fambitium, cf exi- 
tium) + osus], full of ambition. — 
Also, being an object of ambition, 
coveted {honor) . 

ambo, -ae, -o, [cf. amb-], adj., 
both (as taken together) (cf. 
uterque, each). 

ambrosia, -ae, [Gr. a/j.l3p6<Tios, im- 
mortal], f., ambrosia (the fancied 
food of the gods). 

ambfiro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum, 
[amb-uro], v. tr. 3, bum around, 
scorch. — p.p. as adj., scorched. 



Vocabulary. 



II 



aniens, -entis, [a-mens], adj., out 
of one's mind, frenzied, wild. 

amentia, -ae, [ament -f ia] , f., 
madness, frenzy. 

ainicio, -ire, -Ixl (-icui), -ictum, 
[amb-jacio], v. tr. 4, (throw 
around}, put on, clothe with (of 
loose apparel). — Pass., be clad 
{in or with). 

amieitia, -ae, [amico + tia], f., 
friendship, friendly relations, alli- 
ance. 

amietus, -us, [amb-j actus, through 
amieio], m., robe, mantle. — 
Also pi. 

amicus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (kin- 
dred with amo) -f cus], adj., 
friendly. — As noun, friend. 

amissus, p.p. of amitto. 

amitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
[ab-mitto], v. tr. 3, let go away, 
lose. 

Amnion (Hamm-), -onis, [Gr. 
"AfjLficcv'], m., a name of Jupiter, 
worshipped in Africa under the 
form of a ram. 

amnicola, -ae, [amni-cola (cf. 
colo)], m., river -loving. 

amnis, -is, [?], m., river, torrent, 
stream (more rapid and smaller 
than fluvius). 

amo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr. 
1, love, be in love. — pres. p., lover. 
— p.p., beloved. 

amomum, -I, [Gr. a.fxw^.ov\, n., 
balsam (a fragrant resin). 

amor, -oris, [-y/AM (in amo) 
-for], m., love, desire. — Trans., 
object of love, love (as in Eng.) , 
. love affair. — Personified, Love. 

Amphion, -onis, [Gr. 'A/u^iW], 
m., king and builder of Thebes, 
son of Jupiter and Antiope, hus- 
band of Niobe. 

Amphitrite, -es, [Gr. 'A^(pi.TpiT-r{], 



f., a sea-goddess, wife of Neptune; 

hence, the Sea. 
Amphitryon, -onis, [Gr. 'A/j.(pi- 

t/mW], king of Tiryns, step-father 

of Hercules. 
Amphitryoniades, -ae, [Amphi- 
tryon + iades], m., Hercules, as 

step-son of Amphitryon. 
Amphr5 T sius,-a, -um, [Amphryso 

-fiusj, adj., belonging to the Am- 

phrysos, Thessalian. 
Amphrysos, -i, [Gr.'Aju^puo-os], m., 

a river in Thessaly. 
ample, [old abl. of amplus], adv., 

fully. — Comp., amplius, more, 

further, again. 
amplector, -i, -plexus, [amb- 

plecto], v. dep. 3 {throw one 's self 

around), embrace. 
amplexus, -us, [amb-plexns, perh. 

through amplector], m., embrace, 

winding-coil (of serpent). 
amplius, see ample. 
Ampycides, -ae, m., son of Ampyx, 

Mops us, a participant in the Caly- 

donian hunt. 
Amulius, -I, [?], m., younger 

brother of Numitor, son of the 

Alban king Procas. 
Amyclae, -arum, [Gr. 'A^u/rAcu], f., 

an ancient town in Laconia, south 

of Sparta. 
Amyclides, -ae, m., Hyacinthus, 

a descendant of the Laconian king, 

Amyclas. 
Amymone, -es, [Gr. 'Ayuu^wyj?], f., 

a spring (and nymph) near Argos. 
Amyntor, -oris, [Gr. 'Afxvurwp'], 

m., king of the Dolopians in Thes- 
saly, father of Phoenix. 
an, [?], conj., or (in interrog.) : 

utrum ... an (ne . . . an), 

whether . . . or. — With utrum, 

etc. omitted (in reductio ad 

absurdum), or (introd. an impos- 



12 



Vocabulary. 



sible supposition), or do you sup- 
pose. — So, anne, or was it, and 
the like. — Also, with whole first 
part omitted, whether. 

Anapis, -is, [Anapus, -I), [Gr. 
"Avo.ttos'], m., a small river of Sic- 
ily, the river-god of which was 
husband of the nymph Cyane. 

Ancaeus, -I, [Gr. ' Ay Ka?os~\, m., an 
Arcadian, who was killed in the 
Calydonian hunt. 

anceps, -cipitis, [amb-caput] , 
adj., {with a head on both sides). — 
Less exactly, double-edged, double. 

ancora, -ae, [Gr. ^.yKvpa], f., an- 
chor. 

Andromeda, -ae, [Gr. , Ap$pofj.48ri~\, 
f., daughter of the Ethiopian king 
Cepheus and Cassiope. Perseus 
rescued her from a sea-monster, 
and married her. 

anguicomus, -a, -um, [angui- 
coma, decl. as adj.], adj., serpent- 
haired, snaky -haired. 

anguifer, -era, -erum, [angui-fer 
(for ferus)], adj., serpent-bearing, 
serpent-covered, snaky -haired. 

anguipes, -edls, (angui-pes), adj., 
snake-footed (of certain giants 
whose legs were serpents). 

anguis, -is, [-y/ANG (cf. ango) 
-f is], m., a serpent. — Esp., the 
Serpent (the constellation). 

angulus, -i, [fango- (cf. ancus) 
-f lus], m., {bend, crook), corner. 

angustus, -a, -um, [angos- (cf. 
angor)-ftus], adj., narrow. — 
N. pi., narrows, straits. 

anhelitus, -us, [unc. prefix -halitus 
(cf. anhelo)], panting, breath, 
panting breath. 

anhelo, -are, -avi, -atum, [anhelo 
-f o], v. tr. I, breathe {violently). 
— p.p., breathed forth: ignes 
{fires of one 's breath). 



anhelus, -a, -um, [unc. prefix 
+ fhalus (cf. halo)], adj., pant- 
ing. 

anilis, -e, [anu- (reduced) -f ilis], 
adj., of an old woman, an old 
woman's. 

anima, -ae, [ani- (verb stem, to 
blow) -f ma], f., breath. — Hence, 
breath of life, life. — Less exactly, 
soul. — iUso pi. 

animal, -alis, [n. of anima -f lis], 
n., living creature, creature. 

animo, -are, -avi, -atum, [anima 
•f o], v. tr. I, give life to (ace), 
animate, make alive : guttas in 
angu.es {britig to life as snakes) . 

animosus, -a, -um, [animo -f 
osus], adj., spirited, made spir- 
ited by (ignibus) , proud. 

animus, -i, [ani- (as stem, to 
blow, cf. anima) -f- mus], m., 
{breath), mind, heart, soul, feel- 
ings, disposition, thought, purpose, 
desire (denoting generally the 
moral powers as opposed to mens, 
the intellectual) : animum inten- 
dere {turn the attention) . — Also, 
esp. in pi., spirit, pride. 

anne, see an. 

annosus, -a, -um, [anno + osus], 
did]., full of years, aged: annosa 
senecta {aged years, advanced 
age). 

annuo, see adnuo. 

annus, -i, [?], m., year; also per- 
sonified. — In \>\., years, life, des- 
tined years of life. 

annuus, -a, -um, [anno-(- us (?)], 
adj., of a year, annual. 

anser, -eris, [?], m., goose. 

Antaeus, -i, [Gr. 'Avtcuos'], m., a 
giant of Libya, son of the earth, 
killed by Hercules. 

ante, [old abl. of stem fanti, cf. 
antes, antae], adv. and prep., be- 



Vocabulary. 



13 



fore, in front of — Also of time, 
fori7ierly, first. — As adv. in comp., 

before, in front, in advance, previ- 
ously. 
anteeo, -ire, -ii, no sup., [ante-eo], 

v. tr. irr., go before, outstrip, pre- 
cede, go on {before) . 
antemna, ae, [?], f., yard (for 

sail). 
Anthedon, -onis, [Gr. 'Aj/0tj5«j>], 

f., a city in Bceotia, opposite Eu- 

boea. 
anticipo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fan- 

ticip- (cf. princeps, particeps) 

+ o],v. tr. I, be beforehand with, 

anticipate : viam, cut short (get- 
ting the start thereby). 
Antigone, -es, [Gr. 'AvTiy6vyf\, f, 

daughter of Laomedon, changed 

by Juno into a crane. 
Antilochus, -1, [Gr. 'Avti\oxos~\, 

m., son of Nestor. He was killed 

by Hector at Troy. 
Antinous, -I, [Gr. 'Avtipoos'], m., 

one of the suitors of Penelope. 
Antiphates, -ae, [Gr. 'Ai/ti^ot^s], 

m., king of the cannibal Laestry- 

gones. 
antique, [old abl. of antiquus], 

adv., anciently, formerly. 
antiquus, -a, -um, [anti- (stem of 

ante) + cus (cf. posticus)], adj., 

ancient, former, old : ver {as it 

used to be). 
Antiuin, -i, [(?), cf. ante], n., a 

city on the coast of Latium. 
antrum, -i, [Gr. Hurpov], n., cave. 

— Also pi. 
anus, -us, [?], f., old woman. — In 

app. as adj. of things feminine, old. 
anxietas, -tatis, [anxio -f tas], 

f., anxiety. 
anxius, -a, -urn, [fanxo- (p.p. of 

ango) -f ius], adj., anxious, fear- 

ful. 



Aonis, -idis, [Gr. "Aovis], f. adj., 
Aonian, i.e. Boeotian. — PL, the 
Muses, as dwellers on the Boeotian 
Mt. Helicon. 

Aonius, -a, -um, adj., Aonian, i.e. 
Boeotian. — Aonii, Boeotians: 
Aoniae sorores {the Muses). 

aper, -pri, [?], m., boar (wild). 

aperio, -ire, -ui, -rtum, [ab-pario 
(cf. operio)], v. tr. 4, uncover, 
unclose, disclose. — p.p. apertus, 
open, naked : fores ; campi ; pec- 
tus ; discrimen {public). 

Aphareius, -a, -um, adj., of Apha- 
reus : Aphareia proles {Lynceus 
and Idas, sons of King Aphareus 
of Messenia. 

Apidanus, -i, [Gr. 'A^iSou/os], m., a 
river in Thessaly. 

Apollineus, -a, -um, [Apollin -f 
eus], adj., of ox belonging to Apollo : 
vates {the bard Orpheus) ; pro- 
les {the god sEsctilapius, son of 
Apollo); ars (medicine). 

Apollo, -inis, [Gr. 'Att6\\wp'],. m., 
son of Jupiter and Latona, twin 
brother of Diana, god of the sun, 
of music and poetry, of divination, 
archery, pestilence, and medicine. 

appareo (adp-), -ere, -ui, no sup., 
[ad-pareo], v. intr. 2 (prob. come 
at one's call), appear. 

1. appello (adp-), -are, -avi, 
-atum, [prob. fappello- (stem 
akin to appello, -ere) + o (cf. 
compello)], v. tr. 1, address, 
speak to, appeal to, call upon : 
virum ; deos. 

2. appello (adp), -ere, -pull, 
-pulsum, [ad-pello], v. tr. 3, 
drive nearer, drive hi. 

Appenninus, -i (also Apen-), m., 
the Apennines, the mountain chain 
that runs diagonally across Italy. 

applico (adp-), -are, -avi (-ui), 



H 



Vocabulary. 



-atum (-itum), [ad-plico], v. 
tr. I, {enfold'), apply, attach, im- 
print (oscula), drive (angues). 

appono (adp-), -ere, -posui, 
-positum, [ad-pono], v. tr. 3, 
put at, place at, beside or near, set 
before, supply (of food). 

Aprilis, -is, [stem akin to aperio 
-f-lis], m., (prop. adj. implying 
mensis), April. 

apto, -are, -avi, -atum, [apto 
+ 0], v. tr. 1, ft, set carefully. 

aptus, -a, -um, [p.p. of fapio (cf. 
apiscor)], adj., fitted for, suited 
to, prepared for, fit, fitting. 

apud, [abl., prob. of same stem as 
ob], prep., at, among. 

aqua, -ae, [?], f., water. — Also pi. 

aquaticus, -a, -um, [aqua + 
ticus], adj., of the water, moist, 
aquatic, from the sea ( Auster) . 

aquila, -ae, [prob. f. of adj. mean- 
ing £r#y], f., eagle. 

Aquilo, -on is, [faquilo- (reduced, 
cf. aquila) +6 (611)], m., the 
North Wind. — Less exactly, the 
North. 

aquosus, -a, -um, [aqua- (reduced) 
-f osus] , adj., watery, rainy. 

ara, -ae, [?], f., altar. — Esp. the 
Altar (constellation). 

Arachne, -es, [Gr. 'hpaxvy], f-, a 
Colophonian maiden, changed by 
Minerva into a spider. 

aranea, ae, [Arachne -f a (f. of 
-us)], f., spider. 

arator, -oris, [ara- (stem of aro) 
+ tor], m., ploughman, husband- 
man. 

aratrum, -i, [ara- (stem of aro) 
4- trum], n., ploughshare, plough. 

Aratus, -i, [Gr. "Aparos], m., a poet 
who wrote (about 250 B.C.) on 
astronomy. He was born at Soli 
in Cilicia. 



arbitrium, -i, [arbitro- (reduced) 
+ ium], n., decision, choice^ will, 
control, pleasure {at the pleasure 
of, etc.). 

arbor (arbos), -oris, [?], f., tree. 
— Coll., trees : Iovis {the oak) . 

arboreus, -a, -um, [arbor + eus], 
adj., of a tree, of the trees. 

arbustum, -i, [arbos -f- turn (n. of 
-tus, cf. robustus)], n., orchard, 
grove (of planted trees). 

arbuteus, -a, -um, [arbuto- (re- 
duced) -f eus], adj., of the strazv- 
berry tree. 

arbutus, -i, [?], f., strawberry tree. 

Arcadia, -ae, [Gr. 'ApmS/a], f., the 
mountainous district in the middle 
of the Peloponnesus. 

arcanus, -a, -um, [area f nus], 
adj., secret. — N. pi., secrets. 

Areas, -adis, [Gr. 'Ap^as], m., an 
Arcadian. — As adj., Arcadian. 

arceo, -ere, -ui, arctus, [farco- 
(akin to area) + eo], v. tr. 2, 
shut out, keep out, drive away, re- 
pel. — With inf. , prevent from. 

Arcitenens, -entis, [farcu- (weak- 
ened) tenens], adj., holding a bow, 
bow-bearing. — Masc, the bow- 
holder {Apollo). 

Arctos, -i, [Gr. "Ap/cTos], f., Greek 
fcrm for Arctus, wh. see. 

Arctus (Arctos), -i, [Gr. "ApKTos~\, 
f., the Great and Little Bear 
(Ursa Major and Minor), a double 
constellation in the vicinity of the 
north pole; hence, the North. — 
Also pi., geminas Arctos, the 
tzvo Bears. 

arcuatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of arcuo], 
adj., arched. 

arcus, -us, [^/arc- (cf. arceo) 
-f us], f., bow, arch, vault, circle 
(of the zones). — Esp., rainbow. 

ardens, pres. p. of ardeo, wh. see. 



Vocabulary. 



15 






ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, [arido 

+ eo], v. intr. 2, blaze, bum, be in 
flames. — Also fig. , be inflamed, be 
fired, bum, and the like. — pres. 
p., burning (lit. and fig.). 

ardesco, -ere (perf. and sup. as 
with ardeo), [arde- (stem of 
ardeo) -f sco], v. intr. 3, burst into 
flames, blaze. 

ardor, -oris, [ard- (as if root of 
ardeo) + or), m., heat, flame. — 
Also fig., love. 

arduus, -a, -urn, [?], adj., steep, 
lofty, high, reared high, on high. — 
N. pi., heights. 

area, -ae, [?], f., space, threshing- 
floor, stretch (campi). — Fig., field 
(for anxiety), scope. 

arena (har-), -ae, [are- (stem of 
areo) + na (f. of -nus)], f., sand, 
strand. — Fig., arena. 

areo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [unc. stem 
+ eo (cf. aridus)], v. intr. 2, be 
dry, be parched. — pres. p., arens, 
dry, dried. 

Arestorides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], 
m., Argus, grandson of Arestor. 

Arethusa, -ae, [Gr. 'Apedovaa'], f., 
a spring in Syracuse. — Personi- 
fied, the nymph of the spring, who 
ran under the sea from Elis to Sic- 
ily to escape the river-god Alpheus. 

argenteus, -a, -um, [argento- 
(reduced) + eus], adj., 0/ silver, 
silvern, silvery white : proles {the 
Silver Age) . 

argentum, -1, [akin to arguo, 
named from its brightness], n., 
silver. 

Argi, see Argos. 

Argolicus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'ApyoAi- 
k6s, from 'ApyoAis, Argolis~\, adj., 
of Argos, Argolic, — Grecian. 

Argos (only nom. and ace), [Gr. 
"Ap-yos] , n., more freq. plur. Argi, 



-orum, m., the capital of the dis- 
trict Argolis in the Peloponnesus, 
sacred to Juno. 

argumentum, -I, [argu- (stem of 
arguo) + mentum] , n., proof wit- 
ness, story, meaning (of a custom) . 

arguo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [fargu- 
(cf. frpyos) + o (cf. tribuo)], 
v. tr. 3, make clear. — So, give evi- 
dence, blame, find fault with. 

Argus, -I, [Gr. *Apyos~], m., the 
hundred-eyed keeper of Io after 
she was changed into a heifer by 
Jupiter. His hundred eyes were 
placed by Juno in the tail of the 
peacock. 

aridus, -a, -um, [faro- (whence 
areo) + dus], adj., dry, parched : 
Libye facta est (an arid desert). 

aries, -etis, [?], m., ram. — Esp., 
the Ram, the constellation Aries, 
between Pisces and Taurus. — Less 
exactly, fleece (golden). 

arista, -ae, [?], f., ear (of grain), 
head. 

arma, -orum, [ yAR {fit) + mus)], 
n., arms, weapons, tools, imple- 
ments. — Fig., war, arms, con- 
tests (fori). 

armentum, -i, [V AR (°f- arma) 
+ mentum, team ( ?)], n., herd (of 
large cattle). 

armifer, -era, -erum, [armo-fer], 
adj., arm-bearing, armed. 

armiger, -era, -erum, [armo-ger 
(us, cf. gero)], adj., arm-bearing. 
— Fern, as noun, armor-bearer, al- 
tendaitt (of Diana). 

armo, -are, -avi, -atum, [armo 
+ o], v. tr. I, arm. — p.p., armed, 
in arms. 

armus, -i, [m. from same word as 
arma], m., {joint?), shoulder. 

aro, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr. 1, 
plough, hold the plough. 



i6 



Vocabulary. 



arripio (adr-), -ere, -ui, -rep- 

tum, [ad-rapio], v. tr. 3, grasp, 

seize. 
ars, artis, [V AR ( c ^- arma ) + 'tis 

(reduced)], f., art, skill, stratagem, 

?neans. — PL, the arts ; also same 

as sing. 
artifex, -icis, [arti- (stem of ars) 

+ fex (root of facio as stem), c, 

artist. 
artus, -us, [ V AR + tus], m -> &"*&• 

— PI., limbs, members. 

artus, -a, -um, [p.p. of arceo], 

adj., close. 
arundo (har-), -inis, [?], f., reed. 

— Hence, arrow; also, flute. 
arvum, -I, [ V AR n aro ) + v um], 

n., field (as opposed to woods), 
fields (as cultivated), lands. 

arx, arcis, [ V ARC n areeo) + is 
(reduced)], f., citadel, height, sum- 
mit, high abode, lofty height; 
surnma (Jieights of heaven) . 

Asbolus, -I, [Gr. *Aa&oAos~], m., 
Soot, one of Actaeon's hounds. 

Ascalaphus, -I, [Gr. 'Arr/caAa^os], 
m., son of Acheron and Orphne, 
changed by Ceres into an owl. 

ascendo (ads-), -ere, -cendi, 
-censum, [ad-scando], v. tr. 3, 
climb up, mount, ascend, climb. 

ascensus (ads-), -us, [ad-fscan- 
sus], through ascendo], m., 
ascent. 

ascisco (ads-), -ere, -scivl, -sci* 
turn, [ad-scisco], v. tr. 3, adopt 
(by formal resolution). — Less ex- 
actly, adopt, add, attach. 

Ascraeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Ao-K-pouos], 
adj., of Ascra, Ascrccan, an epithet 
of the poet Hesiod, who lived at 
Ascra in Bceotia. 

asellus, -1, [asino + lus], m., little 
ass, ass (as regarded with commi- 
seration or contempt). 



Asis, -idis (-idos), [Gr. 'Acrts], f., 

Asia ; prop, adj., Asiatic. 
Asopis, -idis (-idos), [Gr. 'Acw 

7Ti's], f., JEgina, daughter of the 

river-god Asopus. 
aspargo (aspergo), -inis, [akin to 

adspergo], f., spray, sprinkling, 

blood (spattered). 
asper, -era, -erum, [ ?], adj., rough, 

harsh (lit. and fig.). 
aspergo -inis, see aspargo. 
aspergo (ads-), -ere, -spersi, 

-spersum, [ad-spargo], sprinkle 

(a thing on, or a thing with) . 
aspicio (ads-), -ere, -spexi, 

-spectum, [ad-fspecio], v. tr. 

3, look at (or upon), behold, see. 
aspiro (ads-), -are, -avi, -atum, 

[ad-spiro], v. intr. 1, breathe on. 

— Hence, favor. 
assensus (ads-), -5s, [ad-sensus, 

through assentio], m., assent, 

silent assent. — Also pi. 
assentio (ads-), -ire, -sensi, 

-sensum, [ad-sentio], v. intr. 4, 

give assent, assent. 
assero (adsero),-ere, -serui, -ser- 

tuni, [ad-sero],v. tr. 3, lay claim 

to, claim. 
assiduus (ads-), -a, -um, [ad- 

fsiduus (^/sed-t- vus)] f (sitting 

down, esp. to a thing), adj., busy, 

attentive, laborious. — Hence, con- 
stant, incessant, never-ceasing. 
assilio (ads), -ire, -silui, -sul- 

tum, [ad-salio], v. intr. 4, leap 

on, dash on (of a wave). 
assimulo (ads), -are, -avi, 

-atum, [ad-simulo], v. tr. 1, 

feign, pretend. 
assisto (ads-), -ere, astitl, no 

sup., [ad-sisto], v. intr. 3, stand 

tip, stand by. 
assuesco (ads), -ere, -suevi, 

-suetum, [ad-suesco], v. intr. 3, 



Vocabulary. 



17 



become accustomed, be accustomed. 
— p.p., assuetus, wonted. 

assuetudo (ads-), -inis, [ad- 
fsuetudo], f., custom, habit, in- 
dulgence (of habit). 

assumo (ads-), -ere, -sumpsi, 
-sumptuni, [ad-sumo], v. tr. 3, 
take in, take on, gather, assume. 

ast, [?], conj., but. 

Asterie, -es, [Gr. 'Aareplrj'], f., 
daughter of the Titan Coeus, and 
Phoebe, sister of Latona. She 
was beloved by Jupiter, and was 
changed into a quail. 

asto, see adsto. 

Astraea, -ae, [Gr. 'Avrpair), f., an 
epithet of Justice (AiVt?) as daugh- 
ter of the Titan Astraeus. 

astringo (ads), -ere, -strinxi, 
-strictum, [ad-stringo], v. tr. 
3, bind, tighten, harden (snow). 

astrum, -I, [Gr. 'avrpov], n., constel- 
lation, star. — PI., stars, sky. 

astus, -us, [?], m., craft. — Abl., 
astfi, with craft. 

at, [(?), cf. ad], conj., but, then, at 
least: attamen, but yet, still. 

Atalanta, -ae, [Gr. 'ATaXavrr]], f., 
daughter of Schceneus of Bceotia. 
She was a celebrated runner, but, 
being beaten in a race, married 
Hippomenes, her competitor. She 
was changed into a lioness. 

ater, -tra, -trum, [?], adj., black, 
dark (esp. as a sign of mourning). 

Athamanteus, -a, -urn, [Atha- 
mant + ens], adj., of Athamas. 

Athamantis, -idis (-idos), f., 
Helle, daughter of Athamas. 

Athamas, -antis, [Gr. 'Ada.fxa.s~], 
m., king of the Minyans in Boeotia. 
He was the husband of Ino, uncle 
of Pentheus, and brother of Sisy- 
phus. He was made insane by 
Juno. 



Athenae, -arum, [Gr. WQrivai], f., 
Athens, the great city of Attica. 

Athos, (gen. not found ; abl., 
Athoue; dat. and abl., Atho; 
ace, Atho, Athon, Athonem, 
Athona), [Gr. "Adws, later "AQuiv, 
-<avos~\, m.. Athos, a high mountain 
on the Strymonian Gulf, in Mace- 
donia. 

Atlantiades, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], 
m, Mercury, grandson of Atlas. 

Atlas, -antis, [Gr. v ATAas], m., son 
of the Titan Iapetus, father of the 
Pleiades and Hyades. He bore 
the heavens upon his shoulders. 
He was changed by Perseus into a 
mountain, — the mountain itself in 
Northern Africa. 

atque (ac), [ad-que], conj., (and 
in addition^, and. 

Atreus, -el, [Gr. Ar^eus], m., king 
of Argos and Mycenae, son of 
Pelops and Hippodamia, father of 
Agamemnon and Menelaus. 

Atrides, -ae, [Gr. 5 ArpetSi7s],m., son 
of Atreus. — PI., the sons of Atreus 
(Agamemnon and Menelaus, the 
leaders of the Greeks at Troy). 

atrium, -1, [atro+ium], n., hall 
(of a house). — PI., ' halls,' palace. 

attamen, see at. 

Attis (Atth-), -idis, m., a Phrygian 
shepherd who loved the goddess 
Cybele, and was changed into a 
fir-tree. 

attollo (adt-), -ere, perf. and sup. 
supplied from affero, [ad-tollo], 
v. tr. 3, raise up (to something), 
raise : se, rise. 

attonitus, see attono. 

attono (adt-), -are, -ui, -itum, 
[ad-tono], v. tr. 1, strike with 
a thunderbolt. — p.p., attonitus, 
thunderstruck, paralyzed, spell- 
bound, struck (with passion). 



i8 



Vocabulary. 



attraho (adt-), -ere, -traxi, 
-tractum, [ad-traho], v. tr. 3, 
dratv to one, draw in, drag in. — 
Fig., aUract. 

auceps, -cupis, [avi-ceps (root of 
capio as stem)], m., fowler. 

auctor, -oris, [aug- (as root of 
augeo) -f tor], m., {increaser). 

— Hence (perh. from raising price 
at auctions), seller, guarantor, 
voucher. — So, authority, author, 
adviser, founder, originator, 
father, ancestor, giver. — Poeti- 
cally, hurler (of a weapon), har- 
binger (a prophet, authority for). 

Auctumnus, see Autuninus. 

auctus, see augeo. 

audacia, -ae, [audac -f- ia], f., 

boldness, recklessness : verbis da- 

tur, boldness of speech is pardoned. 
audax, -acis, [aud- (as if root of 

audeo) -f ax], adj., daring, bold, 

desperate, fearless. 
audeo, -ere, ausus, [avido + eo], 

v. intr. 2, {desire ?), venture, dare. 

— p.p., ausus, daring, venture- 
some. — As subst., the one who 
dared. — Neut., ausum ; see the 
word. 

audio, -Ire, -ivi, -Itum, [perh. 
ausi- (stem of auris) do (cf. 
condio)], v. tr. 4, hear. — Fig., 
obey (sagitta avium). 

aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum, 
[ab-fero], v. tr. irr., bear atvay, 
take a7vay, lake front, tear away, 
cut off (annos), carry off (a 
prize). 

augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, [?], 
v. tr. 2, increase, swell, sxvell the 
number of (deos), enlarge, be 
added to : clamoribus {swell the 
shout) . 

augur, -uris, [(?), compound with 
avis], in., soothsayer. 



augurium, -I, [augur + ium], n., 

augury, soothsaying, wise counsel. 

auguror, -ari, -atus, [augur + o], 
v. dep. 1, divine, conclude, imag- 
ine. 

augustus, -a, -um, [(?), perh. 
akin to augur, more likely to 
augeo], adj., venerable, august. — 
Esp. an epithet (and in the masc. 
a surname) of Octavius Caesar, and 
after him of all the Roman empe- 
rors. 

aula, -ae, [Gr. a.v\r\\, f., hall, pal- 
ace. 

aulaeum, -I, [Gr. avKatov, real or 
supposed], n., curtain, hangings. 

— Also pi. 

Aulis, -idis, [Gr. AuAis], f., a sea- 
port in Bceotia, from which the 
Greeks sailed against Troy. 

aura, -ae, [v' AU {plow) +ra (f. of 
-rus)], f., breeze, wind, air (as 
moving), breath of life, the air, 
winds of heaven (often as opposed 
to hidden or enclosed space). 

auratus, -a, -um, [p.p. of auro], 
adj., gilded. 

aureus, -a, -um, [auro -f eus], 
adj., .of gold, golden. — Hence, 
beautiful, splendid, etc. 

aurifer, -era, -erum, [auro- 
fer (for ferus)], adj., gold-bear- 
ing. 

auriga, -ae, [perh. aurea- {head- 
stall) faga (akin to ago), cf. 
-cola], m., charioteer, driver. 

auris, -is, [(?), for ausis, cf. au- 
sculto], f., ear. 

Aurora, -ae, [y/us (see uro), for 
ausosa], f, the dawn, daybreak. 

— Personified, Aurora, the god- 
dess of the morning, daughter of 
Hyperion, wife of Tithonus, and 
mother of Memnon. — Also, the 
easier 71 country, the East. 



Vocabulary. 



19 



aurum, -I, [peril. ,/US (cf. Au- 
rora)], n.,gold. — Poetically, the 
golden age. 

Ausonius, -a, -um, [Auson -f 

ius], adj., Ausonia.11, Italian, 
Latin. — Ausonia, f. (sc. terra), 
Italy. — Masc. plur., the Italians. 

auspex, -icis, [avi-spex (root of 
fspecio, as stem)], m., soothsayer, 
witness : auspicibus vobis, with 
your approval (from consulting 
soothsayers on any important busi- 
ness). 

auspicium, -I, [auspic + ium], 
n., taking of omens, omens, begin- 
ning (as opposed to exitus). — 
PI., auspices, leadership. 

auster, -tri, [V us + ter (t-tro, cf. 
-trum)], m., the south wind (dry 
and hot) . — Personified, the God of 
the South Wind. — Less exactly, the 
South. 

australis, -e, [austro + alis], adj., 
{of the south wind), southern. 

ausum, -i, (n. p.p. of audeo], n., 
daring attempt, undertaking. 

aut, [(?), cf. autem], conj., or, or 
else : aut . . . aut {either . . . or). 

autem, [(?), cf. aut], conj., intro- 
ducing an antithesis, or even a 
mere transition, but always with 
some contrast, but, on the other 
hand, on the contrary, however, 
then again, now. 

Autonoeius, -a, -um, adj., of or 
belonging to Autonoe : heros 
{Actceon, son of Autonoe). 

autumnalis, -e, [autumno (re- 
duced) + alis], adj., autumnal. 

Autumnus, -I, [prob. for f Aucto- 
menos, cf. augeo], m., Autumn. 

auxiliaris, -e, [auxilio- (reduced) 
-f aris], adj., auxiliary, assisting, 
subsidiary. 

auxilium, -I, [fauxili- (akin to 



augeo, cf. pensilis) + ium], n., 

assistance, succor, help. 

avarus, -a, -um, [lost noun-stem 
(cf. aveo and avidus) + rus], 
adj., eager, eagerly desirous. — 
Esp., avaricious, covetous, greedy. 

avello, -ere, -vulsi, (-velli), 
-vulsum, [ab-vello], v. tr. 3, 
pluck off, tear away. 

avena, -ae, [?], f., oats, oat-straw. 
— Hence, pipe. 

Aventinus, -I, m. ; -um, -1, [?], 
n., (prop, adj.), the Aventine, one 
of the seven hills of Rome, extend- 
ing from the Palatine to the Coelian 
Hill. 

Avernalis, -e, [Averno + alis], 
adj., of A vermis. 

Avernus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of or 
belonging to Lake Avernus, near 
Cum?e, in Lower Italy. Its deadly 
exhalations killed the birds flying 
over it ; hence in fable it was 
placed near the entrance to the 
lower world. — Hence, infernal, 
hellish, deadly, deathlike. 

aversatus, p.p. of aversor. 

aversor, -ari, -atus, [ab-verso 
(perh. through averto)], v. dep. 
I, {turn away>), be unwilling, be 
reluctant. — p.p., refusing, opposed 
to (ace), reluctant, unwilling. 

aversus, p.p. of averto. 

averto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 
[ab-verto], v. tr. 3, turn away, 
turn off. — P-P-> turned away, 
turning away: passus {back- 
ward) ; occupat aver sum {from 
behind). 

avidus, -a, -um, [favo- (cf. aveo) 
+ dus], adj., greedy, greedy of 
(gen.), thirsty for, eager. 

avis, -is, [?], f., bird. — Hence, 
omen. 

avitus, -a, -um, [avo- (as if avi-) 



20 



Vocabulary. 



-f tus], adj., of one's grandfather. 
— Less exactly, ancestral. 

avius, -a, -um, [ab-via (inflected 
as adj.)] , adj., out of the way, path- 
less : per avia {through pathless 
regions). 

avus, -I, [?], m., grandfather. 

axis, -is, [perh. corrupted from Gr. 
a|a>j/], m., axle (of a chariot). — 
Hence, axis (of the earth or the 
sky), pole (of the sky), chariot, 
the heavens. — Also pi. 

B. 

Babylonius, -a, -um, [Babylon 

4- ins], adj., Babylonian, of Baby- 
lon. 

baca (bacca), -ae, [?], f., berry. 

Bacchae, -arum, [Gr. Baxxai'], 
f., Bacchce, female Bacchanals, 
women who performed the wild 
orgies of Bacchus. 

bacchaus, -antis, [pres. p. of 
bacchor], f, bacchante, bacchant. 

Baccheius (eus, -ius), -a, -um, 
[Gr. BaKx^os, etc.], adj., of 'or per- 
taining to Bacchus, Bacchic. 

Bacchiadae, -arum, m., a noble 
family of Corinth, which was ex- 
pelled from that city and founded 
Syracuse in Sicily. 

bacchor, -ari, -atus, [fBaccho-], 
v. dep. I, celebrate the festival of 
Bacchus. — Less exactly, revel, 
rave, rant, rage. 

Bacchus, -I, [Gr. Ba/cxos], m., a 
son of Jupiter and Semele, the god 
of wine and of poets. — Fig., the 
vine, wine. 

baculum, -i, [?], n., staff. 

balaena, -ae, [?], f., whale. 

balatus, -us, [bala -f tus], m., 
bleating. 

Balearic us (Bali-), -a, -um, 



[Baleari + cus], adj., Balearic, of 
the Baleares, or Balearic Islands, 
Majorca and Minorca, in the Medi- 
terranean Sea. The inhabitants 
were famed for the use of the 
sling. 

balo, -are, -avi, -Stum, [prob. 
from sound], v. intr. I, bleat. 

balteus, -I, [?], m., belt. 

barba, -ae, [?], f., beard. 

barbaricus, -a, -um, [barbaro- 
(weakened) + cus], adj., barbaric. 

barbaries, -el, [barbaro- (re- 
duced) + ies], f., (' savagedom,' 
cf. heathendom), barbarous tribes 
(as a whole). 

barbarus, -a, -vim, [prob. from 
sound], adj., barbarian. — Fern, 
as noun, the fair barbarian 
(Medea). 

Bassus, -I, m., a Roman proper 
name. There were several poets 
named Bassus. 

Battiades, -ae, [Gr. BorrioSrys], m., 
descendant of Battus. The city of 
Cyrene was ruled by the Battiadae; 
hence the Cyrenean poet Calli- 
machus is called Battiades. 

Baucis, -idis, [Gr. Bau«(j], f., 
Baucis, wife of Philemon, who 
was changed into a tree. 

beatus, p.p. of beo, wh. see. 

Belides, -um, [Gr. patronymic], f., 
granddaughters of Belus, king of 
Egypt, daughters of Danaus ; 
hence usually called the Danaides. 

Belides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], m., 
descendant of Belus. 

bellatrix, -icis, [bella- (cf. bello) 
-j-trix], f., female warrior, war- 
rior maid. 

bellicus, -a, -um, [bello -f- cus], 
adj., warlike. 

bellua, see belua. 

bellum, -i, [old fduellum, formed 



Vocabulary. 



21 



from duo], n., war. — More con- 
cretely, expedition, armament, 
war (poetical). 

belua (bellua), -ae, [?], f., mon- 
ster (huge creature). 

bene, [old abl. of bonus, cf. 
aeque],adv., well: nee bene (not 
very well) ; vix bene (Jiardly, 
fully). 

benefactum, -I, [n. p.p. of bene- 
facio], n., service, generous deed. 

benignus, -a, -um, [bono-fgnus 
(akin to nosco)], adj., kindly, 
generous. — Also of things, J>rodttc- 
tive, fertile. 

bed, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr. 
I, bless. — p.p. as adj., blessed, 
happy. 

Berecyntius, -a, -um (cy nthius) , 
[Gr. ~e>epeK.vvTios~\, adj., of or per- 
taining to Berecyntus, a mountain 
in Phrygia on the Sangarius, sacred 
to Cybele. She was worshipped 
with sound of flutes; hence, Bere- 
cyntia tibia : Midas was her son; 
hence, Berecyntius heros. 

Bessi, -orum, [Gr. BeWoi], m., a 
Thracian tribe. 

bibo, -ere, bibi, bibitum, [redupl. 
root, cf. potus], v. tr. 3, drink. 

bibulus, -a, -um, [from bibo, as 
if bibo + lus], adj., absorbent, 
soaking (wet). 

biceps, -cipitis, [bi (i.e. dvi) 
-caput (reduced)], adj., hvo- 
headed. — Less exactly, hvo-peaked. 

bicolor,-oris, [bi (i.e. dvi) -color], 
adj., twcr-colored, variegated. 

bicornis, -e, [bi (i.e. dvi) -cornu 
(weakened to i stem)], adj., 
two-homed. — Less exactly, two- 
pronged. 

bidens,-entis, [bi (i.e. dvi) -dens], 
adj., tzuo-toothed. — As noun, two- 
pronged hoe. — Also, an animal 



for sacrifice, esp. a sheep, two 
years old, when two teeth only are 
prominent. 

bifores, -ium, [bi (i.e.dvi)-foris], 
adj., two-doored, double (of doors). 

biformis, -e, [bi (i.e. dvi) -forma 
(weakened to i stem)], adj., two- 
formed. 

bimaris, -e, [bi (i.e. dvi) -mare 
(inn. as adj.)], adj., two-sea ed 
(Corinthus, i.e. with a sea on 
both sides). 

blmus, -a, -um, [bi (i.e. dvi) 
-fhimus (akin to hiems)], adj., 
(of two winters), two years old. 

bini, -ae, -a, [bi (i.e. dvi) + nus], 
adj., two at a time, two (at a time, 
implied). 

bipennifer, -era, -erum, [bipenni- 
fer], adj., axe-bearer. 

bis, [case (gen.?), of duo], adv., 
twice. 

bisulcus, -a, -um, [bi (i.e. dvi) 
-sulcus], adj., two-furrowed, cleft, 
cloven. 

bitumen, -inis, [?], n., asphalt, 
bitumen. 

blaesus, -a, -um, [?], adj., stam- 
mering, indistinct. 

blandior, -ivi, -itus, [blando (as 
if fblandi-) + 0], v. intr. 4, coax, 
flatter, cajole, entreat (with blan- 
dishments). 

blanditiae, -arum, [blando- 
(weakened) -f tia], f., blandish- 
ments, wooing, endear?ne?its, ca- 
resses. 

blandus, -a, -um, [?], adj., 
persuasive, seductive, coaxing 
(verba), caressing (lacerti). 

Boebe, -es, [Gr. Boi/377], f, an 
ancient town in Eastern Thessaly. 

Boeotia, -ae, [Gr. BoioTm], f, a 
division of Central Greece, north 
of Attica- 



22 



Vocabulary. 



Boeotius, -a, -urn, [Gr. Boiwtios'], 
adj., of Beeotia, Bceotian. 

Boeotus, -a, -um, [Gr. BozwtJs], 
adj., of Beeotia, Bceotian. 

bonus, -a, -um, [?], adj. ,good (in all 
Eng. senses), j£«<?, excellent, noble : 
vultus {kindly} ; artes {liberal, 
generous, noble). — n. pi., blessings, 
' goods? fortunes. 

Bootes, -ae, [Gr. Bowrys, plough- 
man~\, m., the constellation Bootes, 
near the Great Bear. 

Boreas, -ae, [Gr. Bopeas], m., the 
mountain or north wind (pure 
Lat. aquilo). — Personified, Bo- 
reas, the son of the river-god 
Strymon, and father of Calais and 
Zetes by Orithyia, daughter of 
Erechtheus, king of Attica. 

bos, bovis, [?], c., ox, cozv, heifer, 
bull. — ¥\., cattle. 

braccae, -arum, [Gallic word], f., 
breeches, trousers. 

bracchium, -I, [?], n., arm. — 
Less exactly, claws (of the Scor- 
pion). 

brevis, -e, [for bregvis, cf. /3paxvs~\, 
adj., short, narrow, small. — Of 
time, brief, speedy. 

breviter, [brevi + ter], adv., 
shortly, briefly. 

Britannus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of 
Britain, British. — Masc. pi., 
Britons. 

bubo, -onis, [?], c, owl. 

bueina, -ae, [?], f., trumpet. 

Busiris, -idis, [Gr. Bovaipis'], m., a 
king of Egypt, who sacrificed 
strangers, and was himself slain by 
Hercules. 

bustum, -i, [(?), cf. comburo], 
n., funeral pile (burnt down), 
tomb. — Also pi. 

buxum, -I, [?], n., box (wood or 
tree). 



cacumen, -inis, [?], n., peak, sum- 
mit, top : summa cacumina, top- 
most shoots (of a tree). 

cacumino, -are, -avl, -atum, 

[cacumin. + o], v. tr. I, point, 
sharpen : aures (give pointed 
ears) . 

Cadmeis, -idis, [Gr. Kad/j.rjls'], f., 
adj., of, from, or pertaining to 
Cadmus : Cadmeis arx (the cita- 
del of Thebes, founded by Cad- 
mus). 

Cadmus, -I, [Gr. Radios'], m., son 
of the Phoenician king Agenor. 
He founded Thebes in Beeotia, and 
was afterwards changed into a 
serpent. 

cado, -ere, cecidi, casum, [?], v. 
intr. 3, fall, set (dies). 

caducifer, -era, -erum, [caduceo- 
(reduced) + fer (for ferus)], adj., 
bearing the caduceus (herald's 
wand). 

eaecus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dlind, 
blinded. — Hence, dark, hidden^ 
secret. 

caedes, -is, [caed- (as root of 
caedo) + es] , f., slaughter, blood, 
murder. 

caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesum, [(?), 
akin to cado, but conn, unc], v. 
tr. 3, beat, strike, cut (with a 
stroke), fell (trees), lash (horses). 

caelestis, -e, [caeles- (for caelo-) 
-f tis (cf. agrestis)], adj., heav- 
eitly, divine, of the gods, of heaven, 
godlike. — As noun, divine being, 
divinity, god. 

caelicola, -ae, [caelo- (weakened) 
-f cola (cf. agricola)], m., god, 
citizen of heaven. 

caelo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr. 
I, carve, engrave. 



Vocabulary. 



23 



caelum, -1, [?], n., sky, heaven, at- 
mosphere, air, climate. 

Caeneus, -el, [Gr. Kaivevs], m., 
Cceneus, originally a girl named 
Caenis, daughter of Elatus, changed 
by Neptune into a boy, and made 
invulnerable. He took part in the 
Calydonian hunt. 

caeruleus, -a, -inn, [caerulo- (re- 
duced) + eiis], adj., of the blue sea, 
dark blue, sea-green, dark, livid : 
frater {Neptune). 

caerulus, -a, -um, [caelo + lus], 
adj., (of the sky), blue: caerula 
caeli (the blue of the sky). 

Caesar, -aris, [(?),cf. caesaries], 
m., a family name in the gens 
Julia. — Esp. : I. C. Julius Cczsar, 
the conqueror of Gaul, and the op- 
ponent of Pompey in the civil war, 
assassinated by Brutus and Cas- 
sius; 2. C. Octavius Cccsar, called 
Augustus, the Roman emperor 
who banished Ovid. 

Caesareus, -a, -um, [Caesar + 
eus], adj., of ox belonging to Qzsar 
or the Ccesars : Vesta ( Vesta, pro- 
tectress of Augustus). 

caesaries, -el, [(?), akin to 
caedo], f., locks (poetic for hair). 

caestus, -us, [?], m., cestus, boxing 
straps. 

Caicus (Cay-), -I, [Gr. Kai'/cos], m., 
a river of Greater Mysia, which 
takes its rise on Mount Teuthras, 
passes near Pergamon, and falls 
into the sea at Lesbos (now the 
Mendr agora) . 

calamus, -1, [Gr. koJKo.ixos\, m., 
reed, pipe. 

calathus, -I, [Gr. fcdXados"], m., 
basket. 

calco, -are, -avi, -atum, [calc- 
(calx, heel) + o] , v. tr. 1 , tread, 
tread on, tread out (of grapes). 



calculus, -I, [calc- (calx, lime) 
-fulus (as if calco + lus)], m., 
pebble. 

caleo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [fcalo- 
(cf. calidus) + eo], v. intr. 2 ; 
and 

calesco, -ere, -ui, no sup., [cale- 
(stem of caleo) + sco], v. intr. 
3, be warm, be hot, be heated, 
grow warm. — pres. p., calens, 
hot. 

calidus, -a, -um, [fcalo- (cf. 
caleo) -f dus], adj., hot, warm, 
reeking (telum) . 

callgo, -inis, [akin to clam, and 
perh. caleo], f., smoke, mist, dark- 
ness. 

callidus, -a, -um, [callo- (cf. 
callum) + dus], adj., (hardened 
to a thing), cunning. 

callis, -is, [akin to callum], m., 
(%v or n path), path, track (of small 
by-paths). 

calor, -oris, [cal- (as if, perhaps 
really, root of caleo) -f or], m., 
heat. 

Calydon, -onis (Gr. ace, Caly- 
dona), [Gr. KaXvSwv^, f., a very 
ancient town of vEtolia, on the 
river Evenus. It was the abode 
of CEneus, father of Meleager and 
Deianeira, and grandfather of 
Diomedes. 

Calydonis, -idis, [Gr. patronymic], 
f., Calydonian maid ox woman. 

Calydonius, -a, -um, [Gr. KaAv- 
ddoi>ios~], adj., of or belonging to 
Calydon, Calydonian : hasta (the 
spear of Diomedes, who was of 
Calydonian birth). 

Calymne, -es, [Gr. Kd\vjuva], f., 
Calymna, a small island off the 
coast of Asia Minor, near Cos. 

camella (camm), -ae, [?], f., 
goblet (of unc. form). 



24 



Vocabulary. 



caminus, -I, [Gr. kol/ulivos"], m., 

forge, ftimace. 
campus, -I, [?], m., plain, level, 

expanse (aquarum). 
Canace, -es, [Gr. Ko^a/crj], f., 

Crasher, one of Action's hounds. 
Cancer, -cri, [?], m., the Crab, one 

of the signs of the Zodiac. 
candeo, -ere, -ul, no sup., [perh. 

fcanido- (cf. canus) -f eo], v. 

intr. 2, glow, burn. — pres. p., 

candens, burning. 
candesco, -ere, candui, [cande- 

(stem of candeo) + sco], v. intr. 

3, burn, blaze, brighten. 
candidus, -a, -um, [perh. fcanido- 

(cf. candeo, through wh. it is 

formed) + dus], adj., shining, 

bright, white (cf. albus, dead 

white*), fair (of women), dad in 

white. — Fig., fair-minded (cf. 

livor). 
candor, -oris, [cand- (as if root 

of candeo) + or], m., brightness, 

whiteness. 
caneo, -ere, -ui, [cano- (reduced) 

+ eo], v. intr. 2, whiten, be white, 

be gray. — pres. p., white, gray. 
canesco, -ere, canul, [cane- (stem 

of caneo) -f- sco], v. intr. 3, grow 

white, whiten. 
canis, -is, [?], c, dog, hound. — 

Esp., the Dog (a constellation). 
canistrum, -I, [Gr. K.a.vicnpov\, n., 

basket. 
canities, -el, [cano + ties], f., 

hoariness, gray hair. 
canna, -ae, [Gr. kolvvo], f, cane, 

reed. 
cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, [?], 

v. tr. 3, sound, sing: ilia canenda 

est (is the subject of song). 
Canopus, -I, [Gr. Kduwiros'], m., 

Canopus, a city in Egypt, on the 

western mouth of the Nile. 



canor, -oris, [y'CAN+or], m., 

music, songfulness. 
canorus, -a, -um, [canor + us], 

adj., sounding. 
canto, -are, -avl, -atum, [canto 

+ o], v. tr. 1, sing. — Hence, en- 
chant. 
cantus, -us, [^can + tus], m., 

song, music (vocal or instr.). — 

Hence, incantation. 
canus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hoary, 

white, gray, zvhitened, snow-white. 

— Less exactly, yellow (of grain). 

— As noun, white hair. 
capax, -acis, [^/CAP + ax (as if 

fcapa -f cus, reduced)], adj., capa- 
cious, capable of (ad praecepta) : 
ingenium {mighty). 

capella, -ae, [capra-j- la], f., she- 
goat. 

caper, -ri, [?], m., goat. 

capillus, -I, [akin to caput], m., 
hair. — PL, hair. 

capio, -ere, cepi, captum, 
[-y/CAp], v. tr. 3, take, hold, seize, 
take in, deceive, enjoy (spectacle). 

— p.p.> captivated, smitten. 
Capitolium, -I, [developed from 

fcapit-], n., the Capitol at Rome. 

— Also pi. 

Carreae, -arum, [fcapro- (re- 
duced) + ea (cf. caprea)], f, an 
island in the Tuscan Sea, off the 
Bay of Naples (now Capri). 

captivus, -a, -um, [ -^cap -f tivus 
(as if fcapti-f vus)], adj., cap- 
tured, imprisoned, captive. 

capto, -are, -avl, -atum, [capto 
-f o], v. tr. I, catch at, seek (with 
inf.). — p.p^> caught. 

capulus, -i, [fcapo -f lus], m., hilt. 

caput, -itis, [?], n., head, heads 
(sing, of two), source (of a river, 
etc.), life : rerum (capital); hoc 
caput (this body). 



Vocabulary. 



25 



carbasus, -I, [of oriental origin], 
f. (n. in pi.), linen or cotton. — 
Hence, sail. 

career, -eris, [?], m., prison. — 
Hence, starting-point (in a race), 
goal.^ 

carchesium, -1, [Gr. Kapxv^ov'], 
n,, cup, beaker (of peculiar shape). 

cardo, -inis, [?], m., hinge. 

careo, -ere, -ul, -itorus, [caro 
+ eo ?], v. intr. 2, (be dear?), be 
wanting. — Transf., want, be desti- 
tute of, be free from, be deprived, 
feel the want of. — pres. p., desti- 
tute of. 

caricus, -a, -urn, [caria- (reduced) 
-f cus], adj., Carian. — Hence, 
f. (sc. ficus), Carian fig, fig (from 
Caria). 

carina, -ae, [?], f., keel, bottom (of 
ship). — Hence, ship. 

carmen, -inis, [unc. root + men 
(cf. Camena)], n., song, music, 
verse, air (instr.). — Hence, in- 
cantation, charm. — Also, proph- 
ecy. 

caro, carnis, [?], f., flesh. 

carpo, -ere, -psi, -ptum, (cf. Gr. 
/ca/)7ros], v. tr. 3, pluck, crop, gnaw 
(of envy). — Hence of travel, 
tread (vias), cleave (aera), take 
(a course, etc.), pass over or 
through. — Also, carp at, 'pick in 
pieces] find fault with (cf. gnaw, 
above), waste. 

cams, -a, -urn, [?], adj., dear (in 
both Eng. senses) , precious. 

casa, -ae, [?], f., cottage. 

caseus, -i, [?], m., cheese. 

Cassiope, -es, [Gr. KaoaiSirrf], f., 
wife of Cepheus and mother of 
Andromeda. 

cassis, -idis, [?], f., helmet. 

cassis, -is, [?], m., hunting-net. 

Castalius, -a, -um, adj., of ox per- 



taining to the Fount of Casialia 
at Delphi, sacred to Apollo and 
the Muses ; hence Castalium 
antrum, the cave at Delphi where 
was the oracle of Apollo. 

castanea, -ae, [adj. formed from 
Ka<7Tavov~\, f., chestnut (tree or 
nut). 

Castrum, -i, n., a town in Latium, 
generally Castrum Inui. 

castus, -a, -um, [?], adj., clean 
(religiously), pure, chaste, sacred, 
hallowed. 

casus, -us, [V CAD + tus], m., 
chance (good or bad). — Esp., 
mischance, mishap. 

catena, -ae, [?], f., chain. 

Catullus, -i, m., one of the greatest 
of Roman lyric poets. He lived 
B.C. 87-54. 

catulus, -i, [cato + lus], m., whelp, 
cub, young (of animals). 

Caucasus, -i, [Gr. KavKaaos'], m., 
a chain of rough mountains, in- 
habited by wild tribes, in Asia, 
between the Black and the Caspian 
Seas. 

cauda, -ae, [?], f., tail. 

Caulon, -onis, [Gr. KavAa>i/la~], m., 
a town on the east coast of Brut- 
tium. 

causa, -ae, [akin to caveo], f., 
reason, cause, motive ; sparsi 
veneni (effect). — Hence, cause 
(in the Eng. sense of the interests, 
etc.). 

cautes, -is, [?], f., rock. 

cautus, see caveo. 

caveo, -ere, cavi, cautum, [?] 
v. intr. 2, take care, beware, pro 
vide (in a bargain or the like). — 
p.p., cautus, as adj., careful, cau 
tious, carefully (in agreement 
transl. as adv.). 

caverna, -ae, [prob. fcaves- (cf. 



26 



Vocabulary. 



cavus and genus) -f na (f. of 

-mis)], f., cavern. 
cavo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cavo 

-fo],v. tr. I, hollow out, hollow, 
indent. 

cavus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hollow. 

Cayster (-stros), -I, [Gr. Kcti)- 
<TTpos~], m., a river of Ionia, cele- 
brated for its tuneful swans. 

Cecropius, -a, -um, [Gr. Ke/cpo- 
7rtos], adj., of Cecrops, Cecropian. 
— Less exactly, of Athens or Attica, 
Athenian, Attic. 

Cecrops, -opis, [Gr. Ke«rpoi|/], m., 
the most ancient king of Attica, 
who went thither from the Egyp- 
tian Sais, and founded the citadel 
of Athens ; ace. to the fable, half 
man and half serpent (or half man 
and half woman). 

cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, [?], v. 
intr. 3, {move; cf. procedo, re- 
cedo), draw back, retire, retreat, 
yield, be inferior to. — Also, fall to 
(the lot of, perh. from being con- 
quered by), pass into. 

celeber, -bris, -bre, [prob. same 
as creber], adj., frequented, by, 
fa??ious (as in everybody's mouth). 

celebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [cele- 
bri (reduced) + o], v. tr. i, 
throng, make famous (cf. cele- 
ber), worship : artes, pursue (in 
zeugma with forum). 

Celennia (occurs only in neut. ace. 
pi., Met. XV. 704), adj., Celen- 
nian, belonging to an unknown 
place, Celenna (or Celennum), in 
Southern Italy. 

celer, -eris, -ere, [akin to cello], 
adj., swift, quick, quickly (in agree- 
ment). — Esp. m., Celer, the slayer 
of Remus. 

celo, -are, -avi, -atum, [(?), cf. 
clam, occulo], v. tr. 1, {keep in 



the dark, both of things and per- 
sons). — Hence, hide, conceal. — 
Also, keep in ignorance, cottceal 
fro?n (two aces.). 

celsus, -a, -um, [cf. excello], adj., 
high, lofty, on high. 

Cenaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. KrjvaTos'], 
adj., Cencean, of or pertaining to 
Cenczum, a promontory of Eubcea, 
where was a temple of Jupiter. 

census, -us, [unc. root (cf. censeo) 
-ftus], m., census, assessing. — 
Hence, property (as rated), pos- 
sessions. — Also pi. 

Centaurus, -I, [Gr. Kevravpos"], m., 
a Centaur. The Centaurs were 
fabulous beings, half man, half 
horse, sons of Ixion and of a cloud 
in the form of Juno. 

centum, [?], indecl., one hundred. 

Cephenus, -a, -um, [Cephe + 
nus], adj., of or belongmg to 
Cepheus, Cephenian, Ethiopian. 

Cepheus, -el, [Gr.K7j<£eus], m., king 
of the Ethiopians, father of An- 
dromeda. 

Cepheus, -a, -um, [Gr. form], adj., 
of or belonging- to Cepheus. 

Cephisis, -idis, [Gr. Kr\<puris~\, f. 
adj., sprung from or belonging to 
the Cephisus. 

Cephisus, -I, [Gr. Kr)<pi<r6s~], m., a 
river in Phocis. 

cera, -ae, [Gr. /r?}pos], f., wax. 

Cerambus, -I, [Gr. Kepa/ufios], m., 
Cerambus, who fled to Mount 
Othrys to escape the flood, and 
was changed into a beetle. 

ceratus, -a, -um, [p.p. of cero], 
as adj., waxed. 

Cerbereus, -a, -um, adj., of "or per- 
taining to Cerberus. 

Cerberus, -I, [Gr. KepBepos], m., 
the three-headed dog that guarded 
the entrance to the lower world. 



Vocabulary. 



27 



Cerealis, see Cerialis. 

Ceres, -eris, [y'CER (root of fres- 
co) + es, cf. pubes] , f., goddess 
of grain, daughter of Saturn and 
mother of Proserpine. — In prob. 
earlier meaning, grain, flour, 
bread. 

Cerialis (Cere-), -e, [stem, real or 
imaginary, akin to Ceres + alis], 
adj., of Ceres, of grain, pertaining 
to grain or agriculture. 

cerno, -ere, crevi, cretum, [?, 
cf. Kpiva>~\, v. tr. 3, separate. — 
Hence, distinguish, discern, descry, 
see, look at, gaze on. 

certamen, -inis, [certa -f men], 
n., contest. — Also pi., same sense. 

certatim, [certa + tim, as if ace. 
of fcertatis], adv., contentiously. 
— With verbs, vie with each other 
in, etc. 

certe, [old abl. of certus], adv., 
certainly, surely, without doubt, 
at least, at any rate. 

certo [abl. of certus], adv., cer- 
tainly, surely. 

certo, -are, -avi, -atum, [certo 
+ 0], v. intr. 1, {decide?). — 
Hence, strive, contend, vie. 

certus, -a, -um, [p.p. of cerno], 
adj., sure (both of things and per- 
sons), unfailing, steady, ' reliable,' 
certain, undoubted, undeniable : 
amor (constant) ; non certas 
(wandering) ; certum est (with 
dat. ), one is determined ; certum 
facere (inform). 

cerva, -ae, [?], f., hind. 

cervix, -icis, [akin to cerebrum], 
f., neck (esp. pi.), stiff neck (of 
spirited horses). 

cervus, -i, [?], m., stag. 

cespes, -itis, [?], m., turf sod. 

cesso, -are, -avi, -atum, [cesso 
(cf. cedo) -f o], v. intr. 1, linger, 



delay, be slow, languish, be idle, 
lie dormant, be replaced, be sup- 
planted. — pres. p., inactive, at 
rest: tempora cessata (time of 
idleness). 

(ceterus), -a, -um, [ce- (cf. hie) 
-f terus (cf. uter)], adj., the other 
(including all the rest) . — As noun, 
m., all the rest, the others. — n., 
everything else, the rest, the conse- 
quences (the rest, after an action 
or the like). 

ceu [?, prob. ce (in hic)-j-ve], 
conj., as, like, as if. 

Ceyx, -ycis, [Gr. Ktju^], m., Ceyx, 
king of Trachis, son of Lucifer, 
and husband of Alcyone. 

Chaonis, -idis, [Gr. Xaoj/is], adj., 
f., Chaonian, of Chaonia, a district 
in Epirus. 

Chaos, abl. Chao, [Gr. Xaos], n., 
(a yawning gulf ) , the boundless, 
empty space, as the kingdom of 
darkness, the Lozver World. — 
Personified, Chaos (or Infinite 
Space and Darkness). 

charta, -ae, [Gr. x<*P Tr l s ]i f-> papy- 
rus, paper, piece of paper. — Hence, 
letter, book. 

Charybdis, -is, [Gr. Xdpv&Sis'], f., 
a whirlpool in the Strait of Mes- 
sina, between Sicily and Italy. 

chelydrus, -i, [Gr. xe^fyjos], m., 
water-snake. 

chorda, -ae, [Gr. x°pW2> f., string 
(musical). 

chorus, -i, [Gr. x°P os \ m -> band of 
dancers, band (of Bacchus). 

chrysolithus, -i, [Gr. xpv<j6\idos~\, 
c, chrysolith (a precious stone), 
topaz. 

cibus, -i, [?], m., food, article of 
food. 

Cicones, -um, [Gr. Kt/coves], m., a 
people in Thrace, on the Hebrus. 



28 



Vocabulary. 



cicOnia, -ae, [?], f., stork. 
cicuta, -ae, [?], f., hemlock branch, 

hemlock (poisonous). 
cieo, -ere, ^i _ 

ci5, -Ire, }civi,citum,[Vci],v. 

tr. 2 and 4, set in motion, call 
forth, summon. 

Cilix, -icis, [Gr. KiAi|], adj., Cili- 
cian, of Cilicia, a province in the 
southern part of Asia Minor. 

Cimmerii, -orum, [Gr. Ki/ifiepioi], 
m., Cimmerians, a fabled people 
in the extreme West or North, 
where the sun does not shine. 

cinetus, p.p. of cingo. 

cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctum, [?], 
v. tr. 3, surround, gird, envelop, 
gird up (vestes). — Pass., gird 
one^s self, wind arowtd (of a 
snake), roll himself — p.p., sur- 
rounded, girt, crowned. 

cinis, -eris, [?], m., ashes. — Also 
pi. 

Cinyphius, -a, -um, [fCinyph 
+ ius], adj., of the Cinyps (a river 
of Libya), Cinyphian. — Less ex- 
actly, Libyan, African. 

Cinyras, -ae, [Gr. Kivvpas], m., an 
Assyrian king whose daughters 
were changed by Juno into the 
steps of a temple. 

circa, [unc. case-form from circum 
(cf. antea, etc.)], adv. and prep., 
around, round, about. 

Circaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Kip/ccuos], 
adj., of Circe, a daughter of the 
sun, famous for her sorceries, by 
which she changed men into 
beasts. 

circueo (circumeo), -ire, -ii, 
-itum, [circum-eo], v. tr. irr., 
go around, surround (of Minerva 
weaving a pattern). 

cireuitus, -us, [circum-itus, 
through circueo], m., circuit. 



circum, [petrified ace. of circus], 
adv. and prep., around, round, 
about. — In comp., same. 

circumdo, -are, -dedi, -datum, 
[circum-do], v. tr. 1, put around 
(one thing round another), sur- 
round (one with another). — p.p., 
surrounded. 

circumeo, see circueo. 

circumfero, -ferre, -tull, -latum, 
[circum-fero], v. tr. irr., bear 
around, turn around. 

circumfluo, -ere, -fluxl, no sup., 
[circum-fluo], v. tr. 3, flow 
around, bathe, wash (of a river). 

circumfluus, -a, -um, [circum- 
ffluus (akin to fluo)], adj. (both 
act. and pass.), flowing around, 
wave-washed. 

circumf undo, -ere, f udi, -f usum, 
[circum-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour 
around. — Also, surround (a thing 
by pouring). — p.p. (as middle), 
pouring around (of a crowd). 

circumlino, -ere, no perf., -litum, 
[circum-lino], v. tr. 3, smear 
around : auro {encase). 

circumsono, -are, -sonui, -soni- 
tum, [circum-sono], v. tr. 1, 
roar around. — Pass., be sur- 
rounded with the sound of. 

circumsonus, -a, -um, [circum- 
sonus], adj., sounding round, 
baying {round implied in the con- 
text in Eng.). 

circumspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec- 
turn, [circum-spicio], v. tr. 3, 
look around, look around upon, 
look around to see. 

circumsto, -are, -steti, no sup., 
[circum-sto], v. tr. I, stand 
around, surround. 

circus, -i, [?], m., circus, a?nphi- 
theatre. 

Cithaeron, -onis, [Gr. Ki0ai/>^r], 



Vocabulary. 



29 



m., a mountain in Boeotia, a famous 
haunt of Bacchus and the Muses. 

cithara, -ae, [Gr. Kiddpoi], f., lyre. 

cito, [abl. of citus], adv., quickly. 
— Comp., citius, quicker, sooner. 

citra, [prob. instr. of fciter, cf. cite- 

Irior], adv. and prep., this side. — 
Hence, from point of view, outside, 
beneath. — Of time, before. , 
citus, -a, -um, [p.p. of cieo], adj., 
quick, hasty, rapid, swift, flying 
(i.e. swift). 

civllis, -e, [civi- (lengthened) + 
lis], adj., of a citizen, civil : acies 
(internecine); jura (of polity). 

civis, -is, [V 01 ' b e \ c -> citizen. 

clades, -is, [?], f., disaster, calam- 
ity, misfortune. 

clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, [noun 
stem (akin to calendae) + o], v. 
tr. 1, shout, cry out. 

clamor, -oris, [clam- (as if root of 
clamo) + or], m., shout, outcry, 
cry, noise (of voices) . 

Claros (-rus), -i, [Gr. KAa'pos], a 
town in Ionia, where there was a 
famous temple of Apollo, who is 
called Clarius (deus), the Cla- 
rian god. 

clams, -a, -um, [cla- (as in 
clamo) -f rus], adj., loud, distinct, 
clear. — So, bright, refulgent, brill- 
iant, conspicuous. — Hence, fa- 
mous. 

classis, -is, [^/cla (in clamo) + 
tis], f.., (a summoning). — Less 
exactly, the army (called out). — 

tEsp., an army (called out for duty 
at sea), a fleet (the usual meaning). 
claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum, 
[perh. clavi-do], v. tr. 3, shut, en- 
close, shut up, confine, bar, im- 
prison. 
clava, -ae, [?], f., club. 
clavus, -i, [ ?], m., stripe. — Esp. on 



the tunic as distinctive of rank : 
latus (the broad stripe of senato- 
rial rank). 

clipeatus, -a, -um, [clipea- (as if 
stem of clipeo) 4- tus], adj., 
armed with a shield, shield-bearing. 

clipeus, -i, [?], m., shield (round, 
as opp. to scutum). 

clivus, -i, [cli- (cf. clino) 4- vus], 
m., slope, hillside, sloping table (in- 
dicated by context). 

Clymene, -es, [Gr. KAu^eVrj], f., 
daughter of Tethys, wife of the 
Ethiopian king Merops. Her 
children by the sun (Phcebus) 
were Phaethon and the Heliades. 

Clymeneius, -e, -um, [Clymene 
4- ius], adj., of Clymene. — Cly- 
meneia proles, Phaethon, son of 
Clymene. 

coacervo, -are, -avi, -atum, [con- 
acervo], v. tr. 1, heap up, heap to- 
gether. — p.p., piled, heaped: luc- 
tus (combined, one tipon . . . an- 
other) . 

coagulum, -i, [con-fagulus (ago 
4- lus)], n., curd. 

coarguo, -ere, -gui, -gutum, [con- 
arguo], v. tr. 3, prove, make 
known (cf. arguo). 

Cocalus, -i, [Gr. Kw/caAos], m., a 
king in Sicily who received and 
protected. Daedalus when he fled 
from Crete. 

coctilis, -e, [cocto- (weakened) 4- 
lis], adj., baked. — Hence, of brick. 

coeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [con-eo], v. 
intr. irr., go together, assemble, 
gather, unite, be joined, be nar- 
rowed (two sides coming to- 
gether). 

coepi, -isse, coeptum, [con- 
fapio, cf. apiscor], v. tr. def. irr., 
begin. — p.p., coeptus, begun. — n. 
pi., coepta, undertakings, efforts. 



So 



Vocabulary. 



coerceo, -ere, -ercul, no sup., 
[con-arceo], v. tr. 2, restrain, 
confine, quell, subdue. 

Coeus, -I, [Gr. Kotos], m., a Titan, 
the father of Latona. 

cognatus, -a, -um, [con-gnatus, 
p.p. of nascor], as adj., akin. — 
As noun, kindred. 

cognomen, -inis, [con-(g)nomen, 
through cognosco], n., name. 

cognosco, -ere, -novl, -nitum, 
[con-fgnosco (old form of nos- 
co)], v. tr. 3, learn, recognize. — 
p. in -dus, recognizable. 

cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum, 
[con-ago], v. tr. 3, bring together, 
coagulate (lac) . — Also, compel, 
force, reduce : nullo cogente, 
with no (outside) force ; agmen, 
close (of Lucifer coming last of the 
stars). 

cohaereo, -ere, -haesi, -haesum, 
[con-haereo], v. intr. 2, stick fast, 
be caught. 

cohors, -hortis, [?], f., band, com- 
pany. 

Colchis, -idis, [Gr. KoAx^s], f., the 
Colchian woman, i.e. Medea. 

Colchus, -a, -um, [Gr. KoAxos], 
adj., Colchian, of Colchis, a town in 
the northeast of Asia Minor, on the 
Black Sea. — PL, Colchi, the Col- 
chians. 

collabor (conl-), -I, -lapsus, 
[con-labor], v. dep. 3, fall, sink. 

colligo (conl-), -ere, -legi, -lec- 
tum, [con-lego], v. tr. 3, gather, 
collect, bring together. — Also, in- 
fer, gather (as in Eng.) : sitim 
{contract, get thirsty) . 

collis, -is, [?], m., hill. 

colloquium, see conloquium. 

collum,-!, [?], n., neck. — Also pi. 

colluo (conl-), -ere, -lui, -latum, 
[con-luo], v. tr. 3, wash, moisten. I 



colo, -ere, -uT, -cultum, [?], v. tr. 
3, cultivate, inhabit, cherish, wor- 
ship. — See also cultus. 

colonus, -I, [colo- (old stem akin 
to colo) + nus (cf. aegrotus)], 
m., husbandman, farmer. 

Colophonius, -a, -um, [Gr. K0A0- 
cpu>uios~\, adj., Colophonian, of Colo- 
phon, a Greek city in Lydia. 

color, -oris, [?], m., color, hue, 
complexion. 

colubra, -ae, [?], f., snake, ser- 
pent. 

columba, -ae, [?], f., dove. 

columna, -ae, [akin to colo, but 
conn. unc. (cf. alumnus)], f., 
column, pillar. 

colus, -1, (-us) [?], f., distaff. 

coma, -ae, [?], f., hair, head (cov- 
ered with hair). — Less exactly, 
foliage. 

comans, -antis, [as if pres. p. of 
fcomo, (cf. coma)], adj., having 
hair : stella (a comet). 

combibo (conb-), -ere, -bibi, no 
sup., [con-bibo], v. tr. 3, drink 
up, absorb, drink in. 

comes, -itis, [con-, stem akin to 
meo, (cf. semita)], c, compan- 
ion, sharer : comes esse, share 
(acting). 

cominus, [con-manus, petrified as 
adv.], adv., hand to hand, at short 
range, in close fight. 

comito, -are, -avi, atum, [comit 
+ 0], v. tr. 1, accompany. — Pass., 
as deponent, accompany. 

commentum, -I, [con-fmentum 
(p.p. of memini)], n., {thing 
thought up), fiction, idle tale. 

commereo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [con- 
mereo], v. tr. 2, deserve, earn. 

commissus, p.p. of committo. 

committo, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
[con-mitto], v. tr. 3, commit, en- 



Vocabulary. 



trust, trust, place (in some posi- 
tion). — Also of crimes, etc., com- 
mit. — Of contest, join, begin, 
engage in. 

commoveo, -ere, -movl, -motum, 
[con-moveo], v. tr. 2, arouse. 

communis, -e, [con-fmunis (cf. 
munia)], adj., {having duties to- 
gether, cf. immunis), held in 
common, common (to two things). 
— As noun., the com??ions, the body 
(gentis). 

communiter, [communi + ter], 
adv., together, in common. 

como, -ere, compsi, comptum, 
[?], v. tr. 3, deck, arrange. 

compactus, -a, -um, [p.p. of com- 
pingo], as adj., joined together. 

compages, -is, [com-fpages (akin 
to pango), perh. through com- 
pingo], f. , joining, joint: lapi- 
dum, joi nted (ox joined) stones. 

1. compello, -are, -avl, -atum, 
[stem akin to 2. compello + o 
(cf. 1. appello)], v. tr. 1, address, 
accost. 

2. compello, -pellere, -pull, 
-pulsum, [com-pello], v. tr. 3, 
join together in a body. — With 
weaker meaning of prep., drive, 
force. 

compendium, -i, [con-fpendium 
(■^/pend -f ium), perh. through 
compendo], n., saving: com- 
pendia montis (short cut over, 
etc.). 

compesco, -ere, -pescui, [?], v. tr. 
3 (keep within pasture bounds?'), 
restrain, confine, quell, quench. 

complector, -i, -plexus, [com- 
plecto], v. dep. 3, embrace, sur- 
round, encompass. 

compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [con- 
pleo], v. tr. 2, fill up, fulfil, com- 
plete. 



complexus, -us, [con-plexus^ 
through complector], m., em- 
brace. 

comploro, -are, -avi, -atum, 

[con-ploro], v. tr. 1, lament, be- 
wail. 

compono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
[con-pono], v. tr. 3, put together. 
— Hence, compare, compose 
(verse), arrange, compose (the 
countenance). — Also, put up, lay 
to rest, bury. 

comprecor, -ari, -atus, [con-pre- 
cor], v. dep. \,pray (stronger than 
precor). 

comprehendo (-prendo), -ere, 
-endi, -ensum, [con-prehendo], 
v. tr. 3, catch, seize, arrest. 

comprendo, see comprehendo. 

comprensus, p.p. of compre- 
hendo. 

comprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- 
sum, [con-premo], v. tr. 3, press 
together, close (the eyes in death), 
check, restrain. 

conamen, -inis, [cona + men], n., 
effort, spring (effort of motion). 

conbibo, see combibo. 

concavo, -are, -avF, -atum, [con- 
cavo], v. tr. 1, bend together, bend 
in, hollotv out. 

concavus, -a, -um, [con-cavus], 
adj., hollowed in, hollow. 

concedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 
[con-cedo], v. tr. 3, yield, yield 
the palm. 

concentus, -us, [con-cantus], m., 
accord, harmony (prob. here in 
our modern sense?). 

concha, -ae, [Gr. K6yx r i]i f-> shell, 
conch-shell. 

concido, -ere, -cidi, -casum, 
[con-cado], v. intr. 3, fall, col- 
lapse. 

concieo, -ere, -clvi, -citum, (also 



32 



Vocabulary. 



concio, -ire), v. tr. 2 and 4, stir 

up, set in (violent) ??iotion, arouse, 
rouse. — p.p., concitus, aroused, 
excited: amnis {swollen) ; sagitta 
{shot) . — Hence, swift. 

concilium, -I, [?, perh. con-cilium 
(cf. ' put heads together ')], n., as- 
sembly, council. 

concipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
[con-capio], v. tr. 3, catch, gather, 
collect, be filled with (ace.), con- 
ceive: iras {conceive) ; animo 
imaginem {conceive, form) ; ignes 
{kindle, catch) ; preces {begin to 
utter) ; a lupo conceptus {sired 
by, etc.). 

conelamo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[con-clamo], v. tr. 1, cry out, ex- 
claim. 

concordia, -ae, [concord -f ia], 
f., harmony, unanimity, peace, 
friendship, agreement, union (of 
souls). 

concordo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[concord -f o], v. intr. I, harmo- 
nize, be in harmony : carmina 
nervis {music sounds in harmony 
on the strings) . 

concors, -cordis, [con-cor, inn. as 
adj.], adj., agreeing (prop, of per- 
sons). — Less exactly, in harmony, 
harmonious. 

concresco, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, 
[con-cresco], v. intr. 3, grow to- 
gether, congeal, gather. — p.p., 
concretus, gathered, congealed. 

concurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, 
[con-curro], v. intr. 3, run to- 
gether. — Esp. in hostility, fight 
with, meet (in battle). 

concursus, -us, [con-cursus, 
through concurro], m., rush to- 
gether. — Hence, crash (caeli). 

concustodio, -ire, [con-custodio], 
v. tr. 4, guard. 



conditio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 

[con-quatio], v. tr. 3, shake up, 
shake, clash (arma). 

condicio, -onis, [con-dicio (cf. 
condico)], f., terms, condition, 
terms of agreement. 

condo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [con- 
2 do], v. tr. 3, put together, build, 
found (a city), lay (walls). — 
Also, put away (up), hide, bury, 
preserve (fruits, cf. 'put up'), 
close (the eyes in death), prepare 
for burial. 

conduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 
[con-duco],v. tr. 3, bring together, 
gather. 

confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 
(colla-), [con-fero], v. tr. irr., 
bring together, match (breast to 
breast), unite, conteiid, change (in 
volucrem) : se {betake). 

conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 
[con-facio], v. tr. 3, make up, do 
up, finish. — p.p., confectus, ex- 
hausted (cf. ' done up '). 

confido, -ere, -fisus sum, [con- 
fido], v. intr. 3, trust. 

confinium, -i, [confini- (reduced) 
-f ium], n., common boundary. 

confiteor, -eri, -fessus, [con- 
fateor], v. dep. 2, confess: se 
{confess his identity). 

confremo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [con- 
fremo] , v. intr. 3, set up a mur- 
mur, murmur. 

confugio, -ere, -fugi, no sup., 
[con-fugio], v. intr. 3, betake 
one's self in flight, take refuge with 
(ad). 

confundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, 
[con-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour to- 
gether, mingle together. — Fig., 
confound, confuse. — Also (by de- 
stroying organization), destroy. — 
Pass., be lost in, be confounded. 






Vocabulary. 



33 



congelo, -are, -avi, -atum, [con- 

gelo], v. tr. I, congeal, harden, pet- 
rify. 

congeries, -el, [con-fgeries, 
(ger- as root -f ies), through 
congero], f., mass. 

congero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum, 
[con-gero], v. tr. 3, bring together, 
heap up, heap tipon, mass. 

congestus, p.p. of congero. 

congredior, -I, -gressus, [con- 
gradior], v. dep. 3, come together. 
— Esp. in hostile sense, meet in 
battle. 

conicio (conjicio), -ere, -jeci, 
-jectum, [con-jacio], v. tr. 3, 
(throw with a stroke), strike, 

■ plant (of a weapon), implant. 

conjectus, p.p. of conicio. 

conjugialis. -e, [conjugio- (re- 
duced) + alis], adj., relating to 
marriage, conjugal. 

conjugium, -1, [conjug- (stem of 
conjunx) -f ium], n., marriage, 
alliance (by marriage). 

conjungo,-ere, -junxl, -junctum, 
[con-jungo], v. tr. 3, join together, 
join, unite. 

conjunx, -jugis, [con-jug (root of 
jungo as stem, with accidental 
n)], c, consort, husband^ wife. 

conjuro, -are, -avi, -atum, [con- 
juro], v. intr. I, swear together, 
conspire. — p.p.,conjuratus, hav- 
ing conspired, conspiring, having 
sworn together. 

conloquium (coll-), -i, [con-flo- 
quium, through conloquor], n., 
converse, conversation. 

connubiuni, see conubium. 

conor, -ari, -atus, [?], v. dep. 1, 
try, endeavor. 

conp-, see comp-. 

conqueror, -i, -questus, [con- 
queror], v. dep. 3, complain. 



consanguineus, -a, -um, [fcon- 
sanguin- (cf. exsanguis, etc.) + 
eus], adj., of a brother, a brother 's, 
kindred. 

conscelero, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[con-scelero],v. tr. 1, make guilty, 
stain, pollute (with crime). 

conscendo, -ere, -scendi, -seen- 
sum, [con-scando], v. tr. 3, climb 
up, mount. 

consents, -a, -um, [con-fscius 
(akin to scio, cf. inscius)], adj., 
having knowledge of (together 
with the party concerned), privy 
to. — As noun, confidant, witness, 
person privy (to a thing) . 

consenesco, -ere, -senui, [con- 
senesco], v. intr. 3, grow old to- 
gether. 

consequor, -i, -secutus, [con- 
sequor], v. dep. ^follow up, over- 
take, attain. 

consero, -ere, -sevi, -situm, [con- 
sero], v. tr. 3, sow (lands) with 
(abl.). ^ 

considero, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[fconsidus, an astronomical word, 
referring to constellations], v. tr. 1, 
(calculate positions of stars?), con- 
template, consider, question. 

consido, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, 
[con-sido] , v.intr.3, sit down, sit on. 

consilium, -i, [consul + ium, perh. 
orig. body of colleagues (cf. col- 
legium)], n., (body of counsel- 
lors?), council. — Hence, counsel, 
advice, plan, design. 

consisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, 
[con-sisto], v. intr. 3, take a stand, 
take one's place, stand, alight: 
vina, hold together (so as to stand 
up), stand firm. 

consitus, p.p. of consero. 

consolor, -ari, -atus, [con-solor], 
v. dep. 1, console, condole with. 



34 



Vocabulary. 



consors, -sortis, [con-sors], c, 

prop, adj., {sharing the same lot), 
partner, wife, husband. — As adj., 
sanguis, kindred. 

conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, 
[con-spicio], v. tr. 3, espy, co?ne 
in sight of. — p.p., conspectus, 
observed, conspicuous. 

conspicuus, -a, -um, [con-fspic- 
uus ( A /SPEC+ vus)], adj., distin- 
guished, conspicuous, visible. 

consterno, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[noun stem akin to sterno], v. tr. 
I, strike with terror. — Pass., be 
terror-stricken . 

constituo, -ere, -11I, -Stum, [con- 
statuo], v. tr. 3, set up, set. 

consuesco, -ere, -suevi, -suetum, 
[con-suesco], v. tr. 1, accustom. 
— p.p., consuetus, accustomed, 
wonted, usual. 

consul, -ulis, [?, prob. con + sal 
(in salio)], m., consul (orig. 
dancing priest, then colleague). 

consulo, -ere, -sulul, -sultum, 
[unc, perh. con-salio, referring 
to a college of dancing priests], v- 
tr. 3, (be a consul or colleague) . — 
Hence (through the action of the 
consuls), coimsel, take measures 
(for one, dat.), consult for, take 
care (for). — With ace, consult. 

consumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sfimp- 
tum, [con-sumo], v. tr. 3, devour, 
consume. 

consurgo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum, 
[con-surgo], v. intr. 3, rise up 
{together), rise. 

contactus, -us, [con-tactus, 
through contingo], m., contact, 
touch. 

contemno, -ere, -tempsl, -temp- 
tum, [con-temno], v. tr. 3, de- 
spise, scorn. 

contemptor, -oris, [con-temptor, 



through contemno], m., scorner, 
despiser. 

contemptrix, -icis, [con-temp- 
trix, through contemno], f., 
scorner (female), regardless (in 
app. treated as adj.). 

contemptus, -us, [con-temptus, 
through contemno], m., scorn, 
contempt. 

contendo, -ere, -tendl, -tentum, 
[con-tendo], v. tr. 3, strain, 
stretch. — Fig., contend, maintain 
(a proposition). 

contentus, -a, -um, [p.p. of con- 
tineo], as adj., {self restrained), 
content, satisfied. — Also, bounded 
(i.e. contained) . 

conterminus, -a, -um, [con-ter- 
minus], adj., {with same bounda- 
ries) , close by, near to. 

conterreo, -ere, -ul, -itum, [con- 
terreo], v. tr. 2, alar 771 (much or 
suddenly) , frighten. 

conticesco, -ere, -ticui, no sup., 
[con-tacesco, through conticeo], 
v. intr. 3, be hushed. 

contiguus, -a, -um, [con-ftiguus 
(tag -f vus), perh. through con- 
tingo], adj., adjoining. 

contineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, 
[con-teneo] , v. tr. 2, hold together, 
hold, contain, restrain. 

contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum, 
[eon-tango], v. intr. 3, touch, 
reach, come to. — Hence, fall to 
the lot of become one's (possession), 
happen (without a definite person 
to whom), occur. 

continuus, -a, -um, [con-ftinuus 
( y'TEN + vus) , perhaps through 
contineo], adj., adjoining, con- 
tinuous, uninterrupted. 

contorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortum, 
[con-torqueo], v. tr. 2, hurl. 

contra, [unc. case-form, prob. instr. 






Vocabulary. 



35 



of fcontr5- (con + tero-, cf. in- 
ter)], adv. and prep. — Adv., op- 
posite, on the other side, on the 
opposite side. — Fig., on the other 
hand, on the contrary, in return, 
in reply, in opposition. — Prep., 
over against, against, opposite. 

contractus, p.p. of contralto. 

contraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, 
[con-traho], v. tr. 3, bring to- 
gether, contract, shorten, shrink. 

contrarius, -a, -um, [contra (re- 
duced) + arius], adj., in opposi- 
tion, opposed, the opposite of, oppos- 
ing: in contraria (in the opposite 
direction, backward). 

contremisco, -ere, -tremuf, no 
sup., [con-tremisco], v. intr. 3, 
tre??ible all over, shake, shtidder, 
quake. 

contribuo, -ere, -ul, -utum, [con- 
tribuo], v. intr. 3, contribute. 

contumulo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[con-tumulo], v. tr. 1, bury, en- 
tomb. 

contundo, -ere, -tudl, -tusum, 
[con-tundo], v. tr. 3, beat, bruise. 

conubium (connu), -I, [conuba 
(reduced) -f ium], n., marriage. 
— Also pi., same. 

conus, -I, [Gr. kwuos (cf. cuneus)], 
m., a cone. — From its shape, the 
peak (of a helmet), a crest (to 
which the flowing crest was fas- 
tened). 

convalesco, -ere, -valui, no sup., 
[con-valesco], v. intr. 3, grow 
strong, be restored, increase, burn 
bright (ignes). 

convello, -ere, -velli, -vulsum, 
[con-vello], v. tr. 3, tear, tear 
azvay. 

convenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventuin, 
[con-venio], v. intr. 4, come to- 



agree, befit: convenit (it is 

agreed). 
conversus, p.p. of converto. 
converto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 

[con-verto], v. tr. 3, turn around 
(with reflex., turn (intr.)), change, 
transform. — Also, turn to one's 
self, attract. — p.p., conversus, 
changed, transformed: terga con- 
versa dare, turn the back (in 
flight). 

convexus, -a, -um, [p.p. of con- 
veho], adj., vaulted (arched like 
the heavens). 

convicium,-!, [prob. convoc- (con- 
vox, as adj., talking together) + 
ium], n., altercation, wr angling, 
abusive or insulting xvords. — Also 
pi., same. 

convictus, -us, [con-victus], m., 
living together, coterie. 

conviva, -ae, [con-fviva (cf. agri- 
cola)], m., guest. 

convivium,-!, [conviva- (reduced) 
-f ium, but possibly primary from 
root], n., feast. — Also pi. 

convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [con- 
voco], v. tr. I, call together, sum- 
mon. 

copia, -ae, [fcopi- (con-ops re- 
duced) -f ia], f., abundance, re- 
sources, freedom of choice, liberty 
(to do a thing), chance (to do), 
opportunity. 

coquo, -ere, -coxi, -coctum, 
y'COQU (cf. 7T60-ffa>)], v. tr. 3, cook, 
boil. — Pass., boil (intr.). 

cor, cordis, [cf. xapdia'], n., heart 
(physical and moral sense). 

Corinna, -ae, [Gr. KopLwa], f., an 
unknown person, mistress of the 
parrot whose death Ovid lamented 
in an elegy. 

Corinthus, -i, [Gr. K6pivBos~\, f., 
Corinth, a celebrated city by the 



36 



Vocabulary. 



isthmus that joins the Peloponne- 
sus to Central Greece; called bi- 
maris because it lay close to 
the Corinthian and the Saronic 
gulfs. 

corneus, -a, -urn, [cornu- (re- 
duced) + eus], adj., of horn, 
horny. 

corniger, -eri, [cornu- (weakened) 
-f ger (for gerus)], adj., homed. 

cornix, -icis, [?], f., crow. 

cornu (-us), [cf. horn], n., horn, 
tongue (of land), wing. 

cornum, -I, [n. of cornus], n., 
cornel berry. 

cornus, -I, [cornu- (reduced) + 
us], f., cornel (tree or wood, 
named from its hardness; cf. horn- 
beam), cornel shaft. 

corona, -ae, [?], f., garland, crown. 

Coronides, -ae, [Gr. KopooviSrjs], 
m., Aesculapius, son of the nymph 
Coronis and Apollo. 

corono, -are, -avi, -atum, [co- 
rona -f o], v. tr. I, decorate zuith 
garlands. — Less exactly, encircle 
(like a garland). 

corpus, -oris, [unc. root -f us], n., 
body, frame, form, creature : fidis- 
sima {souls). 

correptus, p.p. of corripio. 

corrigo (conr-), -ere, -rexl, -rec- 
tum, [con-rego], v. tr. 3, straight- 
en. — Hence, reform, change for 
better, better, remedy, mend. 

corripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, 
[con-rapio], v. tr. 3, snatch up, 
seize, grasp, catch, captivate : viam, 
begin (their) course ; segetes 
{spoil, catch with a blight). 

cortex, -icis, [?], m., bark, rind. 

cortina, -ae, [?], f. (properly, 
kettle). — Hence, shrine (at Del- 
phi, which was a kettle on a tripod, 
over the sacred orifice). 



corusco, -are, -avi, -atum, [co- 

rusco + o] , v. intr. 1 , quiver. 

Corycides, -am, [Gr. KoopvKides], 
f. adj., of Corycium (a cave of Mt. 
Parnassus), Corycian. — Assubst., 
Nymphs of Parnassus. 

corylus, -I, [Gr. nopvAos], f., hazel 
(wood or nut). 

costa, -ae, [?], f., rib. 

cothurnus, -1, [Gr. Kodopuos'], m , 
buskin (a high boot worn on the 
tragic stage), cothurnus. 

coturnix, -Icis, [?], f., quail. 

crater, -eris, [Gr. KpaT-np], m., 
(also cratera, -ae, f.), bozul, cup. 
— Hence, basin (of a spring). 

creator, -oris, [crea- (stem of 
creo) -f tor], m., sire, father, 
founder, creator. 

creatus, p.p. of creo. 

creber, -bra, -brum, [ ?, akin to 
creo, cresco], adj., thick (either 
of that which abounds, or that with 
which a thing abounds), numer- 
ous, croxvded. 

credibilis, -e, [credi- (as stem of 
credo) -f-bilis], adj., to be be- 
lieved, credible, trustworthy. 

credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [fcred- 
(trust) -f do], v. tr. 3, place confi- 
dence in (dat.), credit, trust, believe, 
think. — p.p., creditus, believed. 

Credulitas, -atis, [fcredulo 
(weakened) -f tas], f., Credulity 
(personified). 

cremo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. 
tr. 1, bum, consiwie. 

creo, -are, -avi, -atum, [causative 
of root in Ceres, or from noun 
stem akin], v. tr. I, produce (as of 
the earth, or by generation), give 
birth to. — p.p., creatus, produced 
by, son of, daughter of(ab\.). 

crepito, -are, -avi, no sup., [cre- 
pito- (pp. of crepo) -f o], v. intr. 






Vocabulary. 

chatter, babble (of 



37 



I , rattle, 
brook). 

crepo, -are, -ul, -itum, [?], v. intr. 
I, crackle, rattle, chatter. 

crepusculum, -I, [fcrepus (old 
creper) + culum], n., twilight. — 
Also pi. 

cresco, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, 
[ere- (stem akin to fcreo) + sco], 
v. intr. 3, grow, enlarge, widen, 
extend. — p.p., cretus, son of 
(abl.). 

creta, -ae, [prob. from Creta], f., 
chalk, chalk line (as goal), goal. 

Crete, -es, (Creta, -ae), [Gr. 
Kpr)Tr{], f., Crete, the large island 
(now Candia) south of Greece. 

cretus, -a, -uin, p.p. of cresco. 

crimen, -inis, [cri- (as root of 
cerno) + men], n., (decision), 
charge, crime, guilt, suspicion (of 
a charge). 

crinalis, -e, [crini (cf. crinis, 
reduced) + alis], adj., for the 
hair. 

crinis, -is, [?], m., hair (also pi.), 
locks. — Also, train, trail (of a 
comet). 

crinitus, -a, -um, [crini- (as if 
stem of fcrinio) + tus], adj., fur- 
nished with hair: crinitus dra- 
conibus (with dragon locks). 

crista, -ae, [?], f., crest. 

cristatus, -a, -uni, [crista- (as if 
stemoffcristo)-|-tus],adj.,rr^/^. 

Crocale, -es, [Gr. KpoKaKrf], f., a 
nymph, daughter of Tsmenus. 

croceus, -a, -um, [croco- (re- 
duced) + eus], adj., of saffron, 
saffron (colored). 

crocus, -i, [Gr. kd6ko{\, m., saffron. 

Croesus, -i, [Gr. Kpo7<ros~], m., 
king of Lydia, proverbial for his 
wealth. 

cruciatus, -us, [crucia- (stem of 



crucio) + tus], m., crucifixion. 

— Less exactly, torture. 
crudelis, -e, [unc. e-stem (akin to 

crudus) -f lis], adj., cruel. 
cruento, -are, -avi, -atum, [cru- 
ento + o], v. tr. I, stain with blood. 

— p.p., blood-stained, bloody. 
cruentus, -a, -um, [foment- (par- 
ticipial stem akin to cruor) -f us], 
adj., bloody, of blood, blood-stained. 

cruor, -oris, [?], m., gore (shed, 
but still warm), blood (from a 
wound) . 

crus, cruris, [?], n., leg (of beast 
or man), limb. 

cublle,-is, [cubo- (or kindred stem) 
-f- ilis], n. of adj., bed. < — Esp. mar- 
riage bed. — Also pi. 

cubitus, -i, [p.p. of cubo], m., 
elbow (from its use in reclining). 

cubo, -are, -ui (-avi), -itum, 
[cuba -f o], v. intr. I, lie, recline. 

culmen, -inis, [^col ( m colo) 
+ men], n., (perh. orig. thatch), 
roof, top. — Also pi. — Also, stalk, 
straiv. 

culmus, -i, [akin to colo, but conn. 



unc; 

stalk. 
culpa, 
culpo, 

+ o], 

with. 
culter, 
cultor, 



see preceding word], m., 

ae, [?], {., fault, guilt. 
•are, -avi, -atum, [culpa 
v. tr. I, blame, find fault 



tri, [?], m., knife. 
-oris, [vcoL-f tor], m., 
cultivator. — Hence, inhabitant, 
worshipper. 

cultus, -a, -um, [p.p. of colo], as 
adj., cultured, polished. — n. pi., 
culta, crops. 

cultus, -us, [y'COL-f tus], m., cul- 
tivation, civilization, mode of cul- 
tivation (concretely), garb (part 
of cultivation of the body), wor- 
ship, cult. 



38 



Vocabulary. 



cum (quoin), [ace. of stem quo- 
(cf. turn)], conj., Qwhat time'''), 
when, while, at the time when, 
since, although. 
cum, [?], prep., with (of accom- 
paniment, rarely instrumental), 
along with, together with : mutare 
cum {change for) ; quid cum, 
what (has one) to do with. — As 
adv. in comp., com, con, co, 
with, together, up (as in Eng., fin- 
ishing up the action of the verb, 
or concentrating it) ; often lost in 
force of verb. 
Cumaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Ki^cuos], 
adj., Cumcean, of Cumce, an an- 
cient colony of the Chalcidians in 
Campania, the residence of the 
Sibyl. 
cumba (cym-), -ae, [Gr. Kv/j.fir)'], 

{., boat. 
cumulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [cu- 
mulo + o], v. tr. I, pile up, fill up. 
cunctor, -ari, -atus, [?], v. dep. 
I, hesitate, object, refuse. — pres. p., 
cunctans, loath. 
cunctus, -a, -um, [co-iunctus], 
adj., all. — m. pi. as noun, all 
(men). — n. pi., all things, every- 
thing. 
cuneatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of cuneo], 

adj., wedge-shaped. 
cupidineus, -a, -um, [Cupidin 

+ eus], adj., of Cupid, of Love. 
cupido, -inis, [cupido (reduced) 
+ o (n)], f., desire, thirst, longing, 
eagerness, hunger (fig.). — m. per- 
sonified, Cupid. 
cupidus, -a, -um, [noun stem (akin 
to cupio) + dus], adj., eager, de- 
sirous. 
cupio, -ere, -ivi, -I turn, [Vcup], 
v. tr. 3, be eager for, desire (ur- 
gently). — pres. p., cupiens, 
eager, very willing. 



cupressus, -I, [Gr. Kvirapiaaos] , f., 

cypress. 
cur, [some form of quis and res 

(cf. quare)], adv. inter, and rel., 

why, wherefore. 
cura, -ae, [perh. akin to caveo], f., 

care, anxiety, attentio7i (esp. med- 
ical) : alicui esse curae (be one's 

care) . 
curalium (cora-), [Gr. Kopa.\iov'], 

n., coral. — Also pi. 
Cures, -ium, m. and f., the ancient 

chief town of the Sabines in Cen- 
tral Italy. 
Curetis, -idis, [Gr. Kovpijris], f. 

adj., Cretan, of the Curetes, who 

were the early inhabitants of 

Crete. 
cfiria, -ae, [?], f., senate-house. 
euro, -are, -avi, -atum, [cura 

+ o], v. tr. I, care, take care, take 

care of, care to know (followed by 

question). 
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum, 

[?], v. intr. 3, run. 
currus, -us, [akin to curro], m., 

chariot. — Also pi. 
cursus, -us, [Vcur(r) + tus], m., 

rwining, rush, course, running 

race, race : timido cursu (in 

frightened haste). 
curvamen, -inis, [curva + men], 

n., curve. 
curvatura, -ae, [curva + tura (as 

if curvatu + ra, cf. figura)], f., 

curve. 
curvo, -are, -avi, -atum, [curvo 

-f o], v. tr. i, curve, bend. — p.p. 

as adj., curved. 
curvus, -a, -um, [unc. root + vus 

(cf. curtus)], adj., curved, round 

(of ships' bottom), bending Cof 

dolphins as they rise). 
cuspis, -idis, [?], f., point, sting, 

spear, pointed spear. 



Vocabulary. 



39 



custodia, -ae, [custod + ia], f., 
guardianship. — Concretely, guard. 

cfistodio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, [cu- 
stod- (as if fcustodi-) -f- o], v. tr. 
4, keep guard over, guard. 

custos, -odis, [?], c, guardian, 
guard. 

cutis, -is, [?], f., skin, hide. 

Cyane, -es, [Gr. KuctfTj], f., a little 
stream flowing into the Anapis 
near Syracuse in Sicily. Personi- 
fied, the nymph of the stream. 

Cybeleius, -a, -um, [Gr. Kv@e- 
\r)'£os~], adj., of or pertaining to 
Cybele, a Phrygian goddess, wor- 
shipped as mother of the gods. 

Cyclades, -um, [Gr. Ku«-Aa5es], f. 
pi., a group of islands around 
Delos, in the ^Egean Sea. 

Cyclops, -opis, [Gr. KvkA<d\P~\, m., 
a Cyclops, fabled giants with one 
eye in the middle of the fore- 
head. Their home was in Sicily, 
and they worked in the forges of 
Vulcan. 

Cycnus (Cygnus),-!, [Gr. Kvkvos'], 
m., swan. — As proper name: I. 
son of Sthenelus, king of Liguria, 
a relative of Phaethon; 2. son of 
Neptune, king of Colonae, near 
Troy, killed by Achilles. Both 
Cygni were changed into swans. 

Cygnus, see CyCnus. 

Cyllene, -es, [Gr. KvW^vr}'], f., a 
mountain in Arcadia where Mer- 
cury was born. 

cymba, see cumba. 

Cynthus, -I, [Gr. YLvvBos], m., a 
mountain in Delos, the birthplace 
and favorite haunt of Apollo. 

Cyprius, -a, -um, [Gr. Kvirpios], 
adj., Cyprian, of Cyprus, a large 
island in the Eastern Mediterra- 
nean, where was a famous temple 
of Venus. 



Cyprius, -I, m., the Cyprian, one of 
Actaeon's hounds. 

Cythereus, -a, -um, [Gr. tKi>07j- 
pzioi\, adj., of Cythera, an island 
off the coast of Laconia, sacred 
to Venus. — fern., the goddess of 
Cythera, Venus. 

Cytoriacus, -a, -um, [as if from 
Gr. Kvr co piaK 6 si, adj., of or pertain- 
ing to Mt. Cytorus, in Paphlagonia, 
famous for its boxwood. 



D. 

Daedalus (-os), -i, [Gr. AalSa\os], 
m., a famous mythical artist of 
Athens, who built the Cretan laby- 
rinth, and, escaping from Crete on 
artificial wings, landed at Cumae in 
Italy. 

Damasichthon, -onis, [Gr. Aafia- 
aixd(t}v~\, m., a son of Niobe. 

damma (dama), [?], f. (rarely 
m.), fallow deer. 

damno, -are, -avi, -atum, [dam- 
no + o], v. tr. I, {fine?), coit- 
detnn, sentence, punish : visa 
{judge vain). 

damnosus, -a, -um, [damno- (re- 
duced) -f osus], adj., causing loss, 
injurious : senectus {withering, 
robbing one of pleasures and 
powers). 

damnum, -i, [prob. pres. pass. part. 
of do (cf. alumnus)], n., (prop., 
fine), loss, injury, outrage (suf- 
fered), destruction, curse. 

Danae, -es, [Gr. &ava.r\\, {., daugh- 
ter of King Acrisius of Argos. 
She was beloved by Jupiter, who 
approached her in the form of a 
shower of gold ; and she became 
the mother of Perseus. 

Danaus, -a, -um, [Gr. Aava6s~\. 
adj., of Danaus, a mythic king of 



40 



Vocabulary. 



Egypt who settled in Argos, father 
of the Danaides and king of Argos. 

— Less exactly, Grecian. — m. pi., 
the Greeks. 

Daphne, -es, [Gr. Aa<pvri~\, f., a 
nymph beloved by Apollo and 
changed by her mother the Earth 
into a laurel tree. 

daps, dapis, [ ?] , f., feast, viands. 

— PL, viands. 

Dardanius, -a, -um, [Gr. AapSd- 
vios~], adj., (of Dardanus, king of 
Troy), of Troy, Trojan. — fem., 
the Trojan country. 

datus, p.p. of do. 

de, [unc. case form], prep., down 
(cf. demum), down from, off from 
(cf. ex, out of; ab, azoay front), 
of out of, made of, according to 
(cf. ex), by. — As adv. in comp., 
same. — Also, not, un-, away, 
completely ; often merged in verb. 

dea, -ae, [f. of deus], f., goddess. 

debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [de- 
habeo], v. tr. 2, owe (cf. l be so 
much ouf), ought. — Pass., be due : 
se (owe one's life) ; debita ali- 
menta (which one ought to give) . 

debilis, -e, [de-habilis], adj., 
(' unhandy'}, weak, feeble. 

debilito, -are, -avi, -atum, [prob. 
de-habilito, but associated with 
debilis], v. tr. 1, weaken. 

decern, [prob. old ace], adj., ten. 

decens, -entis, [pres. p. of decet], 
as adj., charming. 

decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, 
[de-cerno], v. tr. 3, decide (cf. 
cerno), determine. — With inf., 
resolve, determine. — Esp. in a 
contest, contend, fight. 

decerpo, -ere, -cerpsi, -cerptum, 
[de-carpo], v. tr. 3, pluck off, 
pluck. 

decerto, -are, -avi, -atum, [de- 



certo, but associated with de- 
cerno], v. intr. I, fight out, fight 
to the end. 

decet, -ere, -uit, [prob. noun stem 
(cf. decor) -feo], v. impers. 2, 
befit, be fitting, ought, and the like. 
— Rarely personal in third person : 
esse (it should be). 

deeido, -ere, -cidi, no sup., [de- 
cado], v. intr. 3, fall dozvn, fall 
off, fall. 

decies (deciens), [decern (re- 
duced) + iens], adv., ten times. 

decimus, -a, -um, [decern (re- 
duced) + imus], adj., tenth. 

decipio, -ere,-cepi, -ceptum, [de- 
capio], v. tr. 3, (take off, cf. 'take 
in'~\, deceive, mislead, beguile. 

declino, -are, avi, -atum, [de- 
clino], v. tr. 1, bend away, turn 
off: se, turn away (intr.); cur- 
sum (turn from one's course) . 

declivis, -e, [de-clivus (weak- 
ened)], adj., descenduig downward 
(via), sloping (downward) : per 
declive (down the descent). 

decor, -oris, [V DE C + or], m., 
beauty, adornment. 

decoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [decor- 
(stem of decus) + o], v. tr. 1, 
' decorate, adorn. 

decorus, -a, -um, [decor- (stem of 
decor) +us], adj., lovely, beauti- 
ful. 

decresco, -ere, -evi, -etum, [de- 
cresco], v. intr. 3, decrease, di- 
minish. 

decretum, -i, [n. p.p. of decerno], 
n., determination, decree. 

decurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, 
[de-curro], v. intr. 3, run out 
(with cogn. ace), run off. 

decus, -oris, [y'DEC + us (cf. 
decor)], n., brilliancy, glory (in 
all Eng. senses). 



Vocabulary. 



41 



dedecet, -ere, -uit, [de-decet], 
v. impers. 2 (but sometimes pers. 
in third pers.), be unbecoming. 

dedecus, -oris, [de-decus], n., 
disgrace. 

dedo, -ere, dedidi, deditum, 
[de- 1 do], v. tr. 3, {give away), 
consign, surrender: neci {put). 

deduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 
[de-duco], v. tr. 3, lead down, 
draw down, empty (river), iveave 
(argumentum), stroke (barbam), 
draw tight (a sail). — Also, escort, 
conduct. 

defectus, p.p. of deficio. 

defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum, 
[de-fendo], v. tr. 3, {strike doivn), 
ward off. — Hence (transf. to ob- 
ject attacked), defend, protect, 
cover. 

defensus, p.p. of defendo. 

defero, -ferre, tuli, -latum, [de- 
fero], v. tr. irr., bear down. — 
Hence, bear to, bring, report. — 
Pass., sail to, land on or at. 

defessus, -a, -um, [de-fessus], 
adj., tired cut. 

deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, [de- 
facio], v. tr. 3, (' make off,' cf. pro- 
ficio), desert, abandon. — Hence, 
fail, give out. — p.p., defectus, 
failing, faded (amor) : defectus 
vigore {failing in, etc., faint). 

defigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixum, [de- 
figo], v. tr. 3, fasten down, bind 
down, fix in (of a weapon, etc.). 

defleo, -ere, flevi, -fletum, [de- 
fleo], v. tr. 2, bewail, lament. 

defluo, -ere, -fliixi, -fluxum 
(fluct-, fluit-), [de-fluo], v. intr. 
3, flow down. — Less exactly, drop 
away, fall, sink. 

deformis, -e, [de-forma, infl. as 
adj.], adj., unshapely, unsightly. 

de fremitus, -a, -um, [de-frena- 



tus], adj., unbridled, unhindered. 

defungor, -i, -functus, [de-fun- 
gor], v. dep. 3, perform through, 
have done with : defunctus terra 
{done with earth). 

degrandino, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[de-grandino], v. intr. 1, hail 
(severely). 

degravo, -are, -avi, -atum, [de- 
gravo], v. tr. 1, weigh down, de- 
press, press down. 

dehisco, -ere, -hivi, no sup., [de- 
hisco], v. intr. 3, gape open, yawn. 

Deianira, -ae, [Gr. ArjieU'e/pa], f., 
the daughter of GEneus, king of 
Calydon, sister of Meleager, and 
wife of Hercules. 

deicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, [de- 
jacio], v. tr. 3, throw down, over- 
throw. 

deinde, [de-inde], adv., {from 
thence), aftertvards, a)id then, 
then. 

dejectus, -us, [de-jactus, through 
deicio], m., throwing down. — 
Less exactly, fall. 

delabor, -i, -lapsus, [de labor], v. 
dep. 3, glide down, descend. — 
p.p., fallen off, slipped off. 

delenio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [de- 
lenio], v. tr. 4, soothe. 

Delia, see Delius. 

deliciae, -arum, [delico- (stem of 
delicus, pig left by its mother) + 
ia], f., {cosselling), pet, thing kept 
for pleasure, delight, sportive tri- 
fles (verse). 

delictum, -i, [p.p. of delinquo], 
n., failure, wrongdoing, guilt. 

deliqueo, -ere, -licui, [de-liqueo], 
v. intr. 2, thaw. 

Delius, -a, -um, [Gr. ArjTuos], adj., 
ofDelos, Delian. — m. sing., Apollo, 
god of Delos. — f. sing., Diana, 
goddess of Delos. 



42 



Vocabulary. 



Delos, -I, [Gr. Ar/Xos'], f., the cen- 
tral island of the Cyclades in the 
^Egean Sea, birthplace of Apollo 
and Diana. 

Delphi, -drum, [Gr. AeXcpoQ, m. 
pi., a place in Phocis, at the foot 
of Mt. Parnassus, where was a 
famous oracle and temple of 
Apollo (in the earliest times be- 
longing to Themis). 

Delphicus, -a, -um, [Gr. Ae\<£>t- 
kos~], adj., of Delphi, Delphic. — 
m. sing., the Delphic god, Apollo. 

delphin, -Inis, [Gr. SeA^nV], m., 
dolphin. 

delfibrum, -I, [de-flubrum {^/lu 
-f brum, cf. pollubrum)], n., 
shrine (for purification, hence gen- 
erally). 

demens, -mentis, [de-mens], adj., 
{out of mind) , mad, wild, frenzied. 

demitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
[de-mitto], v. tr. 3, let fall, let 
down, send down, plunge (a 
weapon). — With reflex., run 
doivn,fall down : demisit vultum 
animumque, dropped, fell (chang- 
ing subject). — p.p., demissus, 
as adj., descending, low: crinis 
{dishevelled'). — Comp., too low. 

demo, -ere, -dempsi, -demptum, 
[de-emo], v. tr. 3, take away, re- 
move, take (from) ; dempto fine 
{without end). 

demptus, p.p. of demo. 

deni, -ae, -a, [decani (reduced) -f 
nus], adj., ten (each), ten. 

denique, [deni (case of de -f nus) 
-que], 2l&v., finally (cf. demum), 
at last, only {then and not before) . 

dens, dentis, [?], m., tooth (of ani- 
mal, or comb, and the like) ; dens 
Indus {ivory). 

densus, -a, -um, [?], adj., thickly 
grown, thick, stout (carina). 



Deois, -idis, [Gr. Aran's], f., daugh- 
ter of Deo {Ceres), Proserpine. 

depello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, 
[de-pello], v. tr. 3, drive off, put 
to flight, scatter : bellum {turn 
away, ward off). 

dependeo, -ere, -pendl, no sup., 
[de-pendeo],v. intr. 2,hang down, 
hang, be suspended. 

deperdo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [de- 
perdo] , v. tr. 3, lose utterly, lose. 

depereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [de- 
pereo], v. intr. irr., die off, die out, 
perish, waste away. 

deploratus, p.p. of deploro. 

deploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de- 
ploro], v. tr. I, lament, bewail. 

depono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
[de-pono], v. tr. 3, lay down, lay 
aside, put aside, lay to rest, entrust 
(seed to the ground), dismiss 
(metus) , qitench (sitim) . — n. 
p.p., depositum, a trust. 

depopulor, -arl, -atus, [de-popu- 
lor], v. dep. I, ravage, lay zvaste. 

deposco, -ere, -poposci, no sup., 
[de-posco], v. tr. 3, demand (to 
be given up). 

deprecor, -arl, -atus, [de-precor], 
v. dep. 1, beg off, pray (to be de- 
livered from something) : hoc 
unum {renounce, I pray, etc). 

deprehendo, -ere, -hendi, -hen- 
sum (-prendo, etc.), [de-pre- 
hendo], v. tr. 3, seize, catch, get. — 
Hence, detect, find out. 

deprendo, see deprehendo. 

deprensus, p.p. of preceding. 

derigeo, see dirigeo. 

derigesco, -ere, -riguf, [de-rige- 
sco], v. intr. 3, grow rigid, stiffen. 

descendo, -ere, -scendl, -scen- 
sum, [de-scando], v. intr. 3, 
climb dorvn, descend, penetrate (of 
a weapon). 



Vocabulary. 



43 



desero, -ere, -serui, -sertum, 

[de-sero], v. tr. 3, forsake, aban- 
don, desert, leave. 

desidia, -ae, [desid- (stem of ,de- 
ses) -f ia], f., idleness. 

designo (confounded with dissi- 
gno), -are, -avi, -atum, [de- 
(dis-) signo], v. tr. 1, mark out, 
draw (e.g. in embroidery). 

desilio, -ire, -ul (-il), -sultum, 
[de-salio], v. intr. 4, leap down, 
leap {down implied). 

desino, -ere, -sivi (sil), -situni, 
[de-sino], v. intr. 3, leave off {ci. 
sino), cease, finish, desist, end in, 
go off into (in piscem). 

desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, [de- 
sisto], v. intr. 3, {stand off), 
cease, desist, abandon an under- 
taking. 

desolatus, -a, -um, [pp. of de- 
solo], adj., desolate, deserted. 

despecto, -are, -avl, -atum, [de- 
specto, through or associated with 
despicio], v. tr. \,look down upon. 

despicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, 
[de-specio], v. tr. 3, look down 
upon. — Hence, despise. 

destino, -are, -avl, -atum, [de- 
fstino (perh. akin to sto), cf. 
obstino], v. tr. 1, destine, purpose, 
plan, appoint. 

destituo, -ere, -ill, -utum, [de- 
statuo], v. tr. 3, {leave in the 
lurch, cf. Fr. ' planter /a'), desert, 
abandon. 

destringo, -ere, -strinxi, -stric- 
tum, [de-stringo], v. tr. 3, strip 
- off, rub off, scrape. — Hence (cf. 
' scrape ' and ' rub '), graze. 

desuetus, -a, -um, [p.p. of desu- 
esco], as adj., unwonted (of a lost 
habit), unaccustomed. 

desum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, [cle- 
sum], v. intr. irr., be wanting, be 



lacking. — Often with dat. to be 
trans., have no — , find no — , be 
no — : quaerenti orbis deest 
{the earth is too small, etc., 'gives 
out'). 

detego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, [de- 
tego], v. tr. 3, uncover, lay bare. 

deterior, -oris, [comp. of deterus 
(de + terus)], adj., worse. 

detero, -ere, -trivi, -tritum, [de 
tero], v. tr. 3, rub off, wear off, 
zvear away. 

deterreo, -ere, -ul, -itum, [de- 
terreo] , v. tr. 2, frighten off. — 
Less exactly, deter (in any way). 

detraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum 
(prob. also -a, cf. detrecto), [de- 
traho], v. tr. 3, drag off, pluck. — 
Fig., remove. 

detrecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [de- 
tracto], v. tr. 1, {take off by hand- 
ling, cf. carpo), malign, dispar- 
age.^ 

detrudo, -ere, -trusi, -trusum, 
[de-trudo], v. tr. 3, thrust down. 

Deucalion, -onis, [Gr. AevKa\lwv], 
m., a son of Prometheus, king of 
Thessaly, the survivor, with Pyrrha, 
of the flood. 

deus, -I, [?, akin to divus, etc.], 
m., god. 

deverto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 
[de-verto], v. tr. 3, turn off, turn 
away, divert. 

devexus, -a, -um, [p.p. of de- 
veho], adj., sloping (perh. orig. 
on all sides, cf. convexus). 

devius, -a, -um, [de-via, infl. as 
adj.], adj., out of the way, remote. 

devolvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutum, 
[de-volvo], v. tr. 3, roll off. 

devoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [de- 
voro], v. tr. 1, {gulp down), 
swallow: lacrimas, restrain (cf. 
1 swallow,' ' choke down ' in Eng.). 



44 



Vocabulary. 



devoveo, -ere, -vovi, -votum, 

[de-voveo], v. tr. 2, (vow away 
or to destruction) , curse, devote. 

dexter, -era (-ra), -erum (-rum), 
[unc. stem + ter(us)], adj., the 
right: dextra (on the right). — 
Comp., dexterior, the right. 

dexterior, see dexter. 

Dia, -ae, [Gr. Aia], f., the ancient 
name of the island, of Naxos. 

Diana, -ae, [perh. akin to Ianus], 
f., the goddess of the moon and of 
hunting, sister of Apollo, identified 
with Hecate. 

died, -ere, dixl, dictum, [^dic 
(lengthened)], v. tr. 3, say, call, 
na??ie, appoint, lay down (legem), 
speak of as (lapides ossa): dixe- 
rat, he had finished (speaking). — 
See also dictum. 

Dictaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Alktcuos~], 
adj., of Dicle (a mountain in 
Crete). — Less exactly, Cretan, of 
Crete. 

die to, -are, -avi, -atum, [dicto 
+ o], v. tr. 1, dictate. 

dictum, -i, [n. p.p. of dico], n., 
word, speech, ' sentiment ' (ex- 
pressed). 

Dictynna, -ae, [Gr. aIktvpvcl], f., 
a Cretan name for Diana. 

dies, -el, [akin to divus], m. and 
f., daylight, day, the Day (person- 
ified). — Hence, time: die (by 
day) ; ante diem, before (his) 
time; cadens (the setting sun); 
oriens, occidens (used of places 
or regions, the East, the West). 

differo, -ferre, distuli, dilatum, 
[dis-fero], v. tr. irr., postpone, put 
off, delay. 

diflficilis, -e, [dis-facilis] , adj., 
difficult. 

diffido, -ere, -fisus, -sum, [dis- 
fido], v. intr. 3, distrust. 



diffugio, -ere, -f ugi, no sup., [dis- 
fugio], v. intr. 3, fly in all direc- 
tions, disperse, fly (apart being 
implied in Eng.). 

diffundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, 
[dis-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour azuay, 
scatter abroad, scatter. 

digero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum, [dis- 
geroj, v. tr. 3, (carry apart, each 
thing to its place), arrange. — 
Hence, interpret (giving each 
thing its meaning), set forth (in 
detail). 

digitus, -1, [akin to dico], m., fin- 
ger. — Also, toe. 

dignor, -ari, -atus, [digno + o], 
v. dep. I, deem worthy, deign. 

dignosco, -ere, -gnovi, -gnotum, 
[dis-(g)nosco], v. tr. 3, tell apart. 

dignus, -a, -um, [?, cf. digitus 
and dico], adj., worthy, meet for, 
deserving : esse (deserve) . 

digredior, -1, -gressus, [dis-gra- 
dior], v. dep. 3, step apart, depart. 

dilabor, -1, -lapsus, [dis-labor], 
v. dep. 3, glide away. 

dilacero, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- 
lacero], v. tr. 1, tear in pieces, 
re?id, mangle. 

diligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, [dis- 
lego], v. tr. 3, (select apart). — 
Hence, love (with reflection, cf. 
amo, love with passion). 

dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
[dis-mitto], v. tr. 3, send away, 
dismiss, dispel: animum (set to 
rove) . 

dimoveo, -ere, -movi, -motum, 
[dis-moveo], v. tr. 2, draw aside, 
dispel, part, cleave. 

Dindyma, -orum, [Gr. AtvSu/j.a], 
n., a mountain in Mysia sacred to 
Cybele. 

Diomedeus, -a, um, [Gr. Aio/j.ri- 
Seios], adj., of Diomedes, an Argive 






Vocabulary. 



45 






chief, one of the greatest Grecian 
warriors at Troy. 

Dirce, -es, [Gr. Alpicr)'], f., a spring 
near Thebes in Bceotia. 

directus, p.p. of dirigo. 

dirigeo (der-), -ere, -uT, no sup., 
[dis- (de-) rigeo], v. intr. 2, stif- 
fen, become motionless. 

dirigesco, see derigesco. 

dirigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum, 
[dis-rego], v. tr. 3, direct (cf. 
dispicio), aim. — p.p., directus, 
straight. 

diriino, -ere, -emi, -emptum, 
[dis-emo], v. tr. 3, take apart, 
rend asunder, separate, take 
away. 

diripio, -ere, -ripuT, -reptum, 
[dis-rapio], v. tr. 3, tear off, 
plunder. 

diruo, -ere, -rul, -rutum, [dis- 
ruo], v. tr. 3, {dig up, so as to 
destroy*), raze. 

dirus, -a, -urn, [V DI {ffar)-\-ruB\, 
adj., fearful, dreadful, dire, dread. 

dis, ditis, [dives contracted], adj., 
rich. — Masc. as noun, Pluto (as 
god of the earth below, the source 
of wealth). 

dis- [akin to duo], prep, in comp., 
apart, asunder, un- (reversing the 
meaning of the simple word). 

discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 
[dis-cedo], v. tr. 3, withdraw, 
depart. 

discerno, -ere, -crevT, -cretum, 
[dis-cerno], v. tr. 3, separate, 
divide. — Hence, distinguish, dis- 
cern. 

discidium, -T, [dis-fscidium (cf. 
excidium)], n., separation, di- 
vorce. 

disco, -ere, didici, no sup., [incep. 
of dico], v. tr. 3, learn. 

diseors, -cordis, [dis-cor (infl. 



as adj.)], adj., at variance (prop- 
erly, of feelings), discordant. 

discrimen, -inis, [dis-crimen], n., 
decision, test, crisis, decisive ?no- 
meni, danger, risk, distinction. 

discus, -1, [Gr. 5iV/cos], m., discus, 
quoit. 

discutio, -ere, -cuss!, -cussum, 
[dis-quatio], v. tr. 3, dash in 
pieces, crush. 

disicio (disji-), -ere, -jecl, -jec- 
tum, [dis-jacio], v. tr. 3, cleave, 
scathe, tear asunder. 

dispar, -is, [dis-par], adj., unequal, 

dlspenso, -are, -avi, -atum, [dis- 
penso], v. tr. I, distribute. 

dispersus, -a, -um, [p.p. of di- 
spergo], adj., scattered. 

displiceo, -ere, -111, no sup., [dis- 
placeo], v. intr. 2, displease. 

dispono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
[dis-pono], v. tr. 3, set apart 
(each thing in its place), dispose, 
arrange. 

dissaepio, -ire, -saepsi, -saeptum, 
[dis-saepio], v. tr. 4, wall asun- 
der, keep apart, enclose. 

dissideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, 
[dis-sedeo], v. intr. 2, {sit apart). 
— Hence, be discordant, differ. 

dissilio, -ire, -11I (ivT), -sultum, 
[dis-salio], v. intr. 4, leap apart, 
yawn (solum), crack. 

dissimilis, -e, [dis-similis], adj., 
unlike. 

dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[dis-simulo], v. tr. 1, pretend the 
contrary (something is not, that 
is), conceal. 

dissipo ( supo), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[dis-fsupo], v. tr. I, scatter. 

dissociatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of 
dissocio], adj., separated, sev- 
ered, sundered, divided. 

dissuadeo, -ere, -suasi, -suasum, 



4 6 



Vocabulary. 



[dis-suadeo], v. intr. 2, dis- 
suade. 
distendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum, 

[dis-tendo], v. tr. 3, stretch apart, 
stretch out, stretch, distend. 

distinguo, -ere, -tinxT, -tinctum, 
[dis-stinguo], v. tr. 3, mark 
apart (to distinguish, originally by 
tattooing?), mark, distinguish, set 
off L 

disto, -are, -stiti, no sup., [dis- 
sto], v. intr. 1, stand apart, be dis- 
tant, be far. — Hence, be different, 
be inferior. — pres. p., distans, 
distant. 

diu, [case-form of fdius, akin to 
dies], adv., {for a day, all day). 
— Hence (cf. dies), for a long 
lime, a long time, long. 

diurnus, -a, -um, [prob. fdius- 
(akin to dies) + nus], adj., daily. 

diuturnus, -a, -um, [akin to 
dies], adj., lasting. 

dius, -a, -um, [akin to divus], 
adj., divine. 

diva, see divus. 

divello, -ere, -velli (-vulsi), -vul- 
sum, [dis-vello], v. tr. 3, tear 
asunder, tear in pieces. 

diversus, -a, -um, [p.p. of di- 
verto], adj., different, apart, dis- 
tant, afar. 

dives, -itis, [?],adj.,r?V/$ (humus). 

divido, -ere, -visi, -visum, [dis- 
fvido (cf. viduus), v. tr. 3, sepa- 
rate, divide, tear aswtder. 

divino, -are, -avi, -atum, [divino 
+ 0], v. intr. I, prophesy, fore- 
know. — pres. p., divinans, pro- 
phetic. 

divitiae, -arum, [divit- (stem of 
dives) -f ia], f., wealth, riches. 

divus, -a, -um, [V DIV (length- 
ened) + us], adj., divine. — As 
noun, god, goddess. 



^6, dare, dedi, datum, [cf. ri- 

07?^], in comp. in abdo, condo, 
etc., place, set. — Mostly con- 
founded with 2 do, wh. see. 

2 do, dare, dedi, datum, [^/da], 
v. tr. 1, give (more widely even 
than in Eng.). — To be transl. 
by a great variety of verbs with 
originally quite different ideas, 
consign (to the tomb), render, 
offer, utter (murmura sortem), 
devote, give up, afford, perform 
(promissa), fulfil, grant, pay 
(poenas), allow, imprint (os- 
cula), inflict (vulnera), entrust, 
turn (terga), administer (jura). 
— Often with changed form of 
expression : dare saltus in aere 
{bound in air) ; dare retro aura 
(flozo back). 

doceo, -ere, -ul, no sup., [akin to 
disco], v. tr. 2, teach, show. — 
p.p., doctus, learned, skilful. 

documentum, -T, [doce- (weak- 
ened) -f- mentum], n., proof. 

Dodonaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. AoSo;- 
va?os~], adj., of Dodona, a city in 
Epirus famous for its oracle of 
Jupiter in an oak grove. 

doleo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [?],v. intr. 
2, be pained, suffer, grieve. 

Dolon, -onis, [Gr. A6\wv~\, m., a 
Trojan scout, killed by Diomedes 
and Ulysses. 

dolor, -oris, [dol-- (as if root of 
doleo) + or], m., pain, grief 
cause of grief, tears (in a poetic 
sense) : dolori est {it is a grief). 

dolus, -1, [akin to doleo and dolo, 
orig. a stroke?], m., a trick. — 
PL, trickery, wiles. 

domabilis, -e, [doma- (stem of 
domo) + bilis], adj., conquer- 
able. 

domesticus, -a, -um, [fdomesti- 



Vocabulary. 



47 



(akin to domus, cf. agrestis) 
-feus], adj., native, of the home, 
domestic. 

domina, -ae, [domo -f na], f., mis- 
tress. — In appos., like an adj., 
dominant (terra),, 

dominor, -arl, -atus, [domino 
-f o], v. dep. I, be master, rule, 
dominate. 

dominus, -I, [domo + nus], m., 
master of the house, owner, master, 
lord. 

domo, -are, -ul, -itum, [?], v. tr. 
I, overcome, tame, quell, soften (by 
cooking). 

domus, -us (-1), [?], f., house, fam- 
ily (cf. ' house '), household : rega- 
lis {palace); domi {at home). — 
PL, halls, homes. 

donee, [?], conj., as long as, until, 
till. 

dono, -are, -avf, -atum, [dono 
-f o], v. tr. 1, give (aliquid alicui), 
present (aliquem aliqua re) : 
paelice donata {having received, 
etc.). 

donum, -1, [do- (as stem of do) 
-f num (n. of nus)], n., gift, of- 
fering. 

Dorceus, -ei, [Gr. Aopxevs], m., 
one of Action's dogs. 

Doris, -idis, [Gr. Acopls~], f., daugh- 
ter of Oceanus, a sea-nymph, wife 
of Nereus and mother of the Ne- 
reids. — Also, the sea. 

dorsum, -1, [?], n., back. 

dos, dotis, [do- (as stem of do) 
-f tis], f., dowry \ marriage gift. 
— Hence, endowment, excellence 
(cf. ' dowry,' fig.). 

dotalis, -e, [doti- (reduced) -f 
alis], adj., belonging to a dowry ; 
regnum {as a dowry). 

draeo, -onis, [Gr. bpa.Kuiv'], m., ser- 
pent, dragon. 



Dromas (only norm), [Gr. Apofxas'], 
f., one of Action's hounds. 

Dryades, -um, [Gr. Apvd8es~], f., 
nymphs of the trees. 

Dryas, -antis, [Gr. Apvas~], m., a 
son of Mars who took part in the 
Calydonian hunt. 

dubitabilis, -e, [dubita -f bilis], 
adj., doubtful: nee erit dubita- 
bile verum {nor will there be a 
doubt of the truth). 

dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, [fdu- 
bito- (stem of p.p. of fdubo) -f o], 
v. intr. I, doubt, be in doubt, have 
doubt, hesitate : dubitor an {it is 
doubted zvhether I, etc.) ; ne du- 
bita {doubt not, do not be alarmed, 
have no fear). — p.p., dubitatus, 
questioned, suspected. 

dubius, -a, -um, [akin to duo], 
adj., doubtful (either of person or 
thing), wavering: in dubio {in 
doubt) . 

dueo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 
[Vduc (cf. redux)], v. tr. 3, 
lead, draw, guide. — Also to be 
transl. by many words of different 
origin in Eng., take on (formam), 
get, construct, take, prolong, think. 

dulcedo, -inis, [dulci- (reduced) 
-f edo, as if fdulce-f do], f., 
nveetness. 

dulcis, -e, [?], adj., sweet, dear. — 
n. as noun, a sweet mixture, a 
1 szveel. ' 

Dalichius, -a, -um, [Gr. Aov\i- 
X^os], adj., Dulichian, of Duli- 
chium, an island near Ithaca and 
often confounded with it. 

dum, [ace. of y/BA (cf. num, turn, 
cum)], conj., {that time), so long 
as, cchile, until: nondum, not 
yet. 

dummodo, [dum-modo], conj., so 
long only, provided. 



4 8 



Vocabulary. 



duo, -ae, -o, [dual form, cf. 8uo>], 

num., two. 
duplico, -are, -avi, -atum, [du- 

plic- (stem of duplex)], v. tr. I, 

double. — Hence, collapse (cf. 

'double up '). 

duritia, -ae / r , „ , ,. ,,. Nn 
,- .,.- __>, [duro + tia (ties)], 
dunties, -eij 

f., hardness. 

duro, -are, -avi, -atum, [duro 

+ o], v. tr. and intr. I, harden. — 
Also, harden (one's self), endure, 
last, hold out. 

durus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hard, 
rough, tough. — Also, hardy, harsh. 

dux, ducis, [y'DUC, as stem], c, 
leader, guide, commander, general : 
hac duce {under her guidance). 



E. 

e, see ex. 

ebenum, -I, [Gr. %Bevoi\, n., ebony. 

ebur, eboris, [?], n., ivory. — 
Hence, things of ivory, ivory scab- 
bard, ivory statues (pi.). 

eburneus, -a, -um, [ebor -f neus], 
adj., of ivory, ivory-. — Less ex- 
actly, of color, ivory- (white) . 

eburnus, -a, -um, [ebor + nus], 
same as eburneus. 

ecce, [?], interj., lo ! here ! 

Echidna, -ae, [Gr. "ExtSva], f., a 
poisonous monster, daughter of 
Chrysaor, mother of Cerberus, the 
Chimaera, the Lernaean Hydra, 
and the Sphinx. 

Echion, -onis, [Gr. 'E%W], m. : 
I. one of the men that sprang 
from the dragon's .teeth sown by 
Cadmus; 2. a son of Mercury, who 
took part in the Calydonian hunt. 

Echlonius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Exd- 
vios], adj., of Echion. 

ecquis (qui), -qua, -quid (quod), 



[en (em?) -quis], pron., will 
{does, has, etc.) any one : ecquid, 
at all? (in question). 

edax, -acis, [ed- (as root of edo) 
-f ax], adj., consuniing, gnawing, 
voracious. 

edisco, -ere, -didici, [e-disco] , v. 
tr. 3, learn (by heart) . 

edo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [ex-do], 
v. tr. 3, give out, say, declare, pro- 
claim, utter, emit. — Also, pro- 
duce, give birth to. — p.p., editus, 
born, son of — n. pi., commands. 

edo, -ere, edi, esum, [y'ED], v. 
tr. 3, eat, gnaw. 

edoceo, -ere, -ui, -doctum, [ex- 
doceo], v. tr. 2, show forth, teach, 
explain. 

Edonis, -idis, [Gr. 'HSam's], f/adj., 
Edonian, i.e. Thracian. — Also, 
Thrace. 

educo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, [ex- 
duco], v. tr. 3, draiv out, draw 

_ up, take away. 

Eetioneus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'HeTtco- 
veLos~], adj., of E'etion, king of 
Thebes in Mysia, father of An- 
dromache. 

effero, -ferre, extuli, elatum, 
[ec(s)-fero], v. tr. irr., bear forth, 
bear out, raise up, put forth, pub- 
lish. — Esp., carry to the grave. 

effervesco, -ere, no perf., no sup., 
[efferve- (as stem of efferveo) 
+ sco], v. intr. 3, boil up. — Less 
exactly, burn ; rush forth, glitter. 

eflfetus (effoetus), -a, -um, [p.p. 
of feffeo], adj., exhausted by bear- 
ing, worn out (by age). 

efficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, [ec(s)- 
ficio], v. tr. 3, make out, make up, 
produce, make, cause. 

effigies, -ei, [ec(s)-ffigies, through 
effingo] , f . , form, figure. 

efflo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ec(s)- 



Vocabulary. 



49 



flo], v. tr. i, blow out, breathe out, 
breathe. 

effluo, -ere, -fluxi, no sup., [ec(s)- 
fluo], v. intr. 3, flow out. — Less 
exactly, slip out, drop, escape. 

effodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossum, 
[ec(s)-fodio], v. tr. 3, dig out, 
dig up. 

effoetus, see eflfetus. 

effugio, -ere, -fugi, no sup., [ec(s)- 
fugio], v. intr. 3, fly from, escape, 
avoid, fly (from something). 

effulgeo, -ere, -fulsi, no sup., 
[ec(s)-fulgeo], v. intr. 2, shine 
forth. 

effundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, 
[ec(s)-fundo], v. intr. 3, pour 
forth, waste, put forth, let loose. — 
p.p., effusus, pouring (of a 
river). 

egeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [fego- 
(stem of fegus) (cf. indigus)], 
v. intr. 2, be without, lack, need, re- 
quire, ivant. — pres. p., egens, 
without. — As noun, a beggar. 

egero, -gerere, -gessT, -gestum, 
[e(x)-gero], v. tr. 3, carry out, 
dig out. 

ego, mel, etc., [?], pron., /, me, 
etc. 

egredior, -1, -gressus, [e(x)-gra- 
dior], v. dep. 3, go forth, come 
forth (out), go up, pass up, pro- 
ceed. 

egressus, -us, [e(x)-fgrassus (cf. 
grassor), through egredior], m., 
going forth, egress. 

ei (hei), [?], interj., alas ! 

eicio (ejicio), -ere, -jeci, -jectum, 
[e(x)-jacio], v. tr. 3, cast out, cast 

_ up. 

ejaculor, -ari, -atus, [e(x)-jacu- 
lor], v. dep. I, throw out, spurt out 
(trans.). — With reflex., spurt out 
(intr.). 



ejecto, -are, -avi, -atum, [e(x)- 
jacto], v. tr. 1, cast out, cast up, 
cast forth : ejectata favilla {show- 
ers of sparks). 

eleetrum, -1, [Gr. ^Ae/fTpoj/], n., 
amber. — Also pi. 

Elegl, -orum, [Gr. "EAe70i], m., 
elegiac verses personified. 

elegia, -ae, [Gr. t\eyeia~\, f., elegy, 
elegiac poetry. 

elemeutum, -1, [L, M, N + tum, 
orig. pi.], n., A, B, C's. — Hence, 
element. 

Eleus, -a, -um, [Gr. 5 HAe?os], adj., 
of E lis, Elean. 

elex, -icis, [ex-flex ( ^lic as stem) 
(cf. elicio)], m., drain, ditch. 

elicio, -ere, -licui, -licitum, [e(x)- 
lacio], v. tr. 3, lure forth, call forth. 

elido, -ere, -lisl, -llsum, [e(x)- 
laedo], v. tr. 3, strike out, force 
out: aere eliso {dashing the air) . 
— Also, crush. 

eligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum, [e(x)- 
lego], v. tr. 3, choose out, select, 
choose, elect. 

Elis, -idis, [Gr. 7 HAjy], f., a district 
in the western part of the Pelo- 
ponnesus. 

eloquinm, -T, [e(x)-floquium (cf. 
colloquium)], n., eloquence, ora- 
tory. 

eludo, -ere, -lusi, -lusum, [e(x)- 
ludo], v. tr. 3, {dodge, parry, in 
sword 'play'), 'dodge? elude, es- 
cape, evade. — Hence, deceive. 

eluo, -ere, -lul, -lutum, [e(x)- 

_ luo], v. tr. 3, wash away. 

Elysius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'HAwtnos], 
adj., Elysian, of Elysium, the 
_ abode of the blessed dead. 

Emathius, -a, -um, [from Gr. 
'H/uafl/a], adj., of Emathia, Mace- 
donian. 

emendo, -are, -avi, -atum, 



5o 



Vocabulary. 



[femendo- (e-mendum) + o], v. 

tr. I, correct, emend. 
emico, -are, -micui, no sup., [e(x)- 

mico], v. intr. i, dart forth, shoot 

forth, spurt forth, flash (out), dart. 

— Less exactly, project (of a rock 

in the water). 
emineo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [e(x)- 

mineo], v. intr. 2, project, stand 

up, rise up. 
emiuus, [e(x)-manus], adv., from 

afar, at long range (opp. to 

comiims). 
emitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 

[e(x)-mitto], v. tr. 3, let go 

forth, let loose, let go, let out, utter, 

send away. 
en, [?], interj., lo ! 
Enaesimus, -1, [Gr. 'Evalo-t/j.os'], m., 

a son of Hippocoon, killed in the 

Calydonian hunt. 
enim, [?], con}., for (explanatory) : 

sed enim {but) ; neque . . . enim 

(for . . . not). 
Enipeus, -I, [Gr. 'Evnrevs'], m., a 

tributary of the Apidanus in Thes- 

saly. 
enitor, -T, -nisus (-nlxus), [e(x)- 

nitor], v. dep. 3, struggle up. — 

Also, bring forth. 
Ennius, -1, m., the earliest Roman 

epic poet (239-169 B.C.). 
enodis, -e, [e(x) -nodus (inn. as 

adj.)], adj., free from knots, 

smooth-stemmed. 
en sis, -is, [?], m., sword. 
enumero, -are, -avi, -atum, 

[e(x)-numero], v. tr. 1, recount, 

enumerate. 
eo, ire, Ivi (ii), itum, [V 1 ]* v - 

intr. irr., go (of almost all kinds of 

motion), pass, go by, walk. — 

Fig., of time and the like. 
eo, [old dat. of is], adv., to that 

place, thither, thereto. 



eodem, [old dat. of idem, i.e. eo 
+ dem], adv., to the same place. — 

_ Fig. , to the same account. 

Eoiis, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Hwos, adj. from 
'Hois, Dawn\, adj., of the dawn, 
Eastern. — m. sing., the name of 
one of the horses of the sun. — m. 
pi., the Eastern people, the Ori- 
entals. 

Ephyre, -es, [Gr. 'E^vpa], f., the 
ancient name of Corinth. 

Epidaurius, -a, -urn, [Gr. 'Eiridxv- 
pios], adj., Epidati7'ian,of Epidau- 
rus, a city in Argolis. — Esp. m. 
sing., the Epidaurian god, sEscu- 
lapius, who was carried to Rome 
in the form of a snake. 

Epimethis, -idis (-idos), [Gr. 
patronymic], f., Pyrrha, daughter 
of Epimetheus. 

Epiros, -1, [Gr. "Hneipos'], f . , a dis- 
trict of Greece, in the northwest, 
bordering on the Adriatic Sea. 

epistola (-tula), -ae, [Gr. eVt- 
<tto;\.7/], f., epistle, letter. 

epotus, -a, -um, [ex-potus], adj., 
drunk up. 

epulum, -1, epulae, -arum, [?], 
n. and f., feast, banquet, viands. 

eques,-itis, [equ6 + tis (reduced)], 
c, horseman (or zvoniari), cavalry 
man. — Also, knight (of an order 
of citizens at Rome). 

equidem, [?], conj. (emphasizing a 
statement), in fact, truly. 

equlnus,-a, -um, [equo- (reduced) 
+ inus], adj., of a horse : juba {a 
horse's mane). 

equus, -1, [V AK ( root of acer ) + 
vus], m., horse. 

Erebus, -i, [Gr. "EpcjSos], m., the 
god of darkness. — Less exactly, 
the Lower World, Erebus, Ha- 
des. 

ereptus, -a, -um, p.p. of eripio. 






Vocabulary. 



5 



ergo, [?], conj. (making logical 
connections), therefore, then, now. 

Eridanus, -I, [Gr. 'HptSavos], m., 
a fabled stream in the extreme 
west of Europe, on whose banks 
amber was found; later identified 
with the Po and also with the 
Rhone. 

erigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum, [ex- 
rego], v. tr. 3, raise. — Pass., 
raise one^s self. 

erilis (her-), -e, [ero- (reduced) 
-filis], adj., of a master, a mas- 
ter's. 

Erlnys, -yos, [Gr. 'Epivvs], f., a 
Fury. 

eripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, [ex- 
rapio], v. tr. 3, snatch away, 
carry off, bear azvay, tear from, 
wrest from. — Esp., rescue. 

erro, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. 
intr. I, rove, wander, stroll. — Fig., 
go astray, waver, hesitate, vacil- 
late. 

error, -oris, [err- (as if root of 
erro) + or], m., wandering. — 
Fig., doubt, mistake, error, wan- 
dering (of mind), maze, uncer- 
tainty, failing. — Personified, Er- 
ror. 

erubesco, -ere, -rubul, no sup., 
[ex-rubesco], v. intr. 3, redden, 
blush. 

erudio, -Ire, -ii, -ltum, [ferudi- 
(ex-rudis, out of the fencing foil) 
-f o], v. tr. 4, train (orig. in sword 
play), instruct, educate. 

eruo, -ere, -riri, -rutum, [ex-ruo], 
v. tr. 3, dig out, tear out. 

Erycinus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'EpvK7uos~\, 
adj., of Eryx. — Esp., f. sing., the 
goddess of Eryx, Venus. 

Erymanthus, -T, [Gr. 'Epv/j.avdos'], 
m., a river and also a mountain in 
Arcadia. 



Eryx, -ycis, [Gr."E/>u£], m., a moun- 
tain in Western Sicily, with a 
famous temple of Venus. 

esca, -ae, [V ED " ( m e< io) + ca], 
i.,food, bait. 

et, [?], conj., and, also, too, even: 
et . . . et, both . . . and (often 
merely, and). 

etenim, [et enim (cf. kcu yap)~\, 
adv., for . . . you see, for natu- 
rally, for you knozv. 

etiam, [et jam], conj., {and now), 
even, also, even now, still, yet: 
etiam num. (nunc), even now, 
still. 

etiamnum, see etiam and num. 

etsi, [et si], conj., even if, although. 

Euboicus, -a, -um, [Gr. EujSoi'/fds], 
adj., of Eubcea (the island off the 
eastern coast of Boeotia and At- 
tica), Eubcean. 

Eueninae, -arum, [Gr. Ev-qvlvaC] , 
f, daughters of, or (as adj.) belong- 
ing to, Euenos (a river of Ar- 
cadia). 

Euhoe, [Gr. EtW], interj., Evo'e ! 
(a shout of joy at the festivals of 
Bacchus) (also Euoe). 

Eumenides, -um, [Gr. Evp.eutSes'], 
f. pi., the Well-wishers, the Furies 
(so called to propitiate them, or 
to avoid the omen of their name). 

Eumolpos (-us), -1, [Gr. Evfxo\- 
•n-os], m., a Thracian bard, pupil of 
Orpheus, who founded the Eleu- 
sinian mysteries in Attica. 

Eupalamos (-us), -1, [Gr. EirndXa.-. 
^tos], m., one of the hunters of the 
Calydonian boar. 

Euphrates, -is, [Gr. EvcppaT-qs'], 
m., a celebrated river of Asia, ris- 
ing in Armenia, and uniting with 
the Tigris near Babylon. 

Europe, -es (-a, -ae), [Gr. EvpcoT-q'], 
f., the daughter of Agenor, sister 



52 



Vocabulary. 



of Cadmus, carried off by Jupiter. 

— Also the continent Europe. 
Eurotas, -ae, [Gr. Evpcaras^, m., a 

river of Laconia, on which Sparta 

stood. 
Eurus, -I, [Gr. Evpos'], m., the south- 
east wind. 
Eurydice, -es, [Gr. EupuSf/crj], f., 

the wife of Orpheus, for whom he 

descended into the lower world. 
Eurymachus, -T, [Gr. Evpv/xaxos'], 

m., one of the suitors of Penelope. 
Eurymides, -is, [Gr. Evpv/j.iBrjs'], 

m., the son of Eurymus, Telemus. 
Eurystheus, -ei, (ace, -ea, abl., 

eo), [Gr. Ebpvodevs~\, m., son of 

Sthenelus, grandson of Perseus. 

He imposed upon Hercules his 

twelve labors. 
Eurytion, -onis, [Gr. EtywnW], 

m., an uncle of Patroclus, partici- 
pant in the Calydonian hunt. 
Euxlnus, -I, [Gr. Ev^eivos'], m.,the 

Etixine, or Black Sea. 
evado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, [ex- 

vado], v. tr. 3, pass through, pass 

beyond, pass out. 
evanesco, -ere, -vanui, no sup., 

[ex-vanesco], v. intr. 3, vanish, 

disappear. 
evanidus, -a, -um, [ex-fvanidus 

(vano + dus), cf. evanesco], adj., 

vanishing, evanescent. 
eveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, [ex- 

veho], v. tr. 3, carry out, bear on 

(and so, away). 
evenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, [ex- 

venio], v. intr. 4, come out. — Fig., 

turn out, happen. 
eventus, -fis, [ex-ventus, perh. 

through evenio], m., outco?ne, 

event, fate. 
everto, -ere, -vertl, -versum, [ex- 

verto], v. tr. 3, turn upside down, 

overturn, overthrow, ruin. 



evincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctum, 

[ex-vincio], v. tr. 4, bind fast, 

bind. 
evinco, -ere, -vici, -victum, [ex- 

vinco], v. tr. 3, outstrip, overpass 

(conquering as an obstacle) , pass 

by, succeed in passing. 
evitabilis, -e, [evita- (as stem of 

evito) + bilis], adj., avoidable. 
evito, -are, -avi, -atuiii, [ex- 

vito], v. tr. 1, avoid, escape. 
evoco, -are, -avi, -atuin, [ex- 

voco], v. tr. I, call forth, call out, 

call up. 
evolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex- 

" volo], v. intr. I, fly forth. 
evolvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutum, 

[ex-volvo], v. tr. 3, roll out, roll 

forth. 
ex, e, [prob. gen. of unc. stem], 

prep., out of (ci. ab and de),from. 

— Transl. by various preps, in Eng. 
of different character, on, by (ex 
rapto vivere), ^/"(pars ex illis), 
on (pendere), by, in, in accord- 
ance with: ex ordine {in order). 

— In comp., out, up, from, of, 
away, thoroughly, un-. 

exactus, p.p. of exigo. 
exaestuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex- 

aestuo], v. intr. 1, boil up, heat 

up, blaze up, burst out. 
exanimatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of ex- 

animo], adj., lifeless. 
exanimis, -e, [ex-anima, inn. as 

adj.], adj., breathless, lifeless. 
exardeo, -ere, -arsi, -arsum, [ex- 

ardeo], v. intr. 2, blaze tip (also 

fig-)- 

exardesco, -ere, same as exardeo. 

exaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [ex- 
audio], v. tr. 4, hear (as at a dis- 
tance or with difficulty), listen to. 

excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 
[ex-cedo], v. tr. 3, come forth, 



Vocabulary. 



53 



come out, pass beyond, exceed, pass 
the bounds of, depart. 

excelsus, -a, -um, [p.p. of ex- 
cello], adj., lofty, high. 

excido, -ere, -cidl, no sup., [ex- 
cado], v. intr. 3, fall from, fall off, 
subside : ausis, fall from (i.e. fail 
in). 

excieo, -ere, -ii, -itum | r 

excio, -Ire, -ii, -Itum j ' 

cieo, ex-cio], v. tr. 2 and 4, set in 
motion, call forth, rouse, waken. — 
p.p., excitus, kept awake, roused. 

excipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptuin, 
[ex-capio], v. tr. 3, take up, re- 
ceive (after something else), fol- 
low, begin (after some other), re- 
ply, gather. — p.p., exceptus, (in 
agreement), except. 

excito, -are, -avl, -atum, [ex- 
cito], v. tr. I, call up, summon. 

exclamo, -are, -avl, -atum, [ex- 
clamo], v. tr. r, cry out, exclaim. 

excolo, -ere, -colul, -cultum, 
[ex-colo], v. tr. 3, train tip, culti- 
vate. 

excoquo, -ere, -coxi, -coctum, 
[ex-coquo], v. tr. 3, cook out, melt 
out. 

excuso, -are, -avl, -atum, [ex- 
causo (cf. causor)], v. tr. 1, {as- 
sign a reason), allege as an excuse, 
make excuse for (ace.) : verba 
excusantia (words of excuse). 

excutio, -ere, -cussl, -cussum, 
[ex-quatio], v. tr. 3, shake off, 
shake out, throtv down, overthrozv, 
cast out, drive out, dash together. — 
With reflex., rouse one^s self, rouse : 
excussa brachia (brandishing, 
waving) . 

exemplum, -I, [akin to eximo], 
n., sample (taken out), pattern, ex- 
ample. — PI., sole relics (left as a 
pattern) : pari exemplo (in like 



manner) ; exemplo alicujus rei 
(in the manner of, etc.). 

exemptus, -a, -um, p.p. of eximo. 

exeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [ex-eo], v. 
intr. irr., come forth, go forth, be 
emitted, depart. 

exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [ex- 
arceo, but conn, of ideas unc], v. 
tr. 2, be busied with, agitate, exer- 
cise, worry. — Pass., be busied, be 
worried : aquas, flozv with (of a 
river) . 

exhalo, -are, -avl, -atum, [ex- 
halo], v. tr. 1, breathe out, exhale. 

exhibeo, -ere, -hibul, -hibitum, 
[ex-habeo], v. tr. 2, hold out, 
show, display, exhibit. 

exhorresco, -ere (horreo, -ere), 
-horrul, no sup., [ex-horresco], 
v. intr. 3 (2), shiver, tremble, 
shudder. 

exhortor, -arl, -atus, [ex-hortor], 
v. dep. 1, encourage, set on, spur 
on. 

exigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, [ex- 
ago], v. tr. 3, drive through (per 
ilia ferrum), finish, complete, ac- 
complish. — Also, drive azvay, ask, 
exact. — From steelyards or the 
like (cf. momentum), (run 
out), weigh (lit. and fig.). 

exiguus, -a, -um, [akin to exigo, 
through idea of weighing (cf. 
momentum)], adj., small, short, 
scant, slight, narrow, too little, a 
little: exigjium temporis (short 
time). 

exilio, see exsilio. 

exilis, -e, [?], adj., slender. 

exilium, see exsilium. 

eximo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, 
[ex-emo, take'], v. tr. 3, take out, 
exempt. 

existo, see exsisto. 

exitiabilis, -e, [exitia- (as stem 



54 



Vocabulary. 



of fexitio) +bilis], adj., destruc- 
tive. 

exitium, -I, [exito- (reduced) + 
ium], n., destruction, ruin, mur- 
der, death. 

exitus, -us, [ex-itus, through 
exeo], m., outcome, event, result. 

exonero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex- 
onero], v. tr. I, disburden, free 
from the burden of (abl.). 

exorior, -orirl, -ortus, [ex-orior], 
v. dep. 4 and 3, rise up, rise. 

exoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex-oro], 
v. tr. 1, entreat (so as to prevail), 
entreat. 

exosus, -a, -um, [ex-osus (p.p. of 
fexodi)], adj., hating. 

expallesco, -ere, -pallui, no sup., 
[ex-pallesco, perh. through ex- 
palleo], v. intr. 3, grow pale. 

expecto, see exspecto. 

expedio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum, [exped- 
(as if expedi, ex-pes) + 0], v. tr. 
4, disentangle, draw out, ply (in 
weaving), hasten. 

expello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum, 
[ex-pello], v. tr. 3, drive out, 
force out, drive away, drive, send 
(arrow), deprive of. 

experientia, -ae, [experient -f 
ia], f., trial, method of testing. 

experior, -Irl, -pertus, [ex- 
pario], v. dep. 4, {get out for one's 
self), try, test. — p.p., expertus, 
experienced. — pres. p., ex peri- 
ens, trying: laborum {daring 
in, ready to endure). 

expers, -pertis, [ex-pars], adj., 
having no part, destitute of, free 
from, renouncing, not knozving, 
having nothing to do with. 

expleo, -ere, -evl, -etum, [ex- 
pleo], v. tr. 2, fill out, complete, 
fill tip. 

explico, -are, -plicavl (-plicul), 



-plicatum (-plicitum), [ex- 
plico], v. tr. 1, unfold (lit. and 
fig-). ^ 
exploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex- 

ploro], v. tr. 1, search (perh. orig. 
by shouting), enquire, determine 
(by exploration), consider. 

expono, -ere, -posul, -positum, 
[ex-pono], v. tr. 3, set forth, ex- 
pose. 

exprimo, -ere, -press!, -pressum, 
[ex-premo], v. tr. 3, -press out, 
stamp. — Hence, represent, imi- 
tate. 

exsanguis, -e, [ex-sanguis (re- 
duced)], adj., bloodless. 

exsatiatus, -a, -um, [ex-satia- 
tus], adj., fully satisfied, satiated. 

exsequiae, -arum, [fexsequo- 
(cf. pedisequus) -f ia], f., obse- 
quies, funeral. 

exsero, -ere, -serui, -sertum, 
[ex-sero], v. tr. 3, thrust forth, 
put forth, raise (above something). 

exsilio (exilio), -ire, -ilui, 
-ultum, [ex-salio], v. intr. 4, 
spring forth, dart forth, spring up. 

exsilium, -I, [exsul -f ium], n., ex- 
ile, banishment. 

exsisto, -ere, -stiti, no sup., [ex- 
sisto], v. intr. 3, stand out, rise, 
stand forth. 

exspatior (exp-), -ari, -atus, 
[ex-spatior], v. dep. 1, swerve 
from the track, shy (of horses) . — 
p.p. set at large, let loose. 

exspecto (exp-), -are, -avi, 
-atum, [ex-specto], v. tr. 1, look 
out for, await, wait for: ante ex- 
spectatum {sooner than expected). 

exspiro (exp), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[ex-spiro], v. tr. 1, breathe out 
(esp. in death). 

exsterno, -are, -avi, -atum, [?, 
adj. stem akin to sterno (cf. 



Vocabulary. 



55 



consterno)], v. tr. i, frighten. — 
p.p., frightened, in terror. 

exstinguo (ext-), -ere, -stinxi, 
-stinctum, [ex-stinguo], v. tr. 3, 
(punch out?), extinguish. — Fig., 
blot out. — p.p., slain, departed: ex- 
stinctum persequor (in death) . 

exsto (exto), -are, -stiti, -sta- 
tum, [ex-sto], v. intr. 1, stand 
out, appear (above or out of some- 
thing), rise, extend (of a snake 
unwound). 

exstruo (extr-), -ere, -struxl, 
-structum, [ex-struo], v. tr. 3, 
build up, pile up (mensas dapi- 
bus). 

exsul (exul), -ulis, [ex-sul, root 
of salio as stem (cf. praesul)], 
c, exile. 

exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex- 
salto, perh. through exsilio], v. 
intr. I, leap up, leap (also of boil- 
ing water), spring (out or away). 

— Less exactly, bubble, struggle. — 
Fig., exult. 

exta, -orum, [?], n., entrails (esp. 

as used in divination). 
extemplo, [ex-templo, (augural 

position)^, adv., immediately (cf. 

sur le chanip), at once, at the same 

time. 
ex ten do, -ere, -tendi, -ten turn, 

[ex-tendoj, v. tr. 3, stretch out, 

stretch . — p . p . , ut stretch ed. 
extenno, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex- 

tenuo], v. tr. 1, make thin, shrink. 

— Fig., assuage, lessen : mala. 
extentus, p.p. of extendo. 
externus, -a, -urn, [extro- (cf. 

extra) + nus] , adj., foreign, ex- 
ternal, from abroad. — m. ]A.,for- 
eigners. 

exterritus, -a, -um, [p.p. of ex- 
terreo], adj., terror-stricken. 

extimeo, -ere, -timui, no sup., 



[ex-timeo], v. tr. 2, be terrified 

(at or abs.). 
extinguo, see exstinguo* 
exto, see exsto. 
extraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, 

[ex-traho], v. tr. 3, draw out or 

forth, drag out. 
extremus, -a, -um, [extra (or 

kindred form) + imus], adj. (sup. 

of exterus), the farthest, last, the 

end of, very distant, distant. — n., 

the last time, the end. 
exul, see exsul. 
exulto, see exsulto. 
exululo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ex- 

ululo], v. intr. 1, hozvl out, hozvl, 

scream, cry out. 
exuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [?, perh. 

from analogy with induo], v. tr. 

3, strip ojj~, tear azvay. — Fig., put 

away (metum), dismiss, lose 

(vitam) . 
exuro, -ere, -ussi, -iistum, [ex- 

uro], v. tr. 3, burn off, burn up, 

burn. 
exuviae, -arum, [akin to exuo, 

through an adj. stem], f., (strip- 
pings), spoil, skins. 



F. 

faba, -ae, [?], f, beans. 

fabalis, -e, [faba + lis], adj., of 
beans: stipulae (beanstraw). 

faber, -bri, [^FAC + ber], m., 
craftsman, mechanic. — As adj., 
faber, -bra, -brum, construc- 
tive : ars. 

fabricator, -tor is, [fabrica+ tor], 
m., fashioner, maker, constructor. 

fabricor, -ari, -atus, [fabrica + 
0], v. dep. 1, fashion, make. — ■ 
p.p. in pass, sense, fashioned. 

fabula, -ae, [VFA-fbula (f. of 
-bulus)], f., story. 



56 



Vocabulary. 




facies, -el, \_y/Yh<z + ies, perh. 
through intermediate stem], f., 
form, fashion, appearance. 

facilis, -e, [ffaco- (cf. beneficus) 
+ lis], adj., easy, easily acquired, 
kindly, obliging. 

facinus, -oris, [facin- (as if root of 
ffacino) -f-us], n., deed. — Esp., 
evil deed, crime. 

facio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 
[y'FAC], v. tr. irr., do, make, per- 
form, create, cause, give (making 
for some one) : quid faciat (what 
can he do ?) ; fac (suppose} ; fac 
condas {take care to build, build} ; 
factus modo (new created} ; fac- 
tae vestes (completed). 

factum, -I, [p.p. of facio as noun], 
n., deed, act, exploit. 

faex, faecis, [ ?], f., dregs (of wine). 

fagus, -I, [<£7j-} os], f., beech (wood 
or tree). 

falcatus, -a, -urn, [as if p.p. of 
ffalco, from falx], adj., hooked 
(like a sickle). 

fallacia, -ae, [fallac-f- ia], f., de- 
ceit, trickery. 

fallaciter, [fallaci- (as if stem of 
fallax) + ter], adv., deceitfully, 
deceptively. 

fallax, -acis, [ffall- (as if stem of 
fallo) -fax], adj., deceitful, de- 
ceptive, treacherous. 

fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsum, [akin 
to <x<paX\oo~], v. tr. 3, deceive, disap- 
point, beguile, escape : fallor (/ 
am mistaken)-, arva . . . depo- 
situm (betray its trust) ; studio 
fallente laborem (beguile, hide). 
— See also falsus. 

falsus, -a, -um, [p.p. of fallo], 
adj., false, untrue, deceitful, not 
real, apparent (not real), found 
false. — Abl. as adv., falso, 
falsely. 



falx, falcis, [?],.£, sickle, pruning- 
hook, pruning- knife. 

fama, -ae, [fa- (as stem of for) -f- 
ma], f., (talk), rumor, report, 
fame, reputation, story. — Personi- 
fied, Fame (the goddess). 

fames, -is (abl. fame), [?], f., 
hunger, famine. 

famulus, -i, [?], m., servant, at- 
tendant. 

fanum, -i, [fa- (as stem of for) -f 
nus], n., shrine. 

fas, indecl., [fa- (in for) -f us], n., 
right: fas (est), it is right, it is 
allowed ; fas habet (considers it 
right). 

fassus, see fateor. 

fastigium,-!, [ ?], n., roof. — Also pi. 

fatalis, -e, [fato- (reduced) + 
alis], adj., of the fates (or fate), 
fated, fatal. 

fataliter, [fatali + ter], adv., by 
fate, by the decrees of fate. 

fateor, -eri, fassus, [perh. akin 
to for, perh. to fatiscor], v. dep. 
2, confess, admit. 

fatidicus, -a, -um, [fato-dicus 
(cf. dico)], adj., prophetic. 

fatifer, -era, -erum, [fato-fer, 
(for -ferus)], adj., fatal. 

fatlgo, -are, -avT, -atum, [akin to 
affatim, through adj. stem (cf. 
castigo)], v. tr. i, lire out, worry, 
crowd out, crowd, exhaust ; so- 
nitu (fill). 

fatum, -i, [fa- (as stem of for) + 
tus, p.p. of for], n., (what is 
spoken), fate. — Esp., ill fate, de- 
struction. — PI., the Fates: esse 
in fatis (be fated); illi fatum 
non est (he is not destined). 

fauces, -ium, (n. sing., faux, not 
used), [?], f., throat, mouth. — 
Sometimes transl. by lips. 

Faunus, -I, [V FAV ( in faveo) + 



Vocabulary. 



$7 



nus], m., a sylvan deity, patron of 
shepherds, identified with Pan. 
He was supposed to be an Italian, 
son of Picus and grandson of Sat- 
urn. — Less exactly in pi., fauns, 
deities partly identified with the 
Greek satyrs, but with less animal 
characteristics than they. 

Faustulus, -I, [fausto + lus], m., 
the shepherd who brought up 
Romulus and Remus. 

fautrix, -icis, [favi- (as stem of 
faveo) + trix], f., patroness. 

faveo, -ere, favi, fautum, [?, cf. 
favilla] , v. intr. 2, favor, be pro- 
pitious to : animis linguisque, 
show respect with, etc. (i.e. by re- 
fraining from evil thoughts and 
words). 

favilla, -ae, [akin to faveo?], f., 
spark, cinder, ashes. 

favor, -oris, [fav- (as if root of 
faveo) + or], m., favor, applause, 
(favor shown), partisanship, par- 
tiality. 

favus, -T, [?], m., honey-co??tb. 

fax, facis, [?, akin to faveo?], f., 
torch, firebrand. — Esp., marriage 
torch. 

februus, -a, urn, [perh. akin to 
ferveo] , adj., cleansing, expiatory : 
februa casta (offering). 

f ecundus, -a, -um, [fe- (as if stem 
of ffeo, cf. fetus) + cundus], adj., 
prolific, copious, rich, pregnant. 

fel, fellis, [?], n.,gall. 

fellx, -Icis, [fe- (as if stem of ffeo) 
-f unc. term.], adj., fruitful, pros- 
perous, fortunate, happy. 

femina, -ae, [fe- (as stem of ffeo) 
+ mina (cf. alumnus)], f., 
woman, women (collectively). 

femineus, -a, -um, [femina (re- 
duced) + eus], adj., of a (the) 
woman, feminine. 



femur, -oris, [?], n., thigh. 

fera, see ferus. 

feralis, -e, [?], adj., deadly, fatal, 
funereal. 

ferax, -acis, [ ^fer + ax] , adj., 
fruitful, fertile. 

fere, [?], adv., mostly, nearly, gen- 
erally. 

feretrum, -1, [fere- (as stem of 
fero) + trum] , n., barrow, bier. 

ferinus, -a, -um, [fero- (reduced) 
+ inus], adj., of wild beasts, oj 
a wild beast : vultus (animal). 

ferio, -ire, no perf., no sup., [?], v. 
tr. 4, strike, splash (of water) . 

feritas, -tatis, [fero + tas], f., 
wildness, barbarity, cruelty. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latum, [^/fer 
and v" 1 " 01 - ( tla )j °f- tollo], v. tr. 
irr., bear (both at rest and in mo- 
tion, lit. and fig.) . — Hence, en- 
dure, suffer, enjoy (terra colo- 
res) . — Also, give, produce, bring, 
carry, offer (opem), render, re- 
ceive (a gift, carried off), carry 
off, turn (vestigia), lead, inflict 
(vulnera), say, report: leges 
(carry). — Pass., be borne, fly, 
pass, fall, rush, speed on, go (prae- 
ceps). 

ferox, -ocis, [akin to ferus], adj., 
fierce, savage, ferocious, maddened 
(dolore) . 

ferreus, -a, -um, [ferro- (reduced) 
-feus], adj., iron. — Fig., iron- 
hearted, cruel, ' iron.' 

ferrugo, -inis, [ferro- (or kindred 
stem) -f ugo (of unc. formation, 
cf. imago)], f., iron rust, brown 
(as a color). 

ferrum, -1, [?], n., iron, steel — 
Hence, spear, szvord. 

fertilis, -e, [fferto- (lost p.p. of 
fero) -f-lis], adj., fertile, produc- 
tive. 



58 



Vocabulary. 



fertilities, -atis, [fertili + tas], f., 
productiveness, fertility. 

ferus, -a, -um, [?]., adj., wild, sav- 
age, cruel. — f. as noun, beast, wild 
beast, monster (even of the sea) : 
ferae (madwomen). 

ferveo, -ere, ferbui, no sup., [prob. 
ffervo + eo (cf. febris)], v. intr. 
2, be hot, burn, boil. — pres. p., hot, 
burning, boiling, warm, bleeding 
(vulnus) . 

fervidus, -a, -um, [prob. ffervo 
(cf. ferveo) + dus], adj., boiling, 
seething, hot, burning. 

fervor, -oris, [ferv- (as if root of 
ferveo) + or], m., heat. — Also pi. 

fessus, -a, -um, [prob. p.p. of 
fateor, in sense of fatiscor], 
adj., weary, tired, exhausted, zuorn 
out. \ 

festino, -are, -avi, -atum, [unc. 
noun stem, perh. akin to festus], 
v. tr. I, hasten. 

festus, -a, -um, [?, possibly p.p. of 
ffendo], adj., (clashed as in a 
war dance?), festive. — m. as 
noun, festival (day). — n. -pi., fes- 
tival. 

fetura, -ae, [fetu-fra (f. of -rus, 
cf. figura)], f., production, prod- 
uct, offspring, increase (of the 
flock). 

fetus, -tils, [fe- (as stem of feo) 
-ftus], m., (production), fruit, 
progeny. — Also pi. 

fetus, -a, -um, [p.p. of ffeo], adj., 
having brought forth : ursa (with 
her yo wig). 

fibra, -ae, [?], f., (fork at the end 
of anything?). — Esp., split ends 
of liver, etc. — Less exactly, liver, 
heart, etc., entrails (in divination). 

fibula, -ae, [V FIG + bula (cf. 
fabula)], f., (fastening), pin, 
buckle. 



fictilis, -e, [ficto + lis (cf. ferti- 
lis)], adj., earthen (as fashioned 
by the potter) . — n. pi., earthen 
ware, pottery. 

fidelis, -e, [prob. fide + lis, but cf. 
crudelis], adj., faithful. 

fides, -ei, [?, cf. fido], f., good 
faith, faith, belief, trustworthiness, 
promise, pledge, performance (of a 
promise). — Also, protection. — In 
pi. also. 

fides, -is, [V FID ( m findo) -f is], 
f., string, lyre (esp. in pi.). 

fido, -ere, flsus sum, [cf. fides], 
v. intr. 3, trust. 

fiducia, -ae, [ffiduc- (cf. loquax, 
ferox) -f ia], f., confidence (both 
good and bad), asstirance, security 
(by change of point of view as in 
' security ' itself). 

fidus, -a, -um, [akin to fido], 
adj., faithful. 

figo, -ere, fixi, fixum, [?], v. tr. 
3, transfix, pierce. — Also (of 
thing fixed) , plant in, fix, set, im- 
print (oscula,) , fasten up (spolia), 
suspend: ancoram (drop). 

figura, -ae, [ffigu- (-y/FiG -f us) 
-f ra (cf. fetura)], f., fashioning, 
shape, form, appearance. — Esp., 
beauty. 

f ilia, -ae, [f. of filius], f., daughter. 

filius, -l, [akin to fetus, etc.], m., 
son. 

filum, -i, [?], n., thread. — Less 
exactly, string (of lyre) . 

findo, -ere, fidi, fissum, [-^fid 
(cf. fidis)], v. tr. 3, split, crack, 
cleave. — p.p., cleaving (intr.). 

fingo, -ere, finxT, fictum, [-y/FiG 
(cf. figura)], v. tr. 3, fashion. — 
Fig., represent, feign, imagine, 
suppose. — fictum, n. p.p., fiction, 
falsi hood. 

f Inio, -ire, -IvT, -itum, [fini -f o], 



Vocabulary. 



59 



v. tr. 4, put an end to, end, finish, 
bound. 

finis, -is, [?], m., end, limit, boun- 
dary, border. — PL, boundaries, 
territories : nullo cum fine, with- 
out limit (no end). 
- f initimus, -a, -um, [ffini + timus 
(unc., perh. akin to tueor)], adj., 
bordering upon, neighboring. — 
Masc, a neighbor (esp. in pi.). 

flo, fieri, factus sum, [\/fu, in 
fui], v. intr. irr. (pass, of facio), 
become : fit fragor, [there comes, 
etc.) ; fit timor mini (/ become 
alarmed}. 

firmus, -a, -um, [?, cf. frenum], 
adj., strong, firm, solid, enduring. 

fiscella, -ae, f., and fiscellus, -I, 
[ffisculo- (fisco + his) -f lus], 
m., basket. 

fiscina, -ae, [fisco + na (f. of 
-nus)], f., basket (of wicker). 

fistula, -ae, [?], f., pipe. — Esp., 
Pail's pipe. 

f ixus, p.p. of figo. 

flagello, -are, -avi, -atum, [fla- 
gello -f o], v. tr. i, lash, whip. 

flagro, -are, -avi, -atum, [flagro- 
(cf. flagrum, lash) -f o], v. intr. 
I, burn, be fired. 

flam en, -inis, [fla- (stem of flo) 
+ men], m., (blower of the fire), 
priest (of a particular divinity). 

flamen, -inis, [fla- (stem of flo) 
+ men], n., blast. 

flamma, -ae, [^/flag (cf. flagro) 
-fma], f., fiame {thunderbolt): 
flammas concipere (catch fire). 

flammifer, -era, -erum, [flamma- 
(weakened) fer (for -ferus), adj., 
fiery. 

flaveo, -ere, no perf., no sup., 
[flavo + eo], v. intr. 2, be yellotu. 
— pres. p., flavens, yellow. 

flavesco, -ere, no perf., no sup., 



[nave- (as stem of flaves) + 
sco], v. intr. 3, grow yellow. 

flavus, -a, -um, [?], adj., yellow, 
yellow-haired. 

flebilis, -e, [fle- (stem of fleo) + 
bilis], adj., lamentable, mournful: 
flebile nescio quid {some mourn- 
ful strain). 

flecto, -ere, flexT, flexum, [?], v. 
tr. 3, turn, turn away, avert, bend, 
guide (habenas), wind. — flex- 
us, p.p., bent, bending, winding, 
flexible. 

fleo, -ere, flevi, fletum, [?], v. tr. 
2, weep for, mourn, tveep. 

fletus, -us, [fle- (stem of fleo) + 
tus], m., weeping, tears, mourn- 
ing. — Also pi. 

flexilis, -e, [flexo + lis], adj., flex- 
ible. 

flexipes, -pedis, [flexo -f- pes], 
adj., winding, twining (ivy). 

flexus, -us, [^/FLEC-f tus], m., a 
winding, bending. 

floreo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [floro 
(cf. flos) + eo], v. intr. 2, bloom, 
blossom. — pres. p., florens, flow- 
ery, blooming. 

florid us, -a, -um, [ffloro- (cf. 
floreo) -f dus], adj., blooming 
(Galatea). 

flos, floris, [?, perh. akin to flo], 
m., flower. — Less exactly, bloom 
(of life). 

fluctus, -us, [flu(g)- (as root of 
fluo) + tus], m., tvave. 

fluidus, -a, -um, [fluo- (cf. cir- 
cumfluus) + dus], adj., flowing, 
dripping (cruor). 

fluito, -are, -avi, no sup., [ffluito- 
(p.p. of fluo) + o], v. intr. 1, 
fiow. 

flumen, -inis, [flu- (as stem of 
fluo) + men], n., (flowing) river, 
stream. 



6o 



Vocabulary. 



flamineus, -a, -um, [fhimin -f 
eus], adj., of a river, river- (as 
adj.). 

fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxum (fluc- 
tum, fluitum), [^/flu (cf. 
fluus)], v. intr. 3, flow, drip, be 
melted (of gold), course (of tears). 

fluvialis, -e, [fluvio- (reduced) + 
alis], adj., of a river, river- (as 
adj.), water- (as adj.). 

focus, -1, [?, perh. akin to foveo], 
m., hearth (usually a brazier for 
coals), altar. 

fodio, -ere, fodi, fossum, [?], v. 
tr. 3, dig, pierce. 

foecundus, see fecundus. 

foedo, -are, -avi, -atum, [foedo 
+ o], v. tr. 1, besmear, defile, be- 
spatter, disfigure. 

foedus, -a, -um, [?], adj., filthy, 
foul, horrible, vile, ill-omened. 

foedus, -eris, [strong form of -y/FiD 
(in fides) + us], n., compact, 
bond (created by agreement). 

foetus, see fetus. 

folium, -1, [?], n., leaf (oi a flower 
or book). 

fons, fontis, [unc. root -f- tis], m., 
spring, source, fountain. — Fig., 
source, origin. 

fontanus, -a, -um, [font -f anus], 
adj., of a {the) fountain {foun- 
tains'). 

for, f ari, fatus, [ V /FA ]> v « dep. h 
speak, say, tell. 

foramen, -inis, [fora- (stem of 
foro) + men], n., aperture. 

fore, see sum. 

forem, see sum. 

foris, -is, [for- (as root, cf. door) 
+ is], f., door. — Usually pi., doors. 

forma, -ae, [same root and forma- 
tion as firmus], f., form, shape, 
appearance, image, person (i.e. 
form). — Esp.,fneform, beauty. 



formatus, p.p. of formo. 
formica, -ae, [prob. adj. form, from 

fformus (cf. amicus)], f., ant. 
formidabilis, -e, [formida -f 

bilis], adj., (Jo be feared), ter- 
rible, fearful, for?nidable, dreaded 

by (dative), an object of fear. 
formido, -inis, [fformido- (ffor- 

mo + dus) + 0], f., fear, terror, 

alarm. 
formo, -are, -avi, -atum, [forma 

+ 0], v. tr. I, form, fashion, 

mould. 
formosus, -a, -um, [forma + 

osus], adj., handsome, beautiful. 

— As appositive, in his beauty. 
fornax, -acis, [furno + ax], f., 

furnace, kiln. 
fornix, -icis, [akin to fornax], 

m., an arch. 
fors, fortis, [-y/FER + tis], f., 

chance, fate. — Esp., mishap. — 

See also forte, 
forsitan, [fors sit an], adv., {it 

would be a chance whether), it 

may be that, perhaps. 
fortasse, [forte with some form of 

sum], adv., perhaps, may be. 
forte, [abl. of fors], adv., by 

chance, as it happened. 
fortis, -e, [fore- (cf. farcio) + 

tis], adj., strong, stout, warlike, 

daring, courageous, untiring: 

fortia {brave deeds) ; O fortis- 

sime (0 bravest of heroes). 
fortiter, [forti -f ter] , adv. , stoutly, 

strenuously, with force, violently. 
fortfina, -ae, [ffortu- (kindred 

form to fors) + na (f. of -nus)], 

f., fortune, chance, lot, good for- 

tune, misfortune. — Personified, 

Fortune. 
forum, -i, [akin to foris and foro], 

11., {open place, thoroughfare), 

market-place, forum. 






Vocabulary. 



61 



fossa, -ae, [f. of p.p. of fodio], f., 

ditch, moat. 
foveo, -ere, fovi, fotum, [?], v. tr. 

2, cherish, fondle : pectore {clasp 
to the breast); vota {cherish). 
fragilis, -e, [frago- (^/frag + us) 

4- lis], adj., frail, brittle. 
fragmen, -inis, [ ^/frag + men] , 

n., fragment, splinter. 
fragor, -oris, [ -y/FRAG -f- or] , m., 
. crash. 
fragosus, -a, -um, [frago- (cf. 

fragilis) + osus], adj., broken, 

precipitous. 
fraguin, -I, [?], n., strawberry. — 

Also pi. 
frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, 

[-^/frag], v. tr. 3, break, break 

doxvn, overcome (lit. and fig.). 
frater, -tris, [uric, root -f ter (cf. 

pater)], m., brother. 
fraternus, -a, -um, [frater -f nus], 

adj., brotherly, fraternal, a broth- 
er's. 
frau do, -are, -avi, -atum, [fraud 

-f o], v. tr. I, deprive, defraud. 
fraus, fraudis, [akin to frustum 

and frustra], f., loss, injury. — 

Hence, deceit. — Also pi. 
fraxiuus, -i, [?], f., mountain ash 

(tree or wood). — Hence, ashen 

spear, spear. 
fremebundus, -a, -um, [freme- 

(as stem of fremo) -f bundus] , 

adj., raging. 
fremo, -ere, fremui, no sup., [?, 

cf. Bpejxui] , v. intr. 3, roar, growl, 

murmur. — Hence, rage : fre- 

mentis (of the raging beast) ; 

frementi (to his rage). 
frendens, -entis, [pres. p. of 

frendo], adj., gnashing the teeth. 
freno, -are, -avi, -atum, [freno 

-f 0], v. tr. 1, bridle, harness. — 

Fig., restrain. 



frenum, -i, (pi. also -i, -orum), 
[form of root in firm us + num], 
n., bridle. — Less exactly, hehn (of 
ship). 

frequens, -entis, [pres. p. of verb 
akin to farcio], adj., crowded, 
aboimding in, swarming, full of, 
thick with. 

frequenter, [frequent + ter] , adv., 
crowded, in large numbers. 

frequento, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[frequent + o], v. tr. 1, frequent, 
go to in numbers, attend in num- 
bers, throng. 

fretum, -i, [?], n., strait. — Less 
exactly, the sea, the seas. 

fretus, -a, -um, [p.p. of verb akin 
to firmus], adj., relying on, sup- 
ported by. 

frigid us, -a, -um, [prob. ffrigo- 
(whence frigeo) + dus], adj., 
cold. 

frigus, -oris, [-^/FRiG (in frigeo) 
+ us], n., cold, coolness. — Also 
pi. 

frondeo, -ere (frondui, frondi- 
tum), [frond + eo],v. intr. 2, put 
forth leaves. — pres. p., frondens, 
leafy. 

frondosus, -a, -um, [frond + 
osus], adj., leafy. 

frons, frondis, [?], m., foliage, 
leaves. 

frons, frontis, [unc. root + tis (re- 
duced)], f., brow, forehead. — Less 
exactly, front, brow (of a hill, etc.), 
front side. 

fructus, -us, [-y/FRUG (in fruor) 
+ tus], m., enjoyment, fruit, crop, 
rezvard (as the fruit of endeavor). 
Esp. in pi. 

friigifer, -era, -erum, [frugi- (as 
if stem of frux) + fer (for -fe- 
rus)], adj., fruitful, productive. 

frugilegus, -a, -um, [frugi- (as if 



62 



Vocabulary. 



stem of frux) + legus (leg + 
us)], adj., grain-gathering. 

frumentum, -I, [yTRUG + men- 
tum], n., grain. — Also pi. 

fruor, frui, fruitus (fructus), 
[ ^frug], v. dep. 3, enjoy. 

frustra, [akin to frustum and 
fraus], adv., in vain, to no fur- 
pose. 

frustum, -I, [p.p. akin to fraus], 
n., bit, piece. 

frutex, -icis, [?], m., thicket, growth 
of foliage. 

frux, frugis, [^/frug (in fruor) 
as stem], f., fruit, crop, grain. — 
Esp. in pi. 

fuga, -ae, [V?UG+a], f., flight 
(lit. and fig.). 

fugax, -acis, [fug- (as stem of 
fugio) -j- ax], adj., disposed to fly, 
flying, swift in flight, fugitive. — 
As noun, fugitive. 

fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum, [ ^/fug 
-f io], v. tr. 3, fly, take flight, shun, 
flee, avoid, flee from. 

fugo, -are, -avl, -atum, [fuga 
+ o], v. tr. I, put to flight, banish 
(amorem), chase azvay (tene- 
bras) . 

fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, no sup., 
[ffulgo- (cf. fulgidus) + eo], v. 
intr. 2, shine, gleam. 

fulgor, -oris, [fulg (as root of 
fulgeo) -f or], m., brightness, 
gleam, flash, light n ing flash. 

f ulica, -ae, [ ?] , f., coot, sea-fowl. 

ful men, -inis, [^fulg (cf. fulgeo) 
-f men], n., flash, lightning, thun- 
derbolt. 

fulvus, -a, -urn, [perh. akin to ful- 
geo], a.c\)., yellozv, tawny, brozun. 

fumificus, -a, -um, [fuma- (weak- 
ened) + ficus (cf. facio)], adj., 
smoky. 

fumo, -are, -avi, no sup., [fumo- 



(as if fuma) + o], v. intr. I, 
smoke. 

fumus, -I, [?, cf. Bonos'], m., smoke. 

fun da, -ae, [?], f., sling. 

fundamen, -inis, [funda- (as stem 
of fundo) + men], n., founda- 
tion. 

f undo, -ere, fudi, ffisum, [ ^/fud] , 
v. tr. 3, pour, pour out (forth), 
utter (verba). — Pass., pour 
(intr.). — fusus, p.p., prostrate. 

funereus, -a, -um, [funer- (as 
stem of funus) + eus], adj., 
deadly, fatal. 

funestus, -a, -um, [funes- (orig. 
stem of funus) -f tus (cf. robus- 
tus)], adj., fatal, deadly, fune- 
real. — Less exactly, ill-omened, 
ill-starred, mela?icholy, polluted 
(by a death). 

fungor, -i, functus, [?], -v. dep. 
3, perform : functus sepulchro 
(who has passed through the tomb, 
honored with burial); functus 
morte, dead. 

funus, -eris, [?], n., death, burial, 
funeral. 

furca, -ae, [?], {., fork, forked pole. 

Furia, -ae, [?, cf. furo], f., a Fury 
(madness personified), agent of 
the divine wrath. 

furialis, -e, [furia + lis (regular 
formation of -alis)], adj., of the 
Furies (venenum, cf. 'devil's 
broth '). — Less exactly, frenzied, 
crazy (as impelled by the Furies). 

furibundus, -a, -um, [furi- (as 
stem of furo) + bundus], adj., 
raging, frenzied. 

furo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [?, cf. 
furia], v. intr. 3, rave, rage. 

furor, -oris, [fur- (as root of furo) 
-f or], m., madness, frenzy. 

furtim, [ace. of ffurtis, ^fur (cf. 
furtum) -f tis], adv., secretly. 



Vocabulary. 



63 



furtivus, -a, -um, [furti- (length- 
ened) + vus], adj., furtive, de- 
ceitful. 

furtum, -I, [V FUR ( cf - fur ) + 
turn, n. p.p.], n -> theft, deceit, de- 
ceitfid act, secret act, stolen pleas- 
ure. 

fusilis, -e, [fuso + lis], adj., molten, 
fluid. 

fusus, -i, [?], m., spindle. 

futurus, see sum, 



Galatea, -ae, [Gr. TaAareia], f., a 
sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus 
and Doris, beloved by Acis and 
Polyphemus. 

galea, -ae, [?], f., helmet (properly 
of skin) . 

Gallic us, -a, -um, [Galld-f cus], 
adj., Gallic. 

Gallus, -I, m., a Roman elegiac 
poet of the time of Ovid. 

Ganges, -is, [Gr. rdyyris~], m., the 
famous river of India. 

Ganymedes, -is (-1), [Gr. Taw/j.r)- 
877s], m., a beautiful Trojan youth, 
son of Laomedon, carried away by 
an eagle to be the cup-bearer of 
Jupiter. 

Gargaphie, -es, [Gr. Tapya<pir\], f., 
a spring and valley at the northern 
foot of Mt. Cithseron. 

garrulus, -a, -um, [prob. garro- 
(cf. garrio) -f- lus], adj., noisy, 
garrulous. 

gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, 
[prob. fgavido- (cf. Gavius, 
gaudium) + eo], v. intr. 2, re- 
joice, be delighted, delight. 

gaudium, -i, [prob. fgavido + 
ium (cf. gaudeo)], n., joy. — 
Also pi. 



gelidus, -a, -um, [gelu + dus], 

adj., chill, icy cold, icy. 
gelu, indecl., [?], n., frost, ice. 
gemino, -are, -avi, -atum, [ge- 

mino + o], v. tr. I, double, repeat, 

redouble. — p.p., geminatus, 

double, twofold. 
geminus, -a, -um, [?], adj., tzvin, 

double, two, two alike, of two, & 

pair of. 
gemitus, -5s, [gemi- (as stem of 

gemo) + tus], m., groan, moan, 

moaning. 
gemma, -ae, [?], f., gem, precious 

stone. 
gemo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [?], v. intr. 

3, groan. 
gena, -ae, [?], f., cheek. 
gener, -eri, [?], m., son-in-lazv. 
generosus, -a, -um, [gener- (as 

stem of genus) -f osus], adj., 

noble, of fine stock : palmite colles 

(ennobled by) . 
genetrix, see genitrix. 
genialis, -e, [genio- (reduced) + 

alis], adj., belonging to the Genius. 

— Hence, festive, convivial, pleas- 
ure-giving. 
genialiter, [geniali -f ter], adv., 

merrily, with good cheer. 
genitor, -oris, [geni- (as stem of 

gigno, or kindred verb) -f tor], 

m., father, sire. 
genitrix, -icis, [geni- (as stem of 

gigno) + trix], f., mother. 
genitus, see gigno. 
gens, gentis, [^/gen -f tis (re- 
duced)], f., race, breed, descent. — 

Hence, a nation, a tribe. — PL, 

the nations (all men). 
genu, -us (-u), [?], n., knee. 
genualia, -ium, [genu + alis], n. 

pi., leggings, (narrow and hardly 

differing from) garters. 
genus, -eris, [V GEN + us ]> n -> 



64 



Vocabulary. 



race, descent, family, descendants. 

— Fig., character, nature. 
germana, see germanus. 
germanus, -a, -um, [prob. akin to 

germen], adj., of the same par- 
ents. — As subst., own brother, own 
sister. 

gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, [^/ges], 
v. tr. 3, bear, support, wear, have 
(anything about one), do (res), 
wage (bellum). 

gestamen, -inis, [gesta- (stem of 
gesto) + men], n., arms (as borne 
by a warrior) . 

gestio, -ire, -IvI, no sup., [fgesti- 
(akin to gestus) + o], v. intr. 4, 
(gesticulate in delight), rejoice 
greatly. — Also, long, be eager. 

gesto, -are, -avl, -atum, [gesto- 
+ o], v. tr. 1, bear, carry, wear. 

gestus, -us, [V GES + tus], m., 
bearing, movement (manus). 

Getae, -arum, [Gr. reVcu], m. pi., 
the Getes (Dacians), a Thracian 
tribe on the Danube. 

giganteus, -a, -um, [gigant + 
eus], adj., of a giant, gigantic. 

gigas, -antis, [Gr. 74705], m., 
giant. 

gigno, -ere, genui, genitum, 
[-^/GEN reduplicated], v. tr. 3, 
produce, beget, bear. — p.p., geni- 
tus, bom of son of daughter of 
sprung from, offspring of. 

glacialis, -e, [glacie- (reduced) + 
alis], adj., icy, cold. 

glacies, -ei, [?], f., ice, icicles. 

gladius, -I, [?], m., sword. 

glans, glandis, [?], f., nut, acorn. 

— Hence, ball, bullet. 
Glaucus, -I, [Gr. YXo.vk.6s~\, m., a 

fisherman of Anthedon, in Bceotia, 
who was changed into a sea-deity. 

gleba, -ae, [ ?] , f., clod, sod, earth, soil. 

glomero, -are, -avl, -atum, [glo- 



mer- (stem of glomus) +0], v. 
tr. I, roll up, collect, gather. 

gloria, -ae, [stem akin to kAcos + 
ia], i., glory, pride. 

glorior, -arl, -atus, [gloria + o] , 
v. dep. 1, take pride in, boast of 
(abl.). 

gnatus, see natus. 

Gnosius (Gnoss-), -a, -um, 
[fGnoso- (reduced) -f ius, or per- 
haps borrowed directly (cf. rVajc- 
<ros\ adj., of Gnosos (the city of 
Minos, in Crete), Gnosian. — Less 
exactly, Cretan. 

Gorge, -es, [Gr. T6pyi{], f., the 
daughter of GEneus, mother of 
Tydeus and Thoas. 

Gorgo, -onis, [Gr. Topydo], f., a 
Gorgon (one of three mythical 
women of Libya, having some re- 
semblance to the Furies). — Esp., 
Medusa, the chief of these sisters, 
slain by Perseus. Her head with 
serpent hair was placed in the 
shield or aegis of Jove and Pallas. 
— PI., the three sisters, Gorgons. 

Gorgoneus, -a, -um, [fGorgon 
-}- eus], adj., of the Gorgons. 

gracilis, -e, [?], adj., slender, light, 
thin. 

graculus, -i, [perh. borrowed from 
K6pa£], m., jackdaw. 

gradior, -i, grassus, [-y/GRAD], v. 
dep. 3, walk, move, pass. 

Gradivus, -i, (fgradi- (cf. gradior 
and aggredirl) + vus], m., the 
Strider (name of Mars). 

gradus, -us, [-^/grad- (in gradior) 
+ us], m., step (as of a man or of 
a temple), degree. 

Graius, -a, -um, [Gr. fr^aTos], 
adj., Greek (orig. only the name 
of a tribe, but used by the Latins 
as the general name). — Masc, a 
Greek. — PI., the Greeks. 



Vocabulary. 



65 



gramen, -inis, [unc. root -f men 
(cf. germen)], n., grass, pasture, 
pasturage, herbs (for magic arts). 

gramineus, -a, -um, [gramin + 
eus], adj., grassy. 

grandaevus, -a, -um, [grandi- 
aevum, infl. as adj.], adj., aged. 

grandis, -e, [?J, adj., large, great, 
huge. — Comp., advanced: aevo 
{elder). 

grando, -inis, [akin to xaAa^a], f., 
hail. 

granifer, -era, -erum, [grano- 
fer (for -ferns)], adj., grain- 
bearing. 

granum, -1, [gra- (root as in gra- 
men) + num.], n., seed. 

grates, -ium, [unc. root-f tis], f. 
pi., thanks. 

gratia, -ae, [grato- (reduced) + 
ia], f., gratitude, favor, good will, 
friendship, regard for (changing 
point of view), influence, induce- 
ment. 

grator, -ari, -atus, [grato -f 0], 
v. dep. I, congratulate. 

gratus, -a, -um, [p.p. of unc. verb 
(cf. grates)], adj., pleasing, grate- 
ful (in both senses), dear. 

gravidus, -a, -um, [gravi -f dus], 
adj. , heavy, pregnant, fruitful. 

gravis, -e, [fgaru- (cf. Bapvs) + 
is], adj., heavy, zveighed down, 
cruel, burdensome, unwholesome, 
baleful, poisonous, deep (somnus) , 
grievous: tibi ne sit grave {do 
not think it troublesome') . 

gravitas, -tatis, [gravi -f tas], f., 
weight, dignity, seriousness. 

gravo, -are, -avi, -atum, [gravi- 
(as if grava) -f o], v. tr. 1, zveigh 
down, make heavy, burden, over- 
whelm. 

gremium, -f, [?], n., bosom., lap, 
arms (as holding something). 



gressus, -us, [^/grad -f tus], m., 

step, gait. 
grex, gregis, [?], m., flock (of 

small animals). 
grus, gruis, [?], m., crane. 
gurges, -itis, [?], m., pool, depths, 

waters, mass of waters, sea. 
gutta, -ae, [?], f., drop, spot. 
guttur, -uris, [?], n., throat. — 

Also pi. 
gyrus, -i, [Gr. yvpos], m., circle. 



H. 



habena, -ae, [habe- (stem of 

habeo) -f na], f., rein. 
habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [?], v. tr. 

2, hold, have, possess. — Often 
transl. by other words in Eng., 
find (faciles deos), seize (of an 
emotion), show (discrimen), hold 
(have in itself), hold (consider) ; 
amor habendi {gain). 

habitabilis, -e, [habita -f- bilis], 
adj., habitable. 

habito, -are, -avi, -atum, [habito- 
(see habeo) +0], v. tr. 1, in- 
habit, dzvell in, dwell. 

hac, [abl. or instr. of hie], adv., by 
this way, that way, here, there. 

hactenus, [hac tenus], adv., thus 
far, so much. 

haedus, -i, [?], m., kid. 

Haemonia, -ae, [Gr. At^ouia'], f., 
an old name of Thessaly, derived 
from a mythical king, Haemon. 

Haemonius, -a, -um, [Gr. Al/u.6- 
vios~], adj., Hcemonian, Thessalian. 
— arcus, the bow of the constel- 
lation Sagittarius; for this constel- 
lation was imagined as a Centaur, 
and the Centaurs lived in Thessaly 
(or Thrace). 

Haemos (-mus), -i, [Gr. Af^os], 



66 



Vocabulary. 



m., a range of mountains in Thrace, 
now Great Balkan. 

Haemus, see Haemos. 

haereo, -ere, haesl, haesum, [?], 
v. intr. 2, cling, stick, hang (on), 
be entangled, be caught. — Fig., 
doubt, be in suspense. 

haeres, see heres. 

halitus, -us, [hali- (as if stem of 
halo) + tusj, m., breath, exhala- 
tion. 

hamatus, -a, -unn, [hamo- (stem of 
imaginary hamo, hama -f o) -f 
tus], adj., hooked, barbed. 

ham us, -1, [?], m., hook, barb, 
hooked sword. 

hara, -ae, [?], f., sty. 

harena (ar-), -ae, [are- (as stem 
of areo) + na], see arena. 

Harpalos, -i, [Gr. " kpirahos~\, m., 
one of Actaeon's hounds. 

Harpyia, -ae, [Gx."hpwuia], f., one 
of Actaeon's hounds. 

harundo (ar-), -inis, [?], f., reed, 
shaft, arrow. 

hasta, -ae, [?], f., spear, spear - 
shaft. 

hastile, -is, [hasta- (reduced) + 
ile (n. of -ilis)], n., shaft, spear- 
shaft. 

haud, [?], adv., not; haud plura 
(no more) : haud mora {there is 
no delay). 

haurio, -ire, hausi, haustum, 
[?], v. tr. 4, draw, take up, drain, 
exhaust, take in, drink in, wound 
(so as to bleed). — Less exactly, 
dig up, gather (cineres). 

haustum, -i, [p.p. n. of haurio], 
n., draught. 

haustus, -5s, [haus- (as root of 
haurio) -f tus], m., draught, 
stream. 

hebes, -etis, [?], adj., dull, point- 
less : ictus {ineffectual). 



hebeto, -are, -avl, -atum, [hebet 
-f o], v. tr. I, dull, dim, cast into 
the shade (by superior brightness; 
cf. 'take the shine off'). 

Hebrus (Eb-),-i, [Gr. "E/fyos], m., 
a river of Thrace, now Mariza. 

Hecate, -es, [Gr. 'Ekcittj], f., a mys- 
terious goddess particularly asso- 
ciated with the lower world. Her 
nature and attributes were very 
variable, and she was especially 
identified, as a three-formed god- 
dess, with the moon (in heaven), 
Diana (on earth), and Proserpine 
(in the world below). 

Hecateis, -idis (-idos), [as if Gr. 
'E/carrjts], f. adj., of Hecate, deadly, 
magic. 

Hector, -oris, [Gr/'E/cTcop], m., the 
eldest son of Priam and the most 
famous warrior of the Trojans, 
finally slain by Achilles and 
dragged around the walls of 
Troy. 

Hectoreus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Ekt6- 
peos~], adj., of Hector. — Less ex- 
actly, of Troy, Trojan. 

hedera (ed-), -ae, [?], f., ivy. — 
Also pi. 

hei, see ei. 

Heliades, -um, [Gr. patronymic], 
f. pi., the daughters of the Sun 
("HAios), and sisters of Phaethon, 
changed into trees; hence, Helia- 
dum nemus, the grove of these 
trees. 

Heliee, -es, [Gr. 'EAi/ctj], f., a 
daughter of Lycaon, changed to a 
bear and placed among the stars. 
— The constellation of the Great 
Bear. 

Helicon, -onis, [Gr. 'EXikc&v], m., 
a famous mountain in Bceotia, the 
abode cf the Muses and favorite 
haunt of Apollo. 



Vocabulary. 



6 7 



Helle, -es, [Gr.^EAATj], f., daughter 
of Athamas and sister of Phrixus. 
From her the Hellespont has its 
name. 

Hennaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Ewaios], 
adj., of Henna or Enna, a town in 
Sicily, famous for its fertile land 
and a temple of Ceres (now Castro 
Giovanni) . 

herba, -ae, [?], f., grass, growing 
grain, herb, blade (of grain). — 
PI., herbage, * simples '.• graminis 
{sprouting). 

herbidus, -a, -um, [herba- (weak- 
ened) -f dus], adj., grassy, luxu- 
riant (with herbage). 

Hercules, -is, [Gr. 'HpaKAijs, 
through a shorter form], m., the 
famous demigod, son of Jupiter 
and Alcmena, renowned for his 
strength and services to mankind, 
represented with a club and a 
lion's skin. 

Herculeus, -a, -um, [imitated 
from 'Hpa/cAeios], adj., of Hercules: 
urbs, Herculaneum (a town of 
Campania, close to Mt. Vesuvius, 
said to have been built by Her- 
cules). 

heres, heredis, [?], c, heir. 

herois, -idis, [Gr. rjpwis], f., heroine. 

heros, -ois, [Gr. 7jpcos], m , hero, 
demigod. 

herous, -a, -um, [Gr. ypyos], adj., 
heroic. 

Hesperis, -idis, [Gr. 'E<nrepls, adj. 
of "Eairepos], f. adj., (Western), 
Hesperian, Italian. — PI., the Hes- 
perides, daughters of Hesperus 
(the evening star), keepers of a 
garden of golden apples in the far 
West, near Mt. Atlas. 

Hesperius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Earrepios, 
adj. of "Eo-rrepos], adj., Western. 
— PI., the people of the West. — 



Fern., the western land, Italy (as 
viewed from Greece). — Hence, 
Italian. 

Hesperus, -i, [Gr. "Ea-rrepos = Lat. 
Vesper], m., evening, the evening 
star. 

hesternus, -a, -um, [hesi- (old 
form of heri) -f ternus (cf. sem- 
piternus), adj., of yesterday, yes- 
terday^. 

heu, [?], interj., alas ! 

hiatus, -us, [hia- (stem of hio) + 
tus], m., fissure, chasm, gaping 
jaws. 

hibernus, -a, -um, [akin to hiems, 
formation unc.J, adj., wintry: 
tempus (winter). 

Hiberus, -a, -um, adj., Spanish : 
flumen (the ocean which washes 
the western coast of the Spanish 
peninsula). 

hie, haec, hoc, [hi-ce], pron., this 
(near), the one, he (she), it, this 
(following), that (preceding): 
hie . . . alter (here one . . . an- 
other) . 

hie, [old loc. of hie] , adv., here. 

hiems (-mps), -is, [?, cf. Hima- 
laya], f., winter. 

hinc, [him- (old loc. of hie ; cf. 
interim) + ce], adv., from here, 
hence, from this, then. — Also (cf. 
a dextra) , on this side. 

hinnitus, -us, [hinni- (in hinnio) 
+ tus], m., neighing. 

Hippasus, -i, [Gr. "I^ao-os], m., 
son of Eurytos, a participant in the 
Calydonian hunt. 

Hippocoon, -ontis, [Gr. 'Inwo- 
k6wv], m., king of Amycla?, in 
Laconia. Some of his sons took 
part in the Calydonian hunt. 

Hippomenes, -is, [Gr. 'Iiriro/xewns], 
m., son of Megareus, winner of 
Atalanta's hand in marriage. 



68 



Vocabulary. 



Hippotades, -ae, [Gr. '\TnroTa$T)s~\, 
m., son of Hippotas, ALolus, god 
of the winds, whose home was on 
the Lipari Islands off the Italian 
coast. 

Hippothoiis, -I, [Gr. 'Itttt6Qoos~\, m., 
a king of Arcadia who took part 
in the Calydonian hunt. 

hirsutus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (cf. 
hirtus) + tus (cf. versutus)], 
adj., rough, unkempt, shaggy, hairy. 

hirtus, -a, -um, [?], adj., rough, 
unshaven. 

hisco, -ere, no perf., no sup., [root 
in hio -j- sco], v. intr. 3, open, 
yawn. 

Hister (Is-) -tri, [Gr. "\<npos\ m., 
the river Danube. 

homo, -inis, [prob. humo + o], c, 
{earth born), ?7ian. — PI., men, 
mankind. 

honestus, -a, -um, [hones- (as 
stem of honor) + tus], adj., 
{honored), honorable, beautiful. 

honor, -oris, [?], m., honor, re- 
ward, decoration. 

hora, -ae, [Gr. &px\, f., season, 
hour, time, moment (as a point of 
time). — PL, the Hours, the Sea- 
sons (personified). 

Horatius, -i, m., a Roman gentile 
name. — Esp., Q. Horatius Flac- 
cus (the famous Augustan poet). 

horreo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [fhorro- 
(cf. horrifer) -f eo], v. intr. 2, 
bristle, be rough. — Hence (from 
the feeling of the hair standing on 
end), shudder, shiver, tremble, be 
in dread. — pres. p., horrens, 
bristling. — gerund., horrendus, 
dreadful, dread. 

horreum,-!, [?], n., granary, store- 
house. 

horridus, -a, -um, [fhorro- (cf. 
horrifer) + dus], adj., rough, 



unkempt, in rough attire. — Also 
(cf. horreo), dread : arma (really 
bristling, but with associate idea 
of dread). 

horrifer, -era, -erum, [horro- (cf. 
horreo.) + fer (for -ferus)], adj., 
dread, dreadful, awful. 

hortamen, -inis, [horta- (in hor- 
tor) + men], n., exhortation. 

hortatus, -us, [horta- (inhortor) 
-f tus], m., exhortation, encour- 
agement, rallyi?ig cry, urging on. 

hortor, -ari, -atus, [?], v. dep. 1, 
encourage, urge on, rally. 

hortus, -I, [?], m., garden. 

hospes, -itis, [fhos- (in hostis) 
tpes (akin to potis)], m., {lord 
of eating?), host. — Also, guest, 
stranger. 

hospita, -ae, [f. of hospes], f., 
stranger, guest. 

hospitium, -i, [hospit + ium], n* 
hospitality, entertainment. 

hostia, -ae, [prob. hosti- (in hos- 
tis) +ia], f., victim (sacrificed). 

hosticus, -a, -um, [hosti + cus], 
adj., of the enemy, hostile. 

hostilis, -e, [hosti- (lengthened; 
+ lis], adj., hostile. 

hostis, -is, [hos- (in hospes) + 
tis], c, (orig. guest at table), 
straitger, enemy. 

hue, [ho- (cf. eo, illo) + ce (re- 
duced)], adv., hither, this way, to 
this, on this. 

humanus, -a, -um, [prob. humo- 
(or kindred stem akin to homo) 
+ anus], adj., of man {men), of a 
man, hu7nan. 

humeo, see umeo. 

humerus, see umerus. 

humidus, see umidus. 

humilis, -e, [humo + lis], adj., {on 
the ground?), lotv, humble. 

humor, see umcr. 



Vocabulary. 



6 9 



humus, -I, [?], f., the ground, the 
soil, bottom (of a stream) : media 
orbis {the centre) ; humi (on the 
ground')', humo (on the ground'). 

Hyacinthia, -orum, [Gr. "Tclkiv- 
Qlcl], n. (properly n. pi. of the 
adj. Hyacinthius), the Hyacin- 
thia (a great Spartan festival in 
the month of July). 

Hyacinthos (-us), -I, [Gr. "Ydtai/- 
60s], m., son of a Spartan king, 
CEbalus, beloved by Apollo, who 
killed him accidentally and 
changed him into a flower. 

Hyanteus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Tavreios'], 
adj., of or belonging to the Boeotian 
tribe Hy antes, Hyantean, Bozo dan. 

Hyantius, -a, -uin, [Gr. 'Taj/rios], 
adj.,. Hyantian, Boeotian: Ac- 
taeon, as grandson of Cadmus. 

hydra, -ae, [Gr. vdpos], f., a water- 
snake, hydra. 

hydrus, -I, [Gr. vfym], m., water- 
snake, snake. 

Hylactor, -oris, [Gr. 'TAckrop], 
m., one of Action's hounds. 

Hylaeus, -1, [Gr. 'T Kotos'], one of 
Action's hounds. 

Hyle, -es, [Gr. "T\rj], f., a nymph, 
companion of Diana. 

Hyleus, -el, [Gr. 'YAeus], m., one 
of the hunters of the Calydonian 
boar. 

Hymen, -enis, see Jlymenaeus. 

Hymenaeus, -I, [Gr. 'Y/ieWos], 
m., the god of marriage, Hymen. 
— Transf., marriage, wedding. — 
Also, Hymen, -enis. 

Hypaepa, -orum, [Gr. "Tiranra.'], 
n. pi., a small town on the Cayster 
in Lydia, near Mt. Tmolus. 



iambus, -i, [Gr. fa/*j8os], m., iambic 
verse. 



Iapetionides, -ae, [Gr. 'la-rreTiovi- 
8r)s], m., son of Iapetus, Atlas. 

lapetus, -i, [Gr. 'IaireTos], m., a 
Titan, son of Heaven and Earth, 
father of Atlas, Prometheus, and 
Epimetheus. 

lapygia, -ae, [Gr. 'Ia7rv7ta], f., the 
country about the Tarentine Gulf, 
in Southern Italy. 

Iason, -onis, [Gr. 'Ia<rwi'], m., the 
leader of the Argonauts, son of 
yEson, king of Iolcus in Thessaly. 

ibi, (dat. or loc. of is), adv., 
there. 

Icarius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Iko/hos], 
adj., of Icarus, Icarian : mare, 
the sea off the southwest of Asia 
Minor, where Icarus was drowned. 

Icarus, -i, [Gr. "iKapos], m., the son 
of Daedalus, who fell while accom- 
panying his father's flight. 

Icelos, -i, [Gr/1/ceA.os], m., a dream- 
god, who imitated beasts and birds, 
etc. 

Ichnobates, -ae, [Gr. 'Ixfo^arTjs], 
m., one of Action's hounds. 

ictus, -a, -um, [p.p. of icio, strike], 
part., struck, pierced. 

ictus, -us, [V 1C ( m icio) + tus], 
m., blow, i?npact, force (of water), 
ray (of the sun). 

Ida, -ae, [Gr. "I5a], f. : 1. a moun- 
tain in Crete, the seat of a famous 
worship of Jupiter. Here Jupiter 
was supposed to have been nursed 
in secret ; 2. The mountain of 
Phrygia, near Troy,, famous for 
many divine incidents, and espe- 
cially for the worship of Cybele. 

Idas, -ae, [Gr. y l5as], m., son of the 
Messenian king Aphareus, partici- 
pant in the Calydonian hunt. 

Ide, -es, see Ida. 

idcirco, [id circo (akin to circa)], 
adv., for that reason, therefore, for 



70 



Vocabulary. 



this reason (explained by quod, 
etc.). 

idem, eadem, idem (gen. eius- 
dem), [is-dem (akin to dum)], 
pron., the same. — Often transl. by 
other forms, too, alike : idem dis- 
tat ( the same distance) . 

ideo, [id eo], conj., {this on this ac- 
count), for that reason, therefore. 

Idmon, -onis, [Gr. "Idfioov'], m., a 
Colophoman, father of Arachne. 

Idmonius, -a, -um, [Idmon + 
ius], adj., of Idmon. — Fern., 
Arachne, daughter of Idmon. 

igitur, [ ?, prob. for agitur], conj., 
therefore, then. 

ignarus, -a, -um, [in-gnarus], 
adj., ignorant, not knowing, una- 
ware, blind (fors) : ignare (un- 
thinking boy) . 

ignavus, -a, -um, [in-gnavus], 
adj., sluggish, idle, cowardly, inac- 
tive. 

ignesco, -ere, no perf., no sup., 
[igni- (as if igne) + sco], kindle, 
take fire. 

igneus, -a, -um, [igni- (reduced) 
-f- eus], adj., fiery, of fire. 

Ignifer, -era, -erum, [igni-fer 
(for -ferus)], adj., fire-bearing, 
fiery. 

Ignipes, -edis, [igni-pes], adj., 
fiery-footed. 

ignis, -is, [?], m., fire, heat. — In 
pi., fire, fiery bolts, heat, stars, pas- 
sion (of love), glow (of genius), 
light (in the eyes), amorous works 
(of Propertius) : Jovis {light- 
ning). 

ignorantia, -ae, [ignorant -f ia], 
f., ignorance. 

ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [prob. 
ignaro + o], v. tr. I, not know, be 
ignorant, ignore. 

ignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotum, 



[prob. in-(g)nosco, though con- 
trary to analogy], v. intr. ^pardon. 

ignotus, -a, -um, [in-(g)notus], 
adj., unknown, strange. 

ilex, -icis, [?], f., holm oak. 

ilia, -ium, [ ?], n., loins, flanks, body 

_ (of a snake). 

Iliades, -ae, [Gr. 'IAiciStjs], m. : i. 
descendant of Ilus, Trojan; 2. de- 
scendant of Ilia, as Romulus, 
son of Ilia, who is also called 
Rhea Silvia. 

Ilion, -i, [Gr. "l\tov~\, n., Ilium or 
Troy, the city taken by the Greeks 
after a siege of ten years. 

Ilioneus, -ei, [Gr. 'IAjoj/eus], m., a 
son of Niobe. 

Ilios, -i, m., see Ilion. 

iliac, [illa-ce], adv., that way, there, 
by it (referring to via). 

ille, -a, -ud, [old ollus], pron., 
that (at a distance, cf. hie), this 
(of what goes before), he. — PI., 
those, these, them. — With hie, 
another, the other. 

illic, [illi (dat. or loc. of ille, cf. 
hie) -ce], adv., there, therein, in it 
{that, etc.). 

illinc, [illim (loc. of ille) -ce], 
adv., thence (cf. hinc) , from there. 
Also, cf. a dextra, on that side. 

illino, -ere, -levi, -litum, [in- 
lino], v. tr. 3, smear on, smear. 

illQc, [illo (cf. eo) -ce], adv., 
thither, there (as end of motion) : 
hue . . . illuc {this way . . . 
that). 

illustris, -e (inl-), [?], adj., brill- 
iant. 

imago, -inis, [akin to imitor], f., 
likeness, appearance, semblance, 
representation, image, vision, pre- 
tence, reflection (in water, etc.), 
echo, 7?ie?nory (image present to 
the mind). 



. 



Vocabulary. 



71 






imbellis (inb), -e, [in-bellum, 
inflected as adj.], adj., unwarlike, 
peaceful., cowardly. 

imber, -bris, [?], m., rain, shozver. 
— Less exactly, shozver of tears. 

imbuo, -ere, -111, -atum, [?], v. 
tr. 3, moisten, imbue, soak. 

imitamen, -inis, [imita + men], 
n., imitation, semblance. 

imita trix, -icis, [imita + trix], f., 
imitator (as adj.), imitative. 

imitor, -ari, -atus, [?, cf. imago], 
v. dep. I, imitate, simulate, repre- 
sent, be like. 

immadesco, -ere, -madui, no 
sup., [in-madeseo], v. intr. 3, 
become zvet, become steeped. 

immanis (inm-), -e, [in-fmanus, 
good?\ adj., ('uncanny'), mon- 
strous, huge, gigantic. 

immedieabilis (inm-), -e, [in- 
medicabilis], adj., i?icurable. — 
n., what is not to be cured. 

immemor (inm), -oris, [in- 
memor], adj., unmindful, regard- 
less. 

immensus (inm-), -a, -um, [in- 
mensus], adj., immeasurable, 
boundless, immense, unbounded. — 
n., the boundless air : in immen- 
. sum (far and zvide, to enormous 
size) . 

immeritus (inm), -a, -um, [in- 
meritus], adj., undeserving, unof- 
fending, innocent. 

immineo (inm-), -ere, -ui, no 
sup., [in-mineo], v. intr. 2, over- 
hang, lean over, hang over, rise 
above, brood over, be intent on. 

immisceo (inm-), -ere, -miscui, 
-mixtum (mistum), [in-mis- 
ceo], v. tr. 2, mix, mingle. 

immitis (inm), -e, [in-mitis], 
adj., cruel, savage, vindictive, in- 
human. 



immitto (inm), -ere, -mlsl, 
-missum, [in-mitto], v. tr. 3, let 
go at, fling (at), fling towards, let 
in, let loose, insert : immisso vo- 
latu (zvith a szvoop). 

immobilis (inm-), -e, [in-mo- 
bilis], adj., immovable, obstinate. 

immodicus, -a, -um, [in-modi- 
cus], adj., immoderate. 

immorior (inm-), -i, -mortuns, 
[in-morior] , v. dep. 3, fall dying 
upon. 

immotus (inm-), -a, -um, [in- 
motus], adj., zinmoved, iinmov- 
able. 

immundns (inm-), -a, -um, [in- 
mundus], adj., unclean. 

imm finis (inm), -e, [in-fmunis 
(cf. munia and communis)], 
adj., (free from distributive share 
or tribute), exempt from, free from, 
untaxed, untouched by, without 
pay L 

immunitas (inm), -atis, [im- 
muni -f tas], f., freedom. 

immunitus (inm), -a, -um, [in- 
munitus], adj., unwalled. 

immurmuro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[in-murmuro], v. intr. 1, whisper 
in. 

impar (inp-), -aris, [in-par], adj., 
unequal, too short . coloribus (of 
different colors) . 

impatiens (inp), -entis, [in- 
patiens], adj., impatient. 

impavidus (-inp), -a, -um, [in- 
pavidus], adj., unter rifled, un- 
daunted, zoithout fear. 

impedio (inp-), -ire, -ivi, -itum, 
[fimped+io (cf. compes)], v. 
tr. 4, entangle (orig., the feet by- 
snare), entwine, hinder, prevent, 
forbid (as of fear and shame). 

impello (inp-), -ere, -pull, -pul- 
sum, [in-pello], v. a. 3, strike 



72 



Vocabulary. 



against, strike, throw over, Jill 
(auras). 

impense (inp-), [old abl. of im- 
pensus], adv., urgently, press- 
ingly. 

imperfectus (inp-), -a, -urn, 
[in-perfectus], adj., unfinished, 
incomplete. 

imperium (inp-), -I, [fimpero- 
(cf. impero) + ium], n., com- 
mand, authority, sway. 

imperS (inp-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[fimpero- (cf. properus and 
imperium) + o], v. tr. i, order, 
{command to be procured, dative 
of pers., ace. of thing), enjoin, bid, 
rule, co/nmand, control (of horses). 

impes (inp-), -etis, [in-fpetis 
(^/PET-f-is, cf. impetus)], m., 
impetus, rush, charge, force (in 
motion), effort (as producing 
force). 

impetus (inp), -us, [in-fpetus 
(^/PET-)- tus)], m., impetus, im- 
pulse, rush, charge, onset, momen- 
tum, onward course. 

impietas (inp-), -atis, [impio + 
tas], f., impiety, failure of duty 
(to a father or son). 

impiger (inp), -gra, -grum, [in- 
piger], adj., not sluggish, active, 
vigorous, energetic, with active 
flight (as suggested by the con- 
text). 

impius (inp-), -a, -um, [in-pius], 
adj., undutiful, impious, sacrile- 
gious. 

implacabilis (inp-), -e, [in-pla- 
cabilis], adj., implacable. 

impleo (inp), -ere, -evi, -etum, 
[in-pleo], v. tr. 2, fill, fill up, fill 
out, complete : ripas {fill with the 
sound of, etc.) ; mulierem {im- 
pregnate) . 

imploro (inp), -are, -avi, -atum, 



[in-ploro], v. tr. I, implore, be- 
seech. 

i in pi 110 (inp-), -ere, -ui, -utum, 
[in-ploro], v. intr. 3, rain upon, 
drip upon, shozver. 

impono (inp-), -ere, -posui, 
-positum, [in-pono], v. tr. 3, 
place on, set on, set (over), put on, 
impose, give (nomen), serve (men- 
sis), endow with (ace. of thing); 
finem {put); impositus pater 
{lying on the bier) . 

importunus (inp-), -a, -um, [in- 
portunus (portu + nus)], adj., 
{harborless, inhospitable), cruel, 
unkind, inhuman. 

imprimo (inp-), -ere, -press!, 
-pressum, [in-premo], v. tr. 3, 
press on, impress on : impressa 
hasta {with a thrust of his spear). 

improbus (inp), -a, -um, [in- 
probus], adj., (not first class), 
rascally. — As noun, wretch. 

imprudens (inp-), -entis, [in- 
prudens], adj., unwise, unaware. 

i m pulsus (inp-), -us, [in-pulsus, 
through impello], m., impulse, 
stroke, blow, force, momentum. 

impunis (inp-), -e, [in-poena, 
infi\ as adj.], adj., unpunished, 
with impunity. — n., impune, as 
adv., without revenge (of the sub- 
ject), with impunity, unpunished 
(of the object or thing). 

imputo (inp-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[in-puto {reckon)], v. tr. 1, charge 
to, impute : natum equis {charge 
the death of, etc.). 

imus, -a, -um, [in+mus, sup. of 
in], adj., {inmost), lowest, the bot- 
tom of, lowest part of, depths of: 
sub imum pectus {below) ; ima 
{the bottom) ; ab imo {from the 
bottom). 

in, [?], prep., into (with ace), in 



Vocabulary. 



73 



(with abl.), on, upon (ace. or 
abl.), to, towards, against, for, 
with, in the power of, within : in 
locum, in place (of) ; in praeceps 
{headlong) ; in diem {for a day) ; 
in facinus juro {to) ; in latus 
obliquum {half turned, sidewise) ; 
inquirere in annos {pry into, 
etc.). — In comp., in, into, on, 
upon, to, against. 

in- [cf. ««-], insep. adv., un-, not. 

Inachides, -ae, [Gr, 'luax^rjs'}, m., 
son or descendant of Inachus : I. 
Epaphus as grandson of Inachus; 
2. Perseus as a member of the 
royal family of Argos. 

Inachis, -idis, [Gr. 'ij/ax^s], f-, de- 
scendant of Inachus. — Esp. Io, the 
grand-daughter of Inachus. 

Inachus, -i, [Gr. "Ij/axos], m., a 
river of Argolis. — Esp. the river- 
god, first king of Argos and father 
0M0. 

inaequalis, -e, [in-aequalis], adj., 
unequal. 

inamabilis, -e, [in-amabilis] , adj., 
unlovely, hateful. 

inamoenus, -a, -um, [in-amoe- 
nus], adj., unlovely. 

in an is, -e, [?], adj., empty, unpeo- 
pled (orbis), shadotvy (regna 
Ditis), idle, ineffectual, useless. — 
n., inane, the empty air, the void. 

inaratus, -a, -um, [in-aratus], 
adj., unploughed, unfilled. 

inardeo, -ere, -arsi, -arsum, [in- 
ardeo], v. intr. 2, blaze out. 

inardesco, -ere, -arsi, -arsum, 
[in-ardesco], v. intr. 3, blaze out. 

inb-, see imb-. 

incalesco, -ere, -calui, no sup., 
[in-calesco], v. intr. 3, grow 
warm, become fired, be warmed. 

incal(c)facio, -ere, -feci, -fac- 
tum, [in-calefacio], v. tr. 3, 



warm, heat, make reek (knife in 
blood). 

incandesco, -ere, -candui, no 
sup., [in-candesco], v. intr. 3, 
glow (ignibus). 

incautus, -a, -um, [in-cautus], 
adj., incautious, careless, heedless. 

incedo, -ere, -eessi, -cessum, 
[in-cedo], v. intr. 3, advance, go 
forth, come forth, walk, proceed. 

incendium, -i, [prob. in-tcandium 
(fcando-f ium, cf. candeo)], n., 
fire, conflagration. 

incendo, -ere, -cendi, -censum, 
[in-fcando (cf. candeo)], v. tr. 
3, fire, light, kindle. 

inceptum, -i, [p.p. of incipio as 
noun], n., undertaking, enterprise, 
purpose. 

incertus, -a, -um, [in-certus], 
adj., uncertain, doubtful, zvaver< 
ing. 

incessus, -us, [in-f cessus, through 
incedo], m.,gait, ivalk. 

incido, -ere, cidl, -cisum, [in- 
caedo], v. tr. 3, cut into ; make 
by cutting, cut. — p.p., incisus, 
cut in, engraved. 

incingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctum, 
[in-cingo], v. tr. 3, gird around, 
ivind around, gird, surround. — 
Pass., gird one's self. — p.p., in- 
cinctus, girt with (ace), sur- 
rounded by. 

incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
[in-capio], v. tr. 3, begin. 

inclitus, -a, -um, [in-fclutus (p.p. 
of cluo, hear)], adj., famous, re- 
nowned. 

includo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, 
[in-claudo], v. tr. 3, shut in, en- 
close, imprison, contain. 

incognitus, -a, -um, [in-cognitus], 
adj., unknown, unseen (oculis). 

incola, -ae, [in-tcola (V COL + a > 



74 



Vocabulary. 



cf. agricola)], m., dweller in, 
inhabitant. 
incomitatus, -a, -um, [in-comi- 

tatus], adj., unaccompanied. 

inconcessus, -a, -um, [in-conces- 
sus], adj., unallowed, unauthor- 
ized, unlawful. 

inconsolabilis, -e, [in-consola- 
bilis], adj., inconsolable, incurable 
(vulnus). 

incoquo, -ere, -coxi, -coetum, 
[in-coquo], v. tr. 3, boil in, boil 
down, boil. 

incrementum, -1, [incre- (as if 
root of incresco) + mentum], n., 
means of increase, increase. — PI., 
a nursery (of dragon's teeth 
planted). 

increpo, -are, -11I, -itum, [in- 
crepo], v. tr. 1, rattle, crash, 
crack. — Hence, scold, chide, up- 
braid, reproach, curse. 

incresco, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, 
[in-cresco], v. intr. 3, grozv, in- 
crease, swell, be szvollen. 

incubo, -are, -ul (-avi), -itum 
(-atum), [in-cubo], v. intr. 1, 
lie on, brood (of a bird on the 
nest). 

incumbo, -ere, -cubui, [in- 
cumbo], v. intr. 3, lie down in 
{on), fall upon (a sword), bend 
over, lean over, bend to the zvork. 

incurro, -ere, -curri -(cucurri), 
-cursum, [in-curro], v. intr. 3, 
run in {into), jut out into (mon- 
tes undis). 

incurso, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- 
curso], v. intr. 1, run against, hit 
against, dash against. 

incursus, -us, [in-cursus, through 
incurro], m., onset, attack, rush. 
— Fig., impulse, suggestion. 

incurvo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- 
cur vo], v. tr. 1, bend up, bend: 



incurvata membra {doubled 
up). 

incurvus, -a, -um, [in-curvus], 
adj., curved, bent. 

inciistoditus, -a, -um, [in-custo- 
ditus], adj., unguarded, zuilhout a 
keeper. 

indago, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- 
dago- (indu + fagus) -f o], v. tr. 
I, hunt, track out. 

inde, [fim (cf. nine) -de], adv., 
from that, thence, from it, then 
(next), then (therefore), of it. 

indefessus, -a, -um, [in-defes- 
sus], adj., unwearied. 

indejectus, -a, -um, [in-dejectus], 
adj., undemolished, intact. 

indelebilis, -e, [in-delebilis], adj., 
indestructible. 

indeploratus, -a, -um, [in-deplo- 
ratus], adj., umuourned. 

indestrictus, -a, -um, [in-destric- 
tus], adj., ungrazed, without a 
scratch. 

indicium, -i, [indie- (stem of 
index) -f- ium], n., information, 
disclosure, testimony (given by an 
informer) : indicio linguaque 
{informing tongue). 

indico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, [in- 
dico], v. tr. 3, declare, proclaim, 
announce. 

indico, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- 
dico], v. tr. 1, show, point out, 
declare. 

indigena, -ae, [indu-gena {^gkn 
-fa, cf. incola)], m., native. — 
PL, natives. 

indiges, -etis, [indu-fges {y/GA, 
shorter form of -y/GEN -f tis, re- 
duced)], m., native. — Esp. a na- 
tive god or hero raised to the rank 
of a local divinity, home-bom. 

indigestus, -a,-um, [in-digestus], 
adj., undigested, chaotic. 



Vocabulary . 



7$ 



indignor, -ari, -atus, [indigno 
-f o], v. dep. I, deem unworthy, 
be indignant, disdain. — pres. p., 
indignans, indignant. — ger., 
indignandus, to be disdained, 
unworthy of. 

indignus, -a, -um, [in-dignus], 
adj., umvorthy (of the thing suf- 
fered). — Also, unworthy (of the 
person suffering), undeserving (a 
particular fate), innocent. 

mdoleo, -ere, -dolui, no sup., [in- 
doleo], v. intr. 2, mourn, grieve, 
be hurt. 

indomitus, -a, -um, [in-domitus], 
adj., unconquered, unbroken (of 
animals), untamed. 

indotatus, -a, -um, [in-dotatusj , 
adj., doiver/ess, without dowry. 

induco, -ere, -dfixi, -ductum, 
[in-duco], v. tr. 3, spread on, 
draw over, bring on, gather, spread 
over, take on (of the subject itself), 
cover, coat. 

indulgeo, -ere, -dulsi, -dultum, 
[?],v. intr. 2, indulge, indulge in, 
give way to. 

induo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [?, perh. 
indu + o (cf. tribuo)], v. tr. 3, 
put on, clothe. — Pass., put on (to 
•one's self). — p.p., indutus, clad. 

induresco, -ere, -duruj, no sup., 
[in-duresco], v. intr. 3, harden. 

induro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- 
duro], v. tr. I, harden, petrify. 

Indus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'IvSSs'], adj., 
Indian, of India : denies {ele- 
phants^ tusks, ivory). — m. pi., 
the Indians, inhabitants of India. 

ineo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [in-eo], v. tr. 
irr., go into, enter, enter upon, go 
upon, attend. 

iners, -ertis, [in-ars], adj., 'shift- 
less? sluggish, listless, inactive, 
cowardly. 



inexpugnabilis, -e, [in-expugna- 

bilis], adj., unconquerable, im- 
pregnable, ineradicable. 

inexspeetatus (inexp-), a, -um, 
[in-exspectatus] , adj., unex- 
pected. 

infamia, -ae, [infami + ia], f., ill 
report, ill fame. 

infamis, -e, [in-fama, infl. as adj.], 
adj., of ill report, infamous, ill- 
omened. 

infans, -antis, [in-fans, pres. p. of 
for], c. (really adj.), infant, child. 
— As adj., childish : ora. 

infaustus, -a, -um, [in-faustus], 
adj., unpropilious, unlucky. 

Infectus, -a, -um, [in-factus], adj. 
undone, unfinished. 

infelix, -Icis, [in-felix], adj., un- 
lucky, unhappy, ill-starred, ill- 
boding. 

inferiae,-arum, [infero- (reduced) 
+ ia], f. pi., sacrifice (to the gods 
below). 

inferior, see infer us. 

infernus, -a, -um, [infero + nus], 
adj., of the lower world : sedes 
{the zvorld belozu) . 

infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [in- 
fero], v. tr. irr., bring to, bear to, 
place among, inflict (morsus, etc.). 

(inferus), -a, -um, [?, unc. stem 
+ rus], adj., loiv, below. — Comp., 
lower, too low. — For sup., see 
imus. 

infestus, -a, -um, [in-festus], adj., 
hostile, dangerous, infested with, 
offended (Diana). 

Inficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, [in- 
facio], v. tr. 3, dip in, dye, tinge, 
color, come over (pallor fores), 
infect (tabe), paint (of reflected 
color) : infectus {reeking). 

infirm us, -a, -um, [in-firmus], 
adj., feeble. 



76 



Vocabulary. 



Infitior, -ari, -atus, [infitia- (stem 
infitiae) -f o], v. dep. I, deny. — 
ger., lnfitiandus, to be denied, to 
be repudiated. 

inflo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in-flo], 
v. tr. I, blow on, fill, inflate. 

infra, [instr. of inferus], adv., 
lower, below, beneath. 

Infractus, see infringe 

Infringo, -ere, -fregi, -fractum, 
[in-frango], v. tr. 3, break down, 
break off. — p.p., infractus, 
broken, cracked (of sound). 

infundo, -ere, -fiidi, -fusum, 
[in-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour in, in- 
fuse, breathe into : infusa capillos 
(with hair flowing). 

ingenio, -ere, -gemui, -gemitum, 
[in-gemo], v. intr. 3, groan (at a 
sight, etc.),^V^ a groan, creak. 

ingeniosus, -a, -um, [ingenio 
+ osus], adj., ingenious, talented. 

ingenium, -i, [fingena- (or simi- 
lar stem) + ium], n., nature (born 
in one), character, genius, mind, 
talent. — PL, genius (coll. for men 
of genius). 

ingens, entis, [in-gens (i.e. a mon- 
ster out of its class)], adj., vast, 
huge. 

ingero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum, 
[in-gero], v. tr. 3, heap upon. 

ingratus, -a, -um, [in-gratus], 
adj., unpleasing, ungrateful. 

ingredior, -i, -gressus, [in-gra- 
dior], v. dep. 3, enter, pass (on 
or over), proceed. 

inguen, -inis, [?], n., the groin. 
— Also pi. 

inhaereo, -ere, -haesi, -haesum, 
[in-haereo], v. intr. 2, stick in, 
cling to, inhere. 

inhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [in- 
habeo], v. tr. 2, hold in, check, 
restrain, stay. 



inhonoratus, -a, -um, [in-hono- 

ratus], adj., unhonored. 

inhospitus, -a, -um, [in-hospes, 
decl. as adj. (cf. hospita)], adj., 
inhospitable. 

inicio (inj-), -ere, -jeci, -jectum, 
[in-jacio], v. tr. 3, throw upon (in, 
into), thrust into, throw around, 
cast upon: manum (lay hands 
on). 

inimlcus, -a, -um, [in-amicus], 
adj., hostile. — As noun, enemy. 

iniquus, -a, -um, [in-aequus], 
adj., unequal, unfair, cruel, un- 
willing (mens), rough (mons). 

injuria, -ae, [in-jus, of unc. forma- 
tion] , f., injustice, outrage, wrong. 

injaste, [old abl. of injustus], 
adj., unjustly. 

injustus, -a, -um, [in-justus], adj., 
unjust, unfair. 

inm-, see imm-. 

innabilis, -e, [in-nabilis], adj., 
unnavigable . 

innascor, -i, -natus, [in-nascor], 
v. dep. 3, grow on (in). 

innatus, p.p. of innascor. 

innitor, -i, -nisus (nixus), [in- 
nitor], v. dep. 3, lean on. 

innocuus, -a, -um, [in-nocuus], 
adj., harmless, innocent. 

innubus, -a, -um, [in-fnubus (cf. 
pronuba)], adj., unmarried. 

innumerus, -a, -um, [in nume- 
rus], adj., numberless, countless. 

innuptus, -a, -um, [in-nuptus], 
adj., unmarried. — Fem., maiden. 

Ino, -us, [Gr. 'ivu], f., daughter of 
Cadmus, wife of Athamas, sister of 
Semele, and nurse of Bacchus, 
changed to the sea-goddess Leu- 
cothee. 

inops, -opis, [in-ops], adj., desti- 
tute, feeble, helpless, wretched : in- 
ops mentis (crazed). 



Vocabulary. 



77 



inornatus, -a, -um, [in-ornatus], 

adj., unadorned. 

Inous, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Ivcjios], adj.j 
of/no. 

inp-, see imp-. 

inquam, [?], v. intr. def., said I, 
said he, etc. 

inquino, -are, -avi, -atum, [?J, v. 
tr. I, stain. 

inquiro, -ere, -quaesivi, -quaesi- 
tum, [in-quaeroj, v. tr. 3, in- 
quire, pry, investigate, learn, in- 
quire into. 

inrequietus (irr-), -a, -um, [in- 
frequietus (p.p. of requiesco)], 
adj., restless, without rest. 

inrideo, see irrideo. 

inritameu, see irritamen. 

inritamentum, see irritamen- 
tum. 

inrito, see irrito. 

inritus, see irritus. 

inroro (irr-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[in-roro], v. tr. 1, sprinkle, bedew. 

inrumpo (irr-), -ere, -rupi, -rup- 
tum, [in-rumpo], v. intr. 3, 
break in (into), break out upon, 
burst upon. 

insania, -ae, [finsano- (reduced) 
-f ia], f., madness, insanity, frenzy. 
— Also personified. 

insanus, -a, -um, [in-sanusj, adj., 
{unsound), mad, crazy. — -Of in- 
animate things, wild (aquae). 

inscius, -a, -um, [in-fscius (cf. 
nescius)], adj., ignorant, una- 
ware, unknowingly). 

inscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip- 
turn, [in-scribo], v. tr. 3, write 
upon, inscribe, mark. 

inseco, -are, -secui, -sectum, [in- 
seco], v. tr. 1, cut into, cut in, 
cleave. 

insenesco, -ere, -senui, [in- 
senesco], v. intr. 3, grow old. 



insequor, -i, secntus, [in-sequor], 

v. dep. 3, pursue. 
insero, -ere, -semi, -sertum, [in- 

sero?], v. tr. 3, thrust in, intrude, 

insert. 
insidiae, -arum, [finsido-f ia], f. 

pi., (ambush), plots, treachery, 

snare, hidden dangers. 
insignis, -e, [in-signum, infl. as 

adj.], adj., marked, conspicuous, 

distinguished. 
insilio, -ire, -silui, -sultum, [in- 

salio], v. intr.. 4, spring into 

(upon), leap into (upon). 
insisto, -ere, -stiti, -stituin, 

[in-sisto], v. intr. 3, stand on, 

step upon, rest on, rise up on 

(digitis). 
insolitus, -a, -um, [in-solitus], 

adj., unwonted, unaccustomed. 
insomnis, -e, [in-somnus, infl. as 

adj.], adj., sleepless. 
insono, -are, -sonui, no sup., [in- 

sono], v. intr. 1, blow upon, 

sound, roar. 
insons, -sontis, [in-sons], adj., 

guiltless, innocent, unoffending. 
insopitus, -a, -uui, [in-sopitus], 

adj., sleepless. 
inspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, 

[in-fspecio], v. tr. 3, look upon, 

see, gaze upon. 
inspiro, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- 

spiroj, v. intr. 1, blow upon, 

breathe into (with ace. of thing). 
instabilis, -e, [in-stabilis], adj., 

unsteady, unstable. 
instar, indecl., [unc. form from 

insto], n., (image), like (properly 

in apposition) ; used with gen. 
instigo, -are, -avi, -atum, [prob. 

instigo- (in-fstigus, y'sTiG + 

us)], v. tr. 1, spur on, urge 

on. 
instillo, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- 



78 



Vocabulary. 



stilloj, v. tr. I, drop in, pour in 
(slowly). 
Insto, -are, -stiti, -statum, [in- 
stoj, v. intr. I, stand over, urge, 
press on, pursue, threaten, insist. 

— pres. p., instans, approaching, 
threatening, pressing, urgent. 

instringo, -ere, -strinxi, -stric- 
tuin, [in-stringoj, v. tr. 3, bind. 

instruo, -ere, -struxi, -structum, 
[in-struo], v. a. 3, arrange, sup- 
ply, furnish, prepare, set (con- 
vivia). 

insuetus, -a, -um, [in-suetus], 
adj., unaccustomed. 

Insula, -ae, [?], f., island. 

insulto, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- 
saltoj, v. intr. 1, leap upon, dance 
upon. — Often with accessory idea 
of contempt : fluctibus carinae. 

insum, inesse, infui, no sup., [in- 
sumj, v. intr. irr., be in. — Often 
transl. by have (with change of 
subject). 

insnper, [in-super], adv., over and 
above, besides, moreover. 

insuperabilis, -e, [in-supera- 
bilis], adj., unconquerable, inevi- 
table. 

intabesco, -ere, -tabui, no sup., 
[in-tabesco], v. intr. 3, pine (at 
anything), melt away. 

intactus, -a, -um, [in-tactus], 
adj., untouched, not disturbed. 

integer, -gra, -grum, [in-fteger 
( -^tag -f rus) ] , adj ., untouched, 
uninjured, intact, in (its) en- 
tirety. 

intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, 
[inter-lego], v. tr. 3, wider stand. 

— p.p., intellectus, intelligible. 
intemptatus, -a, -um, [in-temp- 

tatus], adj., untried. 
intendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum, 
[in-tendo], v. tr. 3, stretch upon, 



stretch. — With or without ani- 
mum {beiid one's mind, devote 
one's self, aim, intend). 

intentus, -os, [in-ftentus, perh. 
through intendo], m., effort, un- 
dertaking. 

inter, [comp. of in (in+ter)], 
prep., between (prop, of two), 
among, amid: inter se (with 
each other). — As adv. in comp., 
between, among, in, apart, in ad- 
vance. 

intercipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
[inter-capio], v. tr. 3, take away 
(before somebody else), take pos- 
session of. 

interdum, [inter dum], adv., (cf. 
' between whiles '), sometimes. 

interea, [inter ea (cf. hac)],adv., 
meanwhile. 

intereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [inter 
(with unc. force, perh. apart) -eo, 
cf. interficio], v. intr. irr., perish, 
be destroyed. 

interior, -oris, [comp. of finterus 
(cf. intra)], adj., inner. — n. as 
adv., within. — See also intimus. 

interius, see interior. 

intermitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
[inter-mitto], v. tr. 3, (let come 
between), leave off, cease, stop, in- 
termit. 

internodium, -i, [inter-nodo + 
ium], n., space between knots. — 
Hence, limb (between joints). 

interritus, -a, -um, [in-territus], 
adj., unterrified, fearless, without 
alar 77i. 

intertexo, -ere, -texui, -textum, 
[inter-texo], v. tr. 3, i7iterweave. 

intervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, 
[inter- venio], v. tr. 4, come be- 
tween, interrupt. 

intexo, -ere, -ui, -turn, [in-texo], 
v. tr. 3, weave ift, interweave. 



Vocabulary. 



79 



intibum (intu-), [Gr. %vtv&ov~], n., 

endive. 
intimus, -a, -um, [in + timus, 

sup. of in], adj., inmost. 
intinguo, -ere, -tinxi, -tinctum, 

[in-tinguoj, v. tr. 3, dip in. 
intono, -are, -tonui, -tonitum, 

[in-tono], v. intr. 1, thunder. 
intonsus, -a, -um, [in-tonsus], 

adj., unshorn, long-haired (as a 

sign of youth). 
intra, [instr. of finterus], prep. 

and adv., within, znside. 
intremisco, -ere, -tremui, no sup., 

[in-tremisco J , v. intr. 3, tremble, 

shake. 
intro, -are, -avi, -atum, [fintero 

+ oj, v. tr. 1, enter. 
introitus, -5s, [intro-itus], m., 

entrance. 
introrsus, [intro-vorsus, (p.p. of 

verto)], adv., within. 
intus, [in + tus (cf. divinitus)], 

adv., {from within), within (cf. a 

dextra) . 
inultus, -a, -um, [in-ultus], adj., 

unavenged. 
inutilis, -e, [in-utilis], adj., use- 
less, injurious. 
invado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, [in- 

vado], v. tr. 3, attack. 
inveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, 

[in-veho], v. intr. 3, bear to (or 

against). — Pass., attack, make a 

raid. — p.p., invectus, borne on. 
invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, 

[in-venio], v. tr. ^,find, discover. 

— p.p. n., inventum, invention, 

discovery. 
inventum, see invenio. 
invergo, -ere, no perf., no sup., 

[in-vergo], v. tr. 3, pour. 
invictus, -a, -um, [in-victus], 

adj., unconquered, unconquerable. 
invideo, -ere, -vidi, -visum, 



[prob. invido -f eo, but con- 
founded with in- video], v. intr. 
2, be jealous of, envy, grudge. — 
Also with ace. of thing grudged. 
— p.p., invisus, hated, hateful. 

invidia, -ae, [invido + ia], f., 
envy, jealousy, ill will, evil fame 
(among others, changing point of 
view). — Also personified, Envy. 

invidiosus, -a, -um, [invidia- 
(reduced) + osus], adj. (fraught 
with invidia), envied, to be en- 
vied, an object of envy. — Also, 
full of ill willi envying, jealous. 

invidus, -a, -um, [in-fvidus (cf. 
video)], adj., {looking askance 
at), envious, jealous, grudging. 

invisus, see invideo. 

invitus, -a, -um, [?], adj., unwill- 
ing. 

invius, -a, -um, [in-via (infl. as 
adj.)], did)., pathless, impassable. 

invoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [in- 
voco], v. tr. I, {call in), appeal 
to, invoke. 

involvo, -ere, -volvi, -volBtum, 
[in-volvo], v. tr. 3, enwrap, 
7urap, envelop. 

15, -5s, [Gr. "Ia>], f., daughter of 
Inachus, changed by Juno into a 
heifer. 

io, [?], interj., ho! oh! 

Iolaus, -i, [Gr. 'IoAaos], m., son of 
Iphicles, nephew and companion 
of Hercules. He took part in the 
Calydonian hunt. 

Iolciacus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'IcoA^ta- 
kos~\, adj., of Iolcus in Thessaly, 
the native place of Jason. 

Iole, -es, [Gr. 'I0A.77], f., daughter 
of Eurytus, king of CEchalia in 
Eubcea, beloved by Hercules. 

Ionius, -a, -um, [Gr. '\6vios~\, adj., 
Ionian. — Esp. neut. (sc. mare), 
the Ionian Sea, west of Greece. 



8o 



Vocabulary. 



Iphigenia, -ae, [Gr. 'lipiyeveui], f., 

the daughter of Agamemnon, king 
of Mycenae. She was to be sacri- 
ficed to Diana, but was exchanged 
for a deer. 
ipse, -a, -urn, [is-pte (potis?)], 
pron., himself, herself, itself self 

— Often transl. by other forms of 
speech, very, of itself, even, the 
very, the master {lord, etc.) him- 
self (Jupiter and the like) : ex 
ipsis, fro?n their ozvn forms (into 
something else). 

Ira, -ae, [?], f., wrath, anger, fury. 

— Also pi. 

Irascor, -I, iratus, [ira- (prob. 
verb stem) + sco], v. dep. 3, be 
angry. — p.p., Iratus, angry, in 
wrath. 

Iris, -idis (also -is), [Gr.^Ipts], f., 
the goddess of the rainbow, daugh- 
ter of Thaumas, messenger and 
servant of Juno. 

irrideo (inr-), -ere, -rlsl, -rlsum, 
[in-rideo], v. tr. 2, deride. 

irritamen (inr-), -inis, [irrita-f 
men], n., cause of irritation, irri- 
tation. 

irrltamentum (inr-), -i, [irrita 
+ mentum], n., cause of irrita- 
tion, exciting cause (malorum). 

irrito (inr-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[?], v. tr. I, provoke. 

irritus (inr-), -a, -um, [in-ratus], 
adj., (unratified}, void, null, un- 
availing, vain, in vain, brought to 
naught. 

irrumpo, see iurumpo. 

Irus, -i, [Gr. r lpos], n., a beggar 
slain by Ulysses with a blow of his 
fist. — As common noun, an Irus, 
a beggar. 

is, ea, id, gen. ejus, [V 1 ]* pron., 
he, she, it, that: ea {all this, all 
thai). 



Ismarius, -a, -um, [Gr. '1 07*0,0 ios], 
adj., of Ismarus (a mountain of 
Thrace), Ismarian, Thracian. 

Ismenis, -idis, [Gr. 'la- fir] vis'], f. 
adj., of Ismenos (a river near 
Thebes). — Hence pi., Theban 
women. 

Ismenos, -i, [Gr. 'la/x-nvos], m. : 1. 
a river near Thebes; 2. one of the 
sons of Niobe. 

iste, -a, -ud (gen. -ius), [is-te (cf. 
tarn, turn)], pron., that (near 
the person addressed), those. 

istic, [isti-ce], adv., there (by the 
person addressed). 

ita, [?, akin to item], conj., so % 
thus: ita . . . lit (Just as). 

Italia, -ae, [fltalo- (reduced) + 
ia (f. of -ius)], f., Italy. 

iter, itineris, [akin to eo, forma- 
tion unc], n., way, road, course, 
passage, channel. 

itero, -are, -avi, -atum, [itero- 
(cf. iterum) -f o], v. tr. I, repeat, 
reiterate, find again, reproduce. 

iterum, [^1 (in is) + terus (cf. 
utrum)], adv., a second time, 
again, once more, twice. 

itum, see eo. 

Itys, -yos, [Gr. "Itvs], m., son of 
Tereus and Progne, who was 
changed into a pheasant. 

lulus, -1, [Gr. "lovAos], m., a name 
of Ascanius, son of ^Eneas, from 
whom the Julian family in Rome 
derived its name. 

Ixion, -onis, [Gr. 'I£ia>i>], m., a 
king of the Lapithso, who was 
bound to a wheel in the world be- 
low as a punishment for his 
crimes. 

J. 

jaceo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [prob. 
jaco- (jac -f us) + eo, but perhaps 



Vocabulary. 



81 



not denominative], v. intr. 2, lie, 
lie prostrate, be situated, lie still, 
be fallen, decline, be downcast. 

Jacio, -ere, -jeci, -jactum, [VJACj 
as in jaceo], v. tr. 3, throw, throw 
down, throw out, sow (semina), 
lay (foundations). 

jacto, -are, -avi, -atum, [jacto 
+ o], v. tr. I, throw, toss, hurl, 
move (wings), whirl (torch), throw 
off (carmina) , show off, display. — 
p.p., jactatus, moving, /lapping 
(wings). 

jaetura, -ae, [jactu-f- ra], f., loss 
(properly from throwing over- 
board). 

jactus, -us, [-v/JAC -f tus], m., 
throwing. 

jaculatrix, -Icis, [jacula-f trix], 
f., (thrower of darts'), huntress. 

jaculor, -ari, -atus, [jaculo + o], 
v. dep. I, hurl (properly, javelins). 

jaculum, -I, [prob. jaco- (cf. 
jacio) + lum (n. of -lus)], n., 
javelin. 

jam, [?], adv., now (of succession 
or growth, cf. nunc, an instanta- 
neous now) Just now, immediately, 
already, at last: jam jamque 
(just now, immediately) ; neque 
jam (no longer). — jam dudum, 
.adv., already, nozv for some time. 
— jam pridem, long since. 

janua, -ae,[akin to Janus], f., door. 

Janus, -I, [akin to dies, Jupiter, 
and Diana], m., an Italian deity, 
represented with two faces, presid- 
ing over doorways and beginnings 
of things. An ancient gate In 
Rome was also called Janus or 
Porta Janualis. 

jecur, jecinoris (jecoris), [?, gen. 
from expanded form], n., liver. 

jejunium, -i, [jejuno + ium], n., 
fasting, fast, starvation. 



juba, -ae, [?], f., mane. 

Juba, -ae, m., a king of Numidia, 

who was defeated by Julius Caesar 

in the battle of Thapsus, B.C. 46, 

and killed himself. 
jubar, -aris, [?], n., sunbeam, 

comet, star. 
jubeo, -ere, jussi, jussum, [prob. 

jus habeo, but forms obscure], v. 

tr. 2, command, bid. — See also 

jussum. 
jucundus, -a, -um, [?], ad]., pleas- 
ant, agreeable. 
judex, -icis, [jus-dex (y'Dic, as 

stem)], c, judge, critic: me ju- 

dice (in my judgment). 
judicium, -I, [judic -f ium], n., 

judgment, decision. 
jugalis, -e, [jugo- (reduced) -f 

alis], adj., conjugal, of marriage. 

— Also pi., team (in the yoke), 
serpent steeds (from the context). 

jOgerum, -I (also -eris, ere, etc.), 
[prob. VJ UG + us » certainly akin 
to jugum], n., a measure of land, 
acre (loosely, being only about 
two-thirds of an acre). 

jugulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [jugulo 
-f o], v. tr. I, cut the throat, kill, 
slay. 

jugulum, -i, [jugo + lum], n., the 
throat (at the ' yoke : of the col- 
lar-bones). 

jugum, -i, [y'jUG-f um], n., yoke. 

— Less exactly, ridge (of moun- 
tains), beam (of a door), hill-tops. 

Julius, -a, -um, [f Julo- (reduced) 
+ ius], adj., Julian (the name of 
the Roman gens to which Caesar 
belonged). — Esp. Julian (of 
Julius Caesar). — Masc, Julius, 
the name of Gaius Caesar and his 
adopted son, Augustus. 

juncosus, -a, -um,' [junco + osus], 
adj., reedy, rushy. 



82 



Vocabulary. 



junctura, -ae, [junctu -f ra (f. of 

-rus)], f., joining, ligament, tveb 
(of web-footed birds). 

junc us, -i, [?], m., rush. 

jungo, -ere, junxi, junctum, 
[VJ UG ]» v - tr - 3> yoke, harness, 
unite, imprint (oscula) . — p.p., 
united with, close by, next to, con- 
nected, related. 

Juno, -onis, [prob. for Jo vino, 
akin to Jupiter], f., the queen of 
the gods, wife of Jupiter, enemy 
of Hercules and of the Trojans. 

Junonius, -a, -um, [fJunon-f 
ius], adj., of Juno : avis, the pea- 
cock (sacred to Juno) : Samos 
(the island of Samos, where Juno 
had a famous temple). 

Juppiter, Jovis, [f Jovis-pater], 
m., the supreme divinity of the 
Romans, corresponding in general 
to Zeus of the Greeks : arbor Jovis 
{the oak) ; also, the air, the sky. 

juro, -are, -avi, -atum, [jus (as if 
fjura) + o], v. intr. i, swear, 
swear by (ace), conspire : juranda 
palus {the oath of the gods) . 

jus, juris, [ju (akin to jug) -f us], 

n., right (humanly speaking, cf. 

f as), justice, rights, control (rights 

' over), bond (taedae) ; jure 

{justly, with reason). 

jussum, -I, [n. p.p. of jubeo], n., 
order, command, behest, bidding. 

juste, [old abl. of Justus], adv., 
justly, with reason. 

Justus, -a, -um, [jus -f tus (cf. 
robustus)], adj., just, lawful, 
regular, proper, wonted, well- 
founded. — n. pi., what is just, jus- 
tice, funeral rites, sad offices. 

juvenalis, -e, [juven + alis], adj., 
youthful. 

juvenaliter, [juvenali -f ter], adv., 
with youthful strength. 



juvenca, -ae, [juven+ca (f. of 

-cus)], f., heifer. 
juvencus, -i, [juven + cus], m., 

bullock, ox. 
juvenilis, -e, [juven- (as if juveni-) 

+ lis], adj., youthful. 

juvenis, -is, [?], c. (used as adj. 
with neuter form], young, youth- 
ful. — As noun, young man, youth : 
anni {of youth). 

juventa, -ae, [juven + ta (abstract 
ending)], f., youth. — Personified, 
Hebe, Youth. 

juventus, -utis, [juven -f tus], f., 
youth. — Also, the youth (collec- 
tively) , young men. 

juvo, -are, juvi, jutum, [?], v. tr. 
I, aid, assist, help, delight, give 
pleasure, be wholesome. 

juxta, [sup. of stem akin to jungo], 
adv., near by, close by. 



labefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 

[flabe- (case-form akin to labo) 
-f facio], v. tr. 3, shake, make tot- 
ter, szvay to and fro, wrench. 

labo, -are, -avi, no sup., [?], v. 
intr. I, roll, shake, totter, sway, be 
weak (cf. 'be shaky '). 

labor, -oris, [?], m., toil, fatigue, 
trouble, difficulty, sorroivs (pi.), 
pain, trial. 

labor, -I, lapsus, [?, akin to labo], 
v. dep. 3, slide, slip, fall, fozv, 
swim, glide. — p.p., lapsus, flow- 
ing, fading, glazing (oculi). 

laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, [labor- 
(as if labora) -f- o],v. intr. 1, toil, 
be in travail, be in distress, stag- 
ger (under a burden). — Also, 
work, strive, care. — p.p., wrought. 

Liabros, -i, [Gr. Ao.Spos], m., one of 
Action's dogs. 



Vocabulary. 



«3 



labrum, -I, [akin to labium], n., 

lip. 

lac, lactis, [?], n., milk, juice. 

Lacedaemon, -onis, [Gr. Aa/ceSai- 
H&v~\, f., Lacedcemon or Sparta. 

lacer, -era, -erum, [?, unc. root 
-f-rus], adj., torn, dismembered, 
shattered, lacerated. 

lacero, -are, -avi, -atum, [lacero- 
(as if lacera) + o], v. tr. i, tear, 
lacerate. 

lacerta, -ae, [?], f., lizard. 

lacertosus, -a, -um, [lacerto + 
osus], adj., muscular. 

lacertus, -I", -[?, perh. same as 
lacerta, cf. musculus], m.,arm 
(perh. orig. of the biceps muscle). 

Liachne, -es, [Gr. Aaxvrf], f., one 
of Actaeon's hounds. 

Laclnius, -a, -um, [Gr. Aaniviov], 
adj., of Lacinium (a promontory 
of Southern Italy, on which was 
a temple of Juno, a landmark for 
sailors). The name of the prom- 
ontory is the neut. of the adj. 

Lacon, -onis, [Gr. Ao.kwv'], m., 
Laconian, the name of one of 
Actaeon's dogs. 

Laconis, -idis (-idos*), f., adj., 
Laconian ; used referring to a 
female dog of Laconian breed. 

lacrima, -ae, [unc. stem (akin to 
da.Kpv) -fma (f. of -mus)], f., 
tear. 

lacrimabilis, -e, [lacrima (stem of 
lacrimo) + bilis], adj., lament- 
able : nil lacrimabilis {no cause 
for tears). 

lacrimo, -are, -avi, -atum, [la- 
crima + o], v. intr. I, weep, shed 
tears : ebur (of moisture found on 
it). 

lacrimosus, -a, -um, [lacrima 
-f osus], adj., tearful (fumus). 

lac tans, -antis, [lact- (as if lacta) 



+ o], pres. p. (of lacto), milky 

(ubera) . 
lacteus, -a, -um, [lact -f eus], adj., 

milky : via {the milky way). 
lacuna, -ae, [lacu -f na (f. of 

-nus)], f., hollow, gap. 
lacus, -us, [?], m., lake, pool, reser- 
voir, vat. 
Ladon, -onis, [Gr. Aa5wv~\, m. : I. 

a river of Arcadia and Elis; 2. one 

of Actaeon's dogs. 
laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum, [?],v. 

tr. 3, hurt, injure, wound, violate, 

outrage, offend (cf. 'hurt'), hack 

(ferrum), trample on (ignem). 
Laelaps, -apis, [Gr. AcuA.cu//], m., 

one of Actaeon's dogs. 
Laertes, -ae, [Gr. Aaeprrjs], m., the 

father of Ulysses. 
laetabilis, -e, [laeta -f bilis], adj., 

joyful, acceptable. 
laetitia, -ae, [laeto + tia] , f. , joy. 

— Personified, Joy. 
laetor, -ari, -atus, [laeto- (as if 

laeta) -f o], v. dep. I, rejoice, 

take delight, be glad. 
laetus, -a, -um, [unc. root + tus], 

adj., joyful, gla d. 
laevus, -a, -um, [?], adj., the left 

(hand) : laeva (on the left). 
lambo, -ere, Iambi, sup. obs., [?, 

cf. labium, labrum], v. tr. 3, 

lick. 
lamentabilis, -e, [lamenta + 

bilis], adj., lamentable, distress- 
ing. 
lamina, -ae, [?], f., plate (of metal), 

metal. 
Lampetie, -es, [Gr. AafiireTiri'], f., 

one of the Heliades. 
lana, -ae, [?], f, wool. — Also pi. 
lancea, -ae, [prob. borr. from 

A6yxy~\, f., lance. 
langueo, -ere, langui, no sup., 

[?, prob. from adj. stem, cf. Ian- 



8 4 



Vocabulary. 



guidus], v. intr. 2, fail, languish, 

die out. 
languesco, -ere, langui, no sup., 

[langue- (stem of langueo) + 

sco], v. intr. 3, languish, die out, 

die. 
languor, -oris, [langu- (as if root 

of langueo) + or], m., languor, 

weakness. 
lanificus, -a, -um, [lana-ficus], 

adj., wool-making, textile : ars (of 

spinning or weaving). 
laniger, -era, -erum, [lana-ger 

(for -gerus)], adj., wool-bearing, 
fleecy. — As noun, fleecy sheep. 
lanio, -are, -avl, -atum, [lania 

-f o], v. tr. I, tear, rend, mangle, 

lacerate. 
lanugo, -inis, [?, flanu- (akin to 

lana) + go], f., down. 
Laomedon, -ontos, [Gr. Aao^.4- 

8w^], m., king of Troy, son of 

llus, father of Priam. 
lapidosus, -a, -um, [lapid + osus], 

adj., stony. 
lapillus, -I, [lapid -f lus], m., little 

stone, pebble. 
lapis, -idis, [?], m., stone. 
lapsus, -us, [lab- (as root) + tus], 

m., slip, swoop, shoot, descent (by 

gliding), course (of a river). 
laqueus, -1, [?, akin to lacio, perh. 

orig. of a pit, cf. lacus], m., snare, 

noose. 
liar, Laris, [?, orig. las], m., a 

household god, a tutelary divinity. 

— Usually in the pi., the special 

protectors of the household, spirits 

of deceased ancestors, or some 

deified persons. — Less exactly, 

hearth, home, house, habitation. 
largus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bounte- 
ous, generous, bountiful. 
lasclvio, -Ire, -if, -I turn, [la- 

scivo- (as if lascivi-) + 0], v. 



intr. 4, be frolicsome, be wanton, 
wanton, sport. 

lascivus, -a, -um, [?, unc. stem 
+ vus (cf. nocivus)], adj., wan- 
ton, frolicsome, sportive, playful. 

lasso, -are, -avl, -atum, [lasso- 
(as if lassa) +0], v. tr. 1, tire, 
fatigue, weary. — P-P-, tired, 
weary. 

lassus, -a, -um, [?, perh. akin to 
lascivus, ' tired with play '], adj., 
weary, fatigued, exhausted. 

late, [old abl. of latus], adv., 
widely, far and wide, widely 
abroad. 

latebra, -ae, [late- (weakened) + 
bra], f., lurking-place, hiding- 
place, den, haunt. — Fig., riddle 
(as means of concealing meaning). 

lateo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [prob. 
from adj. stem?], v. intr. 2, be hid, 
lie hid, skulk, lurk, hide, lie buried 
(fig.). — pres. p., hidden, secret. 

latex, -icis, [?], m., zvater, fluid. 
— Often in pi. 

Latinus, -a, -um, [Latio- (or sim- 
pler stem) -f inus], adj., Latin, of 
Rome. 

latito, -are, -avl, no sup., [flatito- 
(or kindred stem) + (cf. lateo)], 
v. intr. 1, hide, lurk. 

Lathis, -a, -um, [flatu- (or -o) 
(akin to tAcitus,) -f ius], adj., of 
Latium, Latin, Roman. 

Latois, -idis, [Gr. Arircois], f., 
daughter of Latona (Leto), Diana. 

Latona, -ae, (Gr. ArjTw + na (cf. 
Diana, Neptunus)], f., the 
mother of Apollo and Diana. 

Latonius, -a, -um, [fLatona (re- 
duced) + ius], adj., of Latona. — 
As subst. f., daughter of Latona 
(Diana). 

Latous, -a, -um, [Gr. Atjt^os], 
adj., of Latona. 



Vocabulary. 



85 



latratus, -fis, [latra + tus], m., 

barkings baying, bark. 
latro, -are, -avi, -atum, [?, prob. 

from noun stem], v. intr. I, bark. 

— pres. p., latra ns (as noun), 

barking dog. 
laturus, see fero. 
latus, -a, -um, [ ?, prob. for fpla- 

tus], adj., broad, wide : in latum 

(in width). 
latus, -eris, [?], n., side, flank: 

omne latus, every side (fig.). 
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [flaud 

+ o], v. tr. 1, praise, commend, 

approve, speak well of, extol. 
laurea, -ae, [lauro + ea (f. of 

-eus)], f., laurel. 
laureus, -a, -um, [flauro- (re- 
duced) + eus], adj., of laurel. 
laurus, -i, [?], f., laurel. 
laus, laudis, [?, prob. for fclaus], 

f., glory. — PL, creditable acts ; 

also same sense as sing. 
Lavinium, -I, [fLavino- (reduced) 

-fius], n., the town in Latium 

built by ^Eneas and named after 

his wife, Lavinia. 
lavo, -are (-ere), -avi v (lavi), 

-atum (lautum, lotum), [akin 

to luo, through noun stem], v. tr. 

I and 3, wash, bathe. 
lea, -ae, [f. of leo, through earlier 

form], f., lioness. 
leaena, -ae, [Gr. Aeatva], f., lioness. 
Leandros, -I, [Gr. AeafSpos], m., 

Leander (a youth who swam the 

Hellespont from Abydos to Sestos 

to visit his mistress, Hero). 
Liearchus, -T, [Gr. Aeapxos'], m., a 

son of Athamas and Ino. 
Lebinthos, -i, [Gr. At&ivdos'], f, a 

little island off the southwest coast 

of Asia Minor. 
lector, -oris, [ y'LEG + tor] , m., a 

reader. 



lectus, -1, [?, y'LEG-ftus], m., 
bed, bier, couch. 

Leda, -ae, [Gr. AtjSci], f., wife of 
Tyndareus, king of Sparta, mother 
of Helen, Castor, and Pollux. 

lego, -ere, legi, lectum, [ v leg], 
v. tr. 3, pick out, choose, pick, 
gather. — Hence, read, thread (a 
path, etc.), coast (along a shore). 

Lelex, -egis, [Gr. AeAe|], m., a 
sharer in the Calydonian hunt, 
from Naryx in Locris. 

lena, -ae, [?], f., procuress. 

Lenaeus, -1, [Gr. Ayva'ios'], m. adj., 
(of the winepress) , an epithet of 
Bacchus. — Pater, Bacchus. 

lenio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, [leni-f o], 
v. tr. 4, soften, appease. 

lenis, -is, [?], adj., gentle, soft, 
kindly. 

leniter, [leni-f ter], adv., gently. 
— Comp., lenius, less violently, 
less fiercely. 

lente, [old abl. of lentus], adv., 
slowly. 

lentiscifer, -era, -erum, [lentisco- 
fer], adj., mastic-bearing. 

lentus, -a, -um, [len (as root of 
lenis) -f-tus], adj., pliable, wind- 
ing, sinuous. — Hence (on the 
one hand), tough ; (on the other), 
sluggish, lingering, slow, dormant. 

leo, -onis, [ ?, simple stem (cf. lea) 
-f o], m., lion. — So, the Lion 
"(constellation). 

lepus, leporis, [?], m., hare. 

Lerna, -ae, [Gr. Aepvrj'], f., a lake 
and marsh near Argos, where Her- 
cules slew the famous hydra. 

Lernaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Aepvaios~\. 
adj., of Lerna, Lemaian. 

Lesbius, -a, -um, [Gr. Ae<r#ios], 
adj., of Lesbos, Lesbian : Lesbia 
vates, Sappho (a famous Lesbian 
poetess). 



S6 



Vocabulary. 



Lesbos, -I, [Gr. AeV/3os], f., an 
island in the yEgean, famous for 
its wine and as the birthplace of 
the poetess Sappho and the poet 
Alcseus. 

Lethaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Aridalos'], 
adj., of Lethe, Lethcean. — Less ex- 
actly, causing forgetfulness : sucus. 

Lethe, -es, [Gr. A.^6rj] t f., a river 
of the lower world, whose waters 
caused those who drank of them 
to forget the past. It also flowed 
past the dwelling of Sleep. 

letifer, -era, -erum, [leto + fer], 
adj., deadly. 

leto, -are, -avi, -atum, [leto- (as 
if leta) -f o], v. tr. I, kill, murder. 

letum, -I, [?], n., death. 

Leucippus, -I, [Gr. A^vkittttos'], m., 
brother of the Messenian king 
Aphareus, and a sharer in the 
Calydonian hunt. 

Leucon, -onis, [Gr. Acukw], m., 
one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Leucosia, -ae, [Gr. AevKOMrla], f., 
an island off the coast of Lucania, 
near Psestum. 

Leucothee, -es, [Gr. AevnoQea], f., 
a sea-goddess into whom Ino, 
daughter of Cadmus, was changed. 

levis, -e, [?, for flegvis], adj., light 
(not heavy), slight, thin, unsub- 
stantial, light {swift), airy, blood- 
less (shades), fickle. 

levis, -e, [?, cf. Ae?os], adj., smooth. 

le vitas, -atis, [levi-tas], f., light- 
ness. 

levo, -are, -avi, -atum, [levi- (as 
if leva) + o], v. tr. I, lighten, 
raise, lift. — Fig., lighten (curam), 
relieve, assist. — Also, strip. 

lex, legis, [^/leg, in lego, but 
conn, unc], f., law {statute), 
order, control, condition, terms (of 
a bargain). 



libatus, -us, [liba-f tus], m., liba- 
tion. 

libellus, -i, [liber + lus], m., little 
book, book, work. 

liber, -era, -erum, [strong form of 
y'LiB (in libet) -f rus (with unc. 
e)], 2idJ).,free, permitted, untram- 
melled, unconstrained. 

Liber, -eri, [?], m., an Italian 
divinity identified with Bacchus, 
Bacchus. — Prob. same word as 
preceding. 

liber, -bri, [?], m., bark. — Hence, 
book (orig. of bark). 

libero, are, -avi, -atum, [libero- 
(as if libera) +"o], v. tr. i, free, 
set free, clear (arboribus). 

libertas, -atis, [flibero (reduced) 
+ tas], f., liberty, freedojn, perjnis- 
sion. 

libet (lubet), -ere, libuit (libi- 
tum est), [prob. flubo- (^/lub 
+us) -f eo], v. intr. imp. 2, it 
pleases, one would like. — pres. p., 
lib ens, gladly, with joy. 

libido, -inis, [?, unc. stem from 
^lub (in libet) + do], f., desire, 
passion, lust, fancy, inclination. 

libo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?, cf. 
libum], v. tr. 1, pour (as liba- 
tion), dip up (as sample for 
libation), take off (a little from a 
mass). — Hence, skim (arenam). 

libro, -are, -avi, -atum, [libra 
+ o], v. tr. I, {weigh), poise, swing, 
brandish : cursum, wing its flight 
(of a bird). 

libum, -i, [akin to libo], n., cake 
(used in sacrifice). 

Libycus, -a, -um, [Gr. Ai&ukos'], 
adj., of Libya, Libyan. — Less ex- 
actly, African. 

Libye (a), -es (ae), [Gr. Ai&vrf], 
f., Libya. — Less exactly, Africa. 

licentia, -ae, [licent- (pres. p. of 



Vocabulary. 



87 



licet) + ia], f., liberty, license, 
lawlessness. 

licet, -ere, licuit (licitum est), 
[?], v. intr. imp. 2, it is per- 
mitted, be lawful, be allowed, one 
may. 

Lichas, -ae, [Gr. At'xas], m., a ser- 
vant of Hercules. 

lignum, -i, [?], n., log, wood. — 
Hence, ship. 

ligo, -onis, [?], m., hoe, mattock. 

ligo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr. 
1, bind, unite, bind fast. 

Ligures, -um, [?], m. pi., the Ligu- 
rians (a people of Cisalpine Gaul, 
about modern Genoa and the 
neighborhood). 

ligustrum, -1, [?], n., privet (a 
shrub) . 

lilium, -i, [Gr. Aelpiov'], n., lily. 

Lilybaeum, -i, [Gr. AiKvRaiov'], n., 
a promontory on the southern 
coast of Sicily. 

limbus, -i, [?], m., fringe, border. 

limen, -inis, [?, perh. akin to 
limus as crosspiece~], n., thresh- 
old. — Less exactly, door. 

limes, -itis, [?, akin to limus], m., 
boundary (orig. side boundaries 
between farms running back from 
road), path (because a road was 
left on the line), track (of a 
comet). 

limosus, -a, -um, [limo (reduced) 
-f sus], adj., ?nuddy, of the mud, 
of the shore. 

limus, -i, [?], m., mud. 

lingua, -ae, [?], f., tongue. 

linquo, -ere, liqui, lictum, 
[^/liqu], v. tr. 3, leave, go away 
from , fail (one) . 

Linternum (Lit), -i, [?], n., a 
town of Campania. 

linteum, -i, [lino- (t unc.) -f eus], 
n., {linen), sail. 



linum, -i, [Gr. \7vov\, n., flax. — 
Hence, net, flaxen toils (in pi.). 

liquefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 
[lique- (case-form akin to liqueo) 
+ facio], v. tr. 3, liquefy, melt. 

liqueo, -ere, licui, no sup., [prob. 
liquo + eo], v. intr. 2, be liquid, 
be clear, flow clear. — Fig., liquit, 
it is clear. — pres. p., liquens, 
liquid, flowing. 

liquesco, -ere, licui, no sup., 
[lique- (stem of liqueo) + sco], 
v. intr. 3, become fluid, liquefy. 

liquidus, -a, -um, [fliquo- (cf. 
liqueo) + dus], adj., liquid,fluid, 
watery ; flowing, clear, limpid. 

liquor, -T, no perf., [y'LiQU, not the 
same as linquo], v. dep. 3, dis- 
solve, liquefy. 

liquor, -oris, [ x /liqu (in liquor) 
+ or], m., water. — Also pi. 

lis, litis, [for stlis], f., strife, con- 
test. 

lito, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. 
intr. I, sacrifice favorably, succeed 
(in securing favorable omens). 

litoreus, see littoreus. 

littera, -ae, [akin to lino], f., let- 
ter. — PL, inscription, epistle. 

littoreus, -a, -um, [littor-f eus], 
adj., of the shore. 

littus (litus), -oris, [?], n., shore, 
seashore, shore (country, loosely as 
in Eng.). 

litus, see littus. 

liveo, -ere, no perf., no sup., [?, 
akin to lividus and livor], v. 
intr. 2, be dark, be black. — pres. 
p., livens, dark, livid, sallow. 

livor, -oris, [unc. root (in liveo) 
-f or], m., blackness, turning dark. 
— Hence, envy. — Personified, 
Envy. 

loco, -are, -avi, -atum, [loco- (as 
if loca) + o], v. tr. 1, place, set up. 



88 



Vocabulary. 



locus, -I, [for stlocus, akin to sto], 

m. (n. in pi.), place, spot, position. 

— pi., the ground, region, spots of 

ground. 
lolium, -i, [?], n., darnel (a weed). 
longaevus, -a, -urn, [longo- 

aevum, infl. as adj.], adj., 

aged. 
longe, [old abl. of longus], adv., 

far, afar. — Comp., longius, 

{any) farther. 
longus, -a, -um, [?], adj., long, 

long continued, far. — Also (where 

Eng. takes different view), great, 

wide, deep. 
loquax, -acis, [loqu- (as root of 

loquor) + ax], adj., loquacious, 

talkative. 
loquor, -I, locutus, [?], v. dep. 3, 

speak, say (plura). 
lorica, -ae, [loro + ica (f. of 

-icus)], f., mail (orig. of leather), 

coat of 'm ail, breastplate, armor. 
lorum, -T, [?], n., leather thong, 

strap, rein. 
lotos, -1, [Gr. AwtJs], f., water lily, 

lotus. 
lubricus, -a, -um, [?], adj., slip- 
pery. 
luceo, -ere, luxi, no sup., [fluco- 

(cf. noctiluca) -f eo], v. intr. 2, 

shine, gleam, glare. 
lucidus, -a, -um, [fluco + dus], 

adj., bright, shining, transparent. 
Lucifer, -era, -erum, [flue- (as if 

luci) + fer (y'FER + us)], adj., 

light-bringing. — Masc. as subst., 

the morning star. 
Lucretius, -i, m., T. Lucretius 

Carus, a famous poet on philos- 
ophy (about 98-55 B.C.). 
lucrum, -i, [?], n., gain : in lucro 

(so much gained). 
luctor, -ari, -atus, [?], v. dep. 1, 

struggle, wrestle, strive. 



luctus, -us, [y'LUG (in lugeo) -f 

tus], m., grief. — Personified, 
Grief. 

Incus, -I, [akin to luceo (orig. open 
grove)~\, m., grove, clump (of 
reeds). 

ludo, -ere, lusT, In sum, [?], v. 
intr. 3, sport, play. — Also, deceive 
(with ace.). 

Indus, -i, [lud- (as root of ludo) 
-f us], m., sport, play . 

lues, -is, [?, akin to luo], {.pesti- 
lence. 

lugeo, -ere, luxi, luctum, [?], v. 
tr. 2, mourn for, mourn. 

lngubris, -e, [stem akin to lugeo 
-f bris], adj., mournful, sorrow- 
ful, mourning. — n. pi. as noun, 
mourning. 

lumen, -inis, [^luc -f- men], n., 
light. — Hence, eye, eyesight. — 
Also pi. : capere {take fire, become 
ablaze) . 

liina, -ae, [y'LUC-r- na], f., the 
moon. — Personified, Diana, god- 
dess of the moon. 

lunaris, -e, [luna + ris], adj., of 
the moon. 

luo, -ere, lui, luitum, [V LU > 
wash?'], v. tr. 3, atone, pay (poe- 
nas). 

lupus, -T, [?], m., wolf. 

luridus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dark, 
lurid. 

lusor, -oris, [lud- (as root of ludo) 
-f tor], m., player : amorum 
(sportive writer). 

lustro, -are, -avi, -atum, [lustro- 
(akin to luo) + o], v. tr. 1, purify 
(by sprinkling), lustrate. — Hence, 
go about, pass over, frequent, rove 
through (woods). 

lustrum, -1, [V LU ( m luo ) + 
trum, with unc. s (cf. mon- 
strum)], n., purification. — 



Vocabulary. 



8 9 



Hence, a lustre (five years, the 

interval of purification) . 
lustrum,-!, [?, perh. same as last, 

as 'wallow ' of wild boar], n., den, 

haunt (of wild animals), glade 

(home of wild animals). 
lusus, -ns, [lud- (as root of ludo) 

-ftus], m., play, sport (esp. of 

poetry). 
lax, lucis, [^/luc, as stem], f., 

light, daylight, sunlight {the sun). 

— Hence, life, day. 

luxurio, -are, -avi, -atum, [luxu- 
ria + o], v. intr. (also dep.) 1, 
grow fat, grow fresh, grow rank, 
'wax fat ' (fig.). 

luxuriosus, -a, -um, [luxuria -f 
osus], adj., luxurious, luxuriant. 

Lyaeus, -T, [Gr. Avcuos], m., a name 
of Bacchus. 

Lyaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Avcuos], adj., 
of Bacchus. 

Lycaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Aukcuos], 
adj., Lyccean, of Mt. Lycaus (in 
Arcadia, a favorite resort of Pan). 

— Masc, Lycceus (the mountain). 
Lycaon, -onis, [Gr. Avko.'jov], m., a 

king of Arcadia, who was changed 

for his inhuman conduct into a 

wolf. 
Lycaonius, -a, -um, [Lycaon + 

ius], adj., of Lycaon. 
Lycisce, -es, [Gr. Avk'ktkt)}, f., one 

of Actseon's hounds. 
Lycius, -a, -um, [Gr. Avklos~\, adj., 

Lycian, of Lycia, a province of 

Asia Minor. 
Lycoris, -idis, [Gr. AvKoopis~\, f., a 

girl loved by Cornelius Gallus. 
Ljycormas, -ae, [Gr. A.vKopjxas'], m., 

a river in .Etolia, afterwards called 

Evenus. 
Lydus, -a, -um, [Gr. AuSo's], adj., of 

Lydia (a province of Asia Minor), 

Lydian. — PI., the Lydians. 



lympha, -ae, [?], f., water. — So, 
spring, stream, pool. 

lymphatus, -a, -um, [lympha + 
tus, of unc. connexion], adj., 
frenzied. 

Lynceus, -el, [Gr. AvyKevs], m., 
a son of the Messenian king, 
Aphareus, and a sharer in the 
Calydonian hunt. 

Lyncides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], 
m., Perseus as a descendant of 
Lynceus, the father of Atlas. 

Lyncus, -1, [Gr. Avy kos~] , m., a king 
of Scythia, changed by Ceres into 
a lynx. 

lynx, lyncis, [Gr. \vy(], f., lynx. 

lyra, -ae, [Gr. Avpa], f., lyre. 

Lyrcaeus (-ceius, or -ceus), -a, 
-um, [Gr. Ai/pKeios^, adj., of or 
near Mt. Lyrceam, between Ar- 
cadia and Argolis. 

Lyrnesius (-essius), -a, -um, [Gr. 
Av pis-flaws'] , adj., Lyrnesian, of 
Lyrnesus (a town of the Troad). 



31. 



Macer, -en, m., s£milius Macer 
(poet and friend of Ovid and 
Virgil). 

macies, -el, [mac- (root of macer) 
-f ies], f., leaiiness, emaciation. 

macto, -are, -avi, -atum, [macto- 
(as if macta-) -f o], v. tr. 1, sacri- 
fice, slay. 

macula, -ae, [?], f., spot. 

maculo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[macula -f o], v. tr. 1, spot, stain. 

maculosus, -a, -um, [macula -f- 
osus], adj., spotted, dappled. 

madefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 
[made- (case-form akin to 
madeo) -f facio], v. tr. 3, wet, 
moisten. — p.p., dripping, soaked. 



90 



Vocabulary. 



madef lo, -fieri, -factus, [pass, of 
preceding], be wet. 

madeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [prob. 
fmado + eo], v. intr. 2, be wet, 
reek. 

madesco, -ere, madui, no sup., 
[made- (stem of madeo) + sco], 
v. intr. 3, beco?)ie wet, be soaked, be 
moiste?ied. 

madidus, -a, -um, [prob. fmado- 
(cf. madeo) -f dus], adj., wet, 
dripping, moist, moistened. 

Maeandros, -1, [Gr. Maiavdpos'], 
m., the M ceander, a river in West- 
ern Asia Minor, proverbial for its 
-windings. 

Maenades, -um, [Gr. McumScs], f., 
a name given to the women who 
took part in the Bacchic orgies. 

Maenalius, -a, -um, [Gr. Maivd- 
Xios~\, adj., of Mcenalus, Areadian. 

Maenalus, -I, (also Maenala, 
-orum), [Gr. McuVaAos], m. (and 
n. pi.), a mountain in Arcadia. 

Maeonides, -ae, [Gr. MaioviSris], 
m., son of Mceon, or from M(zo- 
nia (the old name of Lydia in 
Asia Minor). — Esp., Homer, 
whose home was said to have 
been in Lydia. 

3Iaeonis, -idis, [Gr. Mouovis], f. 
adj., Maonian, Lydian. 

Maeonius, -a, -um, [Gr. MnuWs], 
adj., Maonian, Lydian. 

maereo, -ere, -ui, maestos, [?, cf. 
miser, orig. form, fmaeseo], v. 
intr. 2, grieve, be sorry. — pres. p., 
sorrowful, in sorrow. — p.p., 
maestus, sad, sorrowful, mourn- 
ful, gloomy. 

magicus, -a, -um, [mago -f cus], 
adj., magic: lingua (magic spell). 

magis, [mag- (in magnus) + ius 
(n. of comp. ending)], adv., 
more. 



magister, -tri, [fmagius + ter], 

m., master, instructor. 
magistra, -ae, [f. of magister], 

f., mistress, teacher. 

magnanimus, -a, -um, [magno- 
animus], adj., great-souled, val- 
iant. — As noun, the hero, the 
valiant hero. 

magniloquus, -a, -um, [magno- 
floquus], adj., grandiloquent, 
boastfid. 

magnus, -a, -um, [ ^/mag + nus] , 
adj., great, mighty. — n. pi., great 
destiny {fortunes, etc.) : stat 
magno (dear) ; magnum funda- 
men {strong). — Comp., major, 
greater, too great, elder. — As noun 
in pi., elders. — Sup., maximus, 
greatest, very great: maxima 
pars (greater part). 

magus, -I, [?], m., magician. 

majestas, -tatis, [majes (as stem 
of major) -f tas], f., majesty, dig- 
nity. 

major, see magnus. 

mala, -ae, [?], f., cheek. 

male, [old abl. of malus], adv., 
ill, badly, not much, not enough : 
male sanus {insane, out of his 
mind). — See also pejus and 
pessime. 

mallgnus, -a, -um, [prob. male- 
genus], (ill bom), did]., unkindly, 
spite fid. 

malo, malle, malui, [magis- 
volo], v. tr. irr., wish rather, pre- 
fer, wish (rather than as it is, im- 
plied). 

malum, -i, [Gr. ^Aoj/], n., apple 
(fruit, tree, or wood). 

malus, -i, [same word as preced- 
ing], m., mast. 

malus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bad, evil, 
ill-starred, accursed. — n. sing, 
and pi. as noun, evil, evils, ill, 









Vocabulary. 



91 



curse, scourge, misfortune, bane, 
poison. 

mando, -are, -avi, atum, [manu- 
do (prob. through adj. stem)], v. 
tr. 1, commit, entrust, deliver, 
leave to. — p.p. n. as noun, com- 
mand, order, instructions. 

inane, [loc. of stem akin to matu- 
tinus], adv., in the morning: 
mane erat {it was morning). 

maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, 
[?], v. tr. 2, azvait. — Also (intr.), 
remain, be left, stay, continue. 

manes, -iuin, [fmanis (? good), 
cf. immanis], m. pi., departed 
spirits, the world below. 

manifestus, -a, -urn, [manu- 
festus (p.p. of feudo)], adj., 
caught hi the act, proved by direct 
(not circumstantial) evidence. — 
Hence, plainly seen, obvious, con- 
spicuotis, plain, clear. 

mano, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. 
intr. I, flozu, drop (with cogn. 
ace), shed. 

mantele, -is, [akin to manus, 
through verb stem in e + lis], n., 
napkin, towel. 

Mantua, -ae, [?], f., a town of 
Gallia Transpadana, on the Hin- 
dus, near which (at Andes) Virgil 
was born. 

manus, -us, [?], f., hand, touch, 
stroke (of the hand) : dare manus 
{surrender, give in) . 

marceo, -ere, marcui, no sup., 
[ ?, prob. adj. stem (cf. marcidus) 
-f eo], v. intr. 2, be weak, languish. 
— pres. p., marcens,/^/,?. 

marcidus, -a, -um, [prob. fmarco- 
(cf. marceo) + dus], adj., droop- 
ing, languid. 

mare, -is, [?], n., the sea. 

margo, -inis, [?], m., brink, edge, 
shore. 



marinus, -a, -um, [mari-f nus], 

adj., of the sea : aquae {sea-). 

maritus, -i, [?], m., husband. 

marmor, -oris, [?], n., marble; 
esp. as gravestone. — Also pi. 

marmoreus, -a, -um, [marmor + 
eus], adj., of marble, marble-. — 
Also, poetically, of ice, like marble. 

Mars, -tis, [prob. contracted from 
Mavors], m., the Latin god of 
war. He was the son of Jupiter 
and Juno, and father of Romulus 
and Remus; hence Rome was 
sacred to him. — Fig., war, battle, 
conflict: suo marte {one's own 
weapons, war with each other). 

Martius, -a, -um, [fMart + ius], 
adj., of Mars, ofzvar, martial, war- 
like : anguis {sacred to Mars); 
miles, {descended from Mars, 
Roman). 

mas, maris, [?], adj., male. 

massa, -ae, [?], f., mass (properly 
of dough 'kneaded'). — Hence 
any mass (of metal) , curd (lactis) . 

mater, -tris, [unc. root -f ter (cf. 
pater)], f., mother, matron, dam 
(of animals). 

materia, -ae, [mater- (as stem of 
mater) -f i&], f-, material, means. 

maternus, -a, -um, [mater- (as 
stem of mater) -f nus], adj., of a 
mother, maternal, motherly. 

matrona, -ae, [fmatro- (mater + 
o, verb in 00) +na], f., matron, 
wife. 

maturesco, -ere, matnrui, [fma- 
ture- (as stem of fmatureo) + 
sco], v. intr. 3, mature, ripen. 

maturus, -a, -um, [fmatu- (ma- 
in mane + tus) -f rus] , adj ., early. 
— By unc. conn., mature. 

matutinus, -a, -um, [matuta + 
inus], adj., of the morning, in the 
morning. 



9 2 



Vocabulary. 



Mavors, -ortis, [?, cf. Mars], m., 
Mars. — Also, war, conflict, deeds 
of arms. 

Mavortius, -a, -um, [fMavort + 
ius], adj., of Mars, martial, of 
war, warlike, son of Mars, sacred 
to Mars. 

maximus, -a, -um, [sup. of mag- 
nus (mag+ -timus)], a.d].,great- 
est, eldest, the great, the mighty, 
immense. 

Medea, -ae, [Gr. M^Seia], f., the 
daughter of King ^Eetes of Col- 
chis, a famous sorceress who as- 
sisted Jason and accompanied him 
home to Greece. 

medeor, -erf, no perf., [adj. stem 
(cf. medicus).+ eo], v. dep. 2, 
attend (as physician), heal. — 
pres. p., medens, physician. 

medicamen, -inis, [medica -f 
men], n., drug, antidote, oint- 
ment, magic treatment. 

medicina, -ae, [medico- (as if 
medici-) + na (f. of -nus)], f. 
(prop, adj., sc. ars), the healing 
art, medicine, remedy (used of a 
person, as healer). 

medius, -a, -um, [?, cf. mid'], adj., 
middle, the middle of (in agree- 
ment), half, halfway, betzveen : 
medius loco (placed in the mid- 
dle); medio {in the middle). 

Medon, -ontis, [Gr. Me'Scof], m., 
one of the suitors of Penelope. 

medulla, -ae, [?, akin to medius], 
f., marrow, pith. 

Medusa, -ae, [Gr. MeSovaa], f., the 
chief of the three Gorgon sisters. 
She was killed by Perseus. Who- 
ever looked at her was turned to 
srone. 

Medusaeus, -a, -um, [as if MeSou- 
<toaos~], adj., of Medusa. 

Megareius, -a, -um, [Gr. Me7a- 



p7ji'os], adj., of Megareus, son of 
Megareus. 

Megareus, -ei, [Gr. Meyapevs~\, m., 
the son of Onchestus, and father 
of Hippomenes. 

mel, mellis, [Gr. jiieAt], n., honey 
(also pi.). 

Melampfis, -odis, [Gr. MeAdiuirovs, 
Blackfool], m., one of Actaeon's 
dogs. 

Melanchaetes, -ae, [Gr, MeAcryxai- 
Trjs], m., one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Melaneus, -el, [Gr. MeKavevs'], m., 
one of Actaeon's dogs. 

Melanthius, -1, [Gr. MeXa.vdios'], 
m., a goatherd of Ulysses. 

Melas, -anos, [Gr. MeAas], m., a 
river in Thrace, north of the Thra- 
cian Chersonesus. 

Meleagros, -gri, [Gr. Me\eaypos~\, 
m., son of GEneus and Althaea, the 
hero of the Calydonian hunt. 

Melieerta (-tes), -ae, [Gr. MeAt- 
Keprjjs], m., son of Athamas and 
Ino, changed into the sea-divinity 
Palaemon. 

melior, -oris, see optimus. 

membrana, -ae, [membro- (re- 
duced) + ana], f. (prop, adj.), 
skin. 

membrum, -I, [?], n., part of the 
body, member, limb. — Less ex- 
actly, part, member. 

memini, -isse, [perf. of fmeno, 
•y/MEN, redup.], v. tr. defect., re- 
member. 

Memnon, -onis, [Gr. Mcuvuv], m., 
king of the Ethiopians, son of 
Tithonus (brother of Priam) and 
Aurora. From his ashes sprang 
the birds called Memnonides. 

memor, -oris, [akin to memini, 
unc. form], adj., remembering, 
thoughtful, grateful, unforgetful : 
animus {sure memory). 



Vocabulary. 



93 



memorabilis, -e, [memora + 

bilis], adj., (to be commemorat- 
ed}, famous, glorious, memorable. 

memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[memor- (as if memora) + o], 
v. tr. I, commemorate. — Hence, 
say, tell, utter. 

Menandros, -dri, [Gr. Mevavdpos'], 
m., Menander (B.C. 342-291), the 
chief writer of the New Attic 
Comedy. 

mendaeia, -ae, [mendac -f ia], f., 
falsehood, lying. 

mendax, -acis, [akin to mendum, 
through verb stem], adj., lying, 
false, deceitful. 

Menoetes, -ae, [Gr. Mevoirrjs'], m., 
a Lycian, killed by Achilles. 

MenOetiades, -ae, [Gr. Mevonid- 
877s], m., Patroclus, son of Mence- 
tius of Thessaly. 

mens, mentis, [^/men (in me- 
mini) + tis (reduced)], f., mind, 
purpose, intetit. — Also (with dif- 
ferent conception from Eng.), 
heart, feeling. 

mensa, -ae, [?, akin to metior, 
'measured board'], f., table. — 
PI., feast, banquet. 

mensis, -is, [?, akin to metior], 
m., month. — Personified, Month. 

mensor, oris, [^/met (in metior, 
with n by analogy) + tor], m., 
measurer. — Esp., surveyor. 

mensura, -ae, [fmensu- (^/met, 
(cf. mensor) -f tu) + ra (f. of 
-rus)], f., measure, magnitude. 

menta, -ae, [?], f., mint (stalks, 
leaves, etc.). 

mentior, -iri, -Itus, [akin to men- 
dum?], v. dep. 4, falsely state, 
pretend, falsely pretend, feign, 
falsely boast, lie. 

mentum, -I, [men- (as root of 
mineo) + turn], n., chin. 



Mercurius, -i (-ii), [stem in -ro or 
-ri from fmerc- (reduced) + ius], 
m., Mercury, the god of gain 
among the Romans. He was 
identified with the Greek Hermes 
and regarded as the son of Jupiter 
and Maia, grandson of Atlas, mes- 
senger of the gods, and conductor 
of souls to the lower world. As 
Hermes he carried the rod twined 
with serpents, or caduceus, identi- 
cal with the herald's staff. 

mereo, -ere, -ui, -itum, (also 
dep.), [?], v. tr. 2, deserve, zvin : 
nihil meruit (has done nothing 
wrong). — See also meritum. 

meretrix, -icis, [mere- (in mereo) 
-f trix], f., courtesan. 

mergo, -ere, mersi, mersum, 
[?], v. tr. 3, plunge, submerge. — 
Less exactly, thrust. — Fig., drown, 
overwhelm : mersae res (ruined 
fortunes') . 

mergus, -i, [merg- (as root of 
mergo) +us], m., diver (a sea- 
fowl). 

meritum, -i, [n. p.p. of mereo], 
n., service, services. 

Merops, -opis, [Gr. Mepoi/-], m., 
king of Ethiopia, husband of Cly- 
mene, reputed father of Phaethon. 

mersus, see mergo. 

merus, -a, -um, [?~], ad]., pure, un- 
adulterated. — n. as noun, pure 
wine, wine (unmixed). 

messis, -is, [^/met (in meto) -f 
tis], f., harvest, grain (gathered). 

meta, -ae, [akin to metior], f., 
goal, boundary, bounds (pi.), 
course (as bounded). 

metallum, -i, [Gr. fxhaXXov], n., 
mine. — PI., metal. 

Methymnaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 
Meflujui/cuos], adj., of Methymna, 
Methymncean. — Lesbos, because 



94 



Vocabulary. 



Methymna was on the island of 
Lesbos. 
metior, -Iri, mensus, [^/MET (cf. 
meta), (n in the p.p. from some 
other pres. form)], v. dep. 4, meas- 
ure. 
meto, -ere, messui, messum, 
[■y/MET], v. tr. 3, mow, reap. — 
Less exactly, lay waste (of a 
boar). 
Mettus (-this), -I, [?], m., an 
Alban name. — Esp., Mettus Fuf- 
fetius, an Alban dictator who, on 
account of treachery, was drawn 
asunder by horses. 

metuo, -ere, metui, metutum, 
[metu+o], v. tr. 3, fear, be 
afraid. — pres. p., a fearer, fear- 
ful. — Ger. , terrible. 

metus, -us, [?], m.,fear, alarm. 

meus, -a, -um, [pron. root ma -f 
ius], pron., my, mine. — PI. m. as 
noun, my kindred, my friends. 

mico, -are, -ui, no sup., [mica 
+ o], v. intr. I, flash, glea?n. — 
pres. p., gleaming; glittering, flash- 
ing. — Also less exactly, move 
quickly, palpitate (sinus) . 

Midas, -ae, [Gr. Mi'Sas], m., king 
of Phrygia, son of Gorclius and 
the goddess Cybele. His touch 
turned things into gold. 

miles, -itis, [stem akin to mille 
-f tis (reduced)], c, soldier. — 
Coll., soldiery. 

militia, -ae, [milit + ia], f., mili- 
tary service, service. 

milium, -i, [?, cf. Gr. jxeKivrf], n., 
;;/ illet. 

mille (indecl.), [?], adj., a thou- 
sand. — PI. milia, -ium. 

miluus, -I, [?], m., kite. 

3Iimas, -antis, [Gr. Mimas'], m., a 
mountain or promontory in Ionia. 

minae, -arum, [V MIN ( m mineo) 



4- a] , f. pi., threats, menace, threat- 
ening aspect. 

minax, -acis, [really mina (in 
minor or minae) 4- cus (re- 
duced), i.e. apparently min + ax 
(cf. loquax)], adj., threatening, 
menacing. 

Minerva, -ae, [?, perh. akin to 
mens], f., the Roman goddess of 
wisdom, partially identified with 
the Greek Pallas Athene. She 
was reckoned as the daughter of 
Jupiter, patroness of all arts and 
sciences, especially of the house- 
hold arts and of war, and the in- 
ventress of the olive. The city of 
of Athens was sacred to her. 

minime, see minus. 

minimus (minu-), see parvus. 

minister, -tri, [minus -f ter (cf. 
magister)], m., servant, minis- 
ter, attendant, messenger, inter- 
preter (of a letter) . 

ministerium, -I, [minister- (as if 
stem of minister) 4- ium], n., 
service, function. 

ministra, -ae, [f. of minister], f, 
servant (female). 

ministro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[ministro- (as if ministra) + o], 
v. tr. 1, serve, supply. 

minitor, -ari, -atus, [minito- 
(p.p. of minor, as if -a) -f o], v. 
dep. I, threaten. 

Minois, -idis, [Gr. Mivwis'], f., 
Ariadne, as daughter of Minos, 
king of Crete. 

minor, -ari, -atus, [mina- (stem 
of minae) -f- o], v. dep. I, threaten, 
menace. 

minor, -oris, see parvus. 

Minos, -ois, [Gr. MtVwj], m., son 
of Jupiter and Europa, king of 
Crete. He caused Daedalus to 
build the labyrinth. 



Vocabulary. 



95 



3Iinturnae, -arum, [?], f. pi., a 
city in Campania, by the swampy 
mouth of the Liris. 

minume, see minus. 

minuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [minu- 
(as if stem of minus) + o], v. tr. 
3, lessen, impair, shrink, reduce, 
assuage (luctum). 

minus, [n. of minor], adv., less, 
not so muck, not very. — Sup., 
minime (-ume), (old abl. of 
minimus), least, not at all, by no 
means. 

Minyae, -arum, [Gr. Miuvai], m. 
pi., the Minyans, an ^Eolian tribe 
living in Thessaly about Iolcus, 
and also in Boeotia. The Argo- 
nauts are called Minyae, as Jason, 
their leader, was from Iolcus. 

mirabilis, -e, [mira + bilis], adj., 
marvellous, admirable. 

miraculum, -i, [mira -f culum], 
n., wonder, marvel. 

mirator, -oris, [mira -f tor], m., 
admirer. 

miratus, see miror. 

miror, -ari, -atus, [miro- (as if 
mira) + o], v. dep. I, marvel at, 
marvel, wonder, admire. 

minis, -a, -um, [?, ^/Mi-frus], 
adj., marvellous, strange. — n. as 
noun, marvel, wonder: mirum! 
oh wonder ! 

misceo, -ere, -ui, mixtum (mi- 
stum), [fmisco- (cf. promiscus) 
-}-eo], v. tr. 2, mingle, concoct, 
unite, mix: canities comas, 
affect (changing the color to 
mixed). 

miser, -era, -erum, [?, ^/mis (in 
maereo) -f rus, with adventitious 
e], adj., ivr etched, unfortunate: 
me miserum, wretched me (with 
ne and clause of fearing) ; res 
miserae {misfortunes'). 



miserabilis, -e, [misera- (in mise- 

ror) -f bilis], adj., pitiable, miser- 
able, wretched. 

miserandus, see miseror. 

misereor, -eri, -itus, [misero + 
eo], v. dep. 2, have pity on, pity. 

miseror, -ari, -atus, [misero- 
(as if misera) + o], v. dep. i, 
pity. — p.p., miseratus, pitying. 
— Ger., miserandus, pitiable, 
wretched. 

missus, p.p. of mitto, wh. see. 

Mithridateus, -a, -um, [Gr. Mt- 
fyaSareios], adj., of Mithradates 
(better than Mithri-). There 
were six kings of Pontus of this 
name. 

mitis, -e, [?], adj., gentle, soft, mild, 
delicate, peaceful, merciful. — Sup. 
as noun, most gentle one. 

mitto, -ere, misi, missum, '[?], 
v. tr. 3, let go, ??iake go, send, send 
in, send forth, fling, hurl, throzv, 
shoot, drive. 

Mnemosyne, -es, [Gr. TAvr)fxoovvr\\, 
f., goddess of memory, daughter 
of Uranus and Gsea (Heaven 
and Earth), and mother of the 
Muses. 

moderamen, -inis, [modera + 
men], n., control, govemmetit, 
guidance, direction, helm (as 
means of control). 

moderate, [old abl. of modera- 
tus], adv., gently, slozvly. 

moderor, -ari, -atus, [fmoder- 
(as stem of fmodus, cf. modes- 
tus) -f o], v. dep. I, control, guide, 
direct. — p.p., moderatus, con- 
trolled, gentle. 

modestus, -a, -um, [modes- (as 
stem of fmodus, -eris, cf. mode- 
ror) -f tus (cf. robustus)], adj., 
under control, self-controlled, mod- 
est. 



9 6 



Vocabulary. 



modicus, -a, -urn, [modo + cus] , 
adj., moderate, not extravagant, 
not excessive. 

modo, [abl. of modus, with short- 
ened final], adv., (by measure), 
just (no more), only, just now, 
newly, lately : modo . . . modo 
(now . . . now) ; si modo, if only 
(a wish). — modo with subj., only 
let, if only (a wish). 

modulor, -arl, -atus, [modulo- 
(as if modula-) + o] , v. dep. i, 
tune, play. 

modus, -I, [?], m., measure, man- 
tier, limit, end, restraint, note (of 
music), ??ieasure (of poetry). — 
With gen., in the manner of, as 
by, as with, etc. : quo modo 
(how). 

moenia, -ium, [same word as 
munia, distributive shares (cf. 
immunis, communis), from 
working on walls, as roads are 
made in sparsely settled regions], 
n. pi., walls, a city. 

molaris, -is, [mola + ris], m. 
(prop, adj., sc. lapis), millstone. 
— Less exactly, huge stone (for 
any purpose). 

moles, -is, [?], f., mass, weight, 
pile, bank, mole, wall, shore, mis- 
sile (heavy). — Transf., effort: 
mundi {mighty fabric) ; porta- 
rum (massive gates) ; nemeaea 
(mighty JVemczan lion). 

molimen, -inis, [moli-f men], n., 
effort, toil. 

molior, -Irl, -itus, [moli- (as stem 
of moles) + o], v. dep. 4, exert 
one's self raise, build, continue, 
plan, compass (the death of), try, 
force, plant (arrow in breast). 

molitor, -oris, [moli + tor], m., 
builder, contriver. 

mollio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, [molli 



+ 0], v. tr. 4, soften, make soft, 
smooth. — Also fig. 

mollis, -e, [?], adj., soft, tender (lit. 
and fig.) , gentle, easy (otium) . 

molliter, [molli + ter] , adv., softly. 

mollities, -ei, [molli + ties 
(-tia)], f., softness, gentleness, 
effeminacy. 

Molossus, -a, -um, [Gr. M0A00-- 
<t6s~\, adj., of Molossus, a city of 
Crete. — Less exactly, Cretan. 

moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prob. 
causative of memini, formed 
originally with (a)yami], v. tr. 2, 
remind, warn, admonish, warn 
of (cog. ace. vera). — See also 
monitum. 

monimentum, -T, [moni- (as stem 
of moneo) + mentum], n., re- 
minder, record, relic, monmnent, 
memorial. 

monitum, -i, [n. p.p. of moneo], 
n., warning, command. 

monitus, -us, [moni- (as stem of 
moneo) + tus], m., warning, re- 
minder, command. 

mons, montis, [root of mineo 
-f tis (reduced)], m., mountain. 

monstro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[monstro- (as if monstra-) + o], 
v. tr. 1, point to, show, explain, 
illustrate. 

monstrum, -i, [mon- (as root of 
moneo, with unc. s) + trum], 
n., {indication of the will of the 
gods), prodigy, miracle. — Hence 
(as the most common prodigy), 
monster. 

montanus, -a, -um, [mont- (as 
stem of mons) -j- anus], adj., of 
the mountains, mountain-. 

monticola, -ae, [monti- (as stem 
of mons) -j- cola], m., mountain- 
dweller. — In app. as adj., moun- 
tain dwelling. 



Vocabulary. 



97 



monuinentum, see monimen- 
tum. 

Mopsopius, -a, -um, [Gr. Mo\p6- 
7T4os], adj., Attic, from Mopsopus, 
an ancient king of Athens. 

mora, -ae, [?], f., (perh. considera- 
tion), delay, lapse of time, time, 
cause of delay, hindrance : longa 
mora est (it would take, too long)-, 
mora (abl.), by time, gradually. 

morbus, -I, [mor- (in morior, as 
root) -fbus], m., sickness, disease, 
disability (in medical sense). 

mordeo, -ere, momordi, mor. 
sum, [ ?, akin to morior, through 
adj. stem], v. tr. 2, bite, gnaw 
(of envy) . — Less exactly, clasp 
(fibula). 

moribundus, -a, -um, [mori- (as 
stem of morior) + bundus], adj., 
dying, expiring, deathly (os). 

morior, -1 (-TrI), mortuus, [mor 
(as root)], v. dep. 3 and 4, die. 

moror, -ari, -atus, [mora -f o], 
v. dep. 1, linger, delay, loiter, stop, 
abide, dwell. 

Morpheus, -el, [Gr. Mop^eus], m., 
a dream-god who imitates human 
forms. 

mors, mortis, [mor (as root of 
morior) + tis], f, death. — 
Sometimes trans, by the dead. 

morsus, -us, [mord (as root of 
mordeo) + tus], m., bite, teeth, 
jaws: inferre {attack with teeth). 

mortalis, -e, [mort -f alis], adj., 
deadly, mortal, of mortals. — PI. 
as noun, mortals, men. 

mortuus, -a, -um, [p.p. of mo- 
rior], as adj., dead. 

morum, -1, [Gr. /j.a>pov~\, n., mul- 
berry (fruit). 

morns, -i, [f. of preceding], f., 
mulberry (tree). 

mos, moris, [?], m., custom, man- 



ner, fashion, habit. — PL, morals, 
habits, character (as exhibited in 
' ways '). 

motus, -us, [mo- (as root, or con- 
tracted stem of moveo) + tus], 
m., movement, motion, shaking, 
jar. 

moveo, -ere, movi, motum, [?], 
v. tr. 2, set in motion, move, shake, 
send, cause, ply, urge, influence, 
affect, stir, arouse, dig (terram) . 

— p.p., in motion, moving: Aurora 
movetur (rises). 

mox, [?], adv., soon, by and by, 
presently, later. 

macro, -onis, [?], vol., point, knife, 
blade. 

mugio, -ire, -Ivi (-ii), -ltum, [?, 
cf. /j.vKa.o/j.ai, fivfa'], v. intr. 4, bel- 
low, roar. 

mugitus, -us, [mugi- -f-tus], m., 
lowing. 

mulceo, -ere, mulsi, mulsum, 
[?], v. tr. 2, (soften by touching), 
soothe, calm, caress, stroke. 

Mulciber, -bri, [as if fmulci- 
(weaker stem of mulceo) + ber 
(prob. -bo + rus)], m., a name 
of Vulcan (the softener of iron). 

— Tvansf., fir e. 

mulctra, -ae, [mulg- (as root of 
mulgeo) -1-tra], f., milk-pail. 

multifidus, -a, -um, [multo- 
ffidus (fid, in findo, -f us)], 
adj., many-parted, many-cleft. 

multiplex, -icis, [multo-plex], 
adj., manifold. 

multo, see multus. 

multum, see multus. 

multus, -a, -um, [unc. root -f tus], 
adj., much, many, many a, copious 
(blood) : minus multi (fewer) ; 
multa pars (a great part) ; multa 
tellure jacens (covering much 
ground). — m. pi. as noun, many 



9 8 



Vocabulary. 



(men). — n. sing, as adv., much, 
most, very. — Abl. as adv., much, 
far. 

mundus, -I, [originally adj., clean, 
adorned ; hence as translation of 
koctixos~\, m., the universe, the world. 

munimen, -inis, [muni + men] , 
n., fortification, defence. 

munio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -Itum, 
[muni- (cf. moenia) + o], v. tr. 
4, fortify, wall, protect. 

manus, -eris, [mun- (as root, cf. 
munia) -f us], n., tribute (as dis- 
tributive share, then generally), 
service, task. — Hence, gift, boon, 
reward. 

murex, -icis, [?], m., shellfish 
(singly and coll.), purple (made 
from shellfish). 

murmur, -uris, [?, unc. root re- I 
dupl.], n., murmur, noise : mur- | 
mura parva dedit (gently mur- 1 
mured~). 

murmuro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[murmur (as if murmura) + o], 
v. intr. I, murmur, whisper. 

mums, -I, [ ?, prob. different root | 
from moenia], m., wall. 

Musa, -ae, [Gr. Movaa], f., a Muse. 
The Muses were goddesses of 
song, etc.; hence, a song, a lay, 
verses. 

muscus, -l, [?], m., moss. 

mustum, -I, [?], n., fermenting 
juice, new wine, must. 

mfitabilis, -e, [muta+ bilis], adj., 
capable of change, changeable. 

Mutina, -ae, [?], f., a town in Cis- 
alpine Gaul (now Modena). 

muto, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. 
tr. I, change, exchange, get in ex- 
change for (with cum), vary 
(sonos, of a parrot). 

mntus, -a, um, [?], adj., dumb, 
silent, mute. 



mutuus, -a, -um, [mut (as if root 
of muto) -f vus], adj., mutual. 

Mycale, -es, [Gr. Mvko.Kt}'], f., a 
promontory in Ionia (now Cape 
St. Mary). 

Mycenis, -idis, [Gr. Mwmjj/iV], f. 
adj., Mycencean, of Mycence (the 
city of Agamemnon in Argolis). 
— Esp., Iphigenia, daughter of 
Agamemnon. 

Mygdonis, -idis, [Gr. MvySovts'], 
f. adj., Mygdonian, Thracian, 
Lydian (from the Mygdones, a 
Thracian tribe that migrated to 
Lydia and Phrygia). 

Mygdonius, -a, -um, [Gr. Mvybo- 
vios~\, adj., Mygdonian, Thracian. 

myrica, -ae, [Gr. fxvpinr)2, f., tama- 
risk (a shrub). 

Myrmidon, -onis, [Gr. Mvp/nidwu], 
m., a Myrmidon. The Myrmi- 
dons were a tribe of men created 
from ants. 

myrtus, -I, [Gr. [jivpros'], f., ?nyrtle. 



X. 



Nabataeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Na#a- 
Ttxios~\, adj., A T abat(zan, belonging 
to the A T abatceans (a tribe of Ara- 
bia), Arabian. 

Nais, -idos, [Gr. Nous], f., a Naiad, 
a zvater-ny?nph. 

nam, [unc. case-form of y'NA (cf. 
tarn)], conj., (now), for (explana- 
tory). 

namque, [nam que], conj., for 
(with a slight emphasis, for you 
know, etc.). 

nanciscor, -i, nactus and nanc- 
tus, [-^/NAG, formed with -sco], v. 
dep. 3, ^a2«, secure, obtain,. reach, 
get L 

Nape, -es, [Gr. Na7rrj], f., one of 
Actseon's hounds. 



Vocabulary. 



99 



naris, -is, [?], f., nostril. — Usually 
pi., nostrils, keen-scented nose (on 
account of context). 

narratus, -us, [narra -f tus] , m., 
narration, narrative, story. 

narro, -are, -avi, -atum, [fgna- 
rigo- (gnaro-fagus) -f o], v. tr. I, 
{make azvare), tell (often as much 
as boast), narrate, relate. 

Narycia, -ae, [Gr. Napu/aa], f., a 
town in the country of the Bruttii 
in southern Italy, also called 
Naryx. 

Narycius, -a, -um, [Gr. Napu/nos], 
adj., of Naryciuni, or Naryx (a 
city of the Locri on the Eubcean 
Sea, the home of Ajax Oileus and 
of Lelex; also another city of the 
same name, or Narycia). 

nascor, nasci, natus, [^/gna + 
sco], v. dep. 3, be born. — p.p., 
natus (gnatus), born, sprung 
from, destined for, the son (of), 
daughter, whelp : flores {spring- 
ing). _ 

Naso, -onis, [fnaso + o], m., P. 
Ovidius Naso (the poet). 

nata, see nascor. 

natalis, -e, [nato- (as if nata) + 
lis], adj., native, natal. — As noun 
(cf. dies), birthday (either sing, 
^or pi.). 

nativus, -a, -urn, [nato- (as if 
nati-) + vus (cf. captivus)], 
adj., native, natural. 

nato, -are, -avi, -atum, [nato- (as 
if nata-) + o], v. intr. I, swim, 
float (also fig.). 

natara, -ae, [natu -f ra (f. of 
-rus)], f., birth, nature, character. 
— Personified, Nature. 

natus, see nascor. 

naufragus, -I, [navi-fragus (frag- 
in frango, -f us)], adj., of a ship- 
wreck, shipwrecked, by shipivreck 



(in agreement). — As noun, a 

shipwrecked man {a mariner). 
nauta (navita), -ae, [prob. bor- 
rowed from i/airryjs], m., sailor. 
navalis, -e, [navi- (reduced) + 

alis], adj., naval. — n. pi., nava- 

lia, dockyards. 
navigo, -are, -avi, -atum, 

[navigo- (navi-fagus) -f o], v. 

intr. I, sail, float, voyage. 
navis, -is, [^/snu (strong form) 

-f- is], f., ship, vessel, boat. 
navita, lengthened form of nauta, 

wh. see. 
ne, [case-form of -y/NA (cf. nam, 

num)], conj., {not), that . . . 

not, lest, for fear that, that (with 

verbs of fearing), so that . . . not. 

— With imp. , do not. — ne . . . 

quidem, not . . . even, not either. 
-ne, [orig. same as preceding], conj. 

(enclitic), zvhether. — Often only 

transl. by question. 
Nebrophonus, -i, [Gr. Ne&po<p6- 

vos~\, m., one of Actaeon's hounds. 
nebula, -ae, [akin to nubes], f., 

cloud, mist, cloud of mist, flock (of 

wool). 
nee (neque), [ne-que], conj., and 

not, neither, nor, not . . . either, 

not even : nee non, nee non et 

{and also) ; nee . . . et {not . . . 

and ) ; nee . . . nee {neither . . . 

nor) ; nee (neque) . . . enim,/^r 

. . . not (vou see, etc.). 
neco, -are, -avi, -atum, [nec- 

(stem of nex, as if neca) -f o], 

v. tr. I, put to death, kill, be fatal. 
necopinus, -a, -um, [nec-fopinus 

(cf. opinor)], adj., unexpected, 

unexpecting. 
nectar, -aris, [Gr. veKrap] , n., nec- 
tar (the drink of the gods). 
necto, -ere, nexT, nex"um, [?], v. 

tr. 3, bind, twine, wind. — With 



IOO 



Vocabulary. 



ace. of thing which, or around 

which. 
nefandus, -a, -um, [ne-fandus, 

ger. of for], adj., unspeakable, 

impious. 
nefas, indecl., [ne-fas], n., impiety, 

impious crime. 
nego, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. 

tr. I, say no, say not, refuse, deny : 

requiem {leave us). 
Neleius, -a, -um, [Gr. N^A^t'os], 

adj., of Neleus (king of Pylos in 

Elis, and father of Nestor), Nelean. 
Nemeaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Ne^ecuos], 

adj., of A'emea (a town and valley 

not far from Corinth, where Her- 
cules killed the Nemean lion). 
nemo, -inis, [ne-homo], m., nobody, 

no one. 
nemoralis, -e, [nemor- (as stem 

of nemus) -f alis], adj., woody, 

wooded. 
nemorosus, -a, -um, [nemor- (as 

stem of nemus) + osus], adj., 

woody. 
nempe, [nam-pe (dialectic form of 

que)], conj., namely, for instance, 
for why ! but then (explanatory of 

preceding remark). 
nemus, -oris, [?, cf. vefiw], n., 

grove, woods (open and suitable 

for pasturage). 
neo, -ere, nevi, netum, [?], v. tr. 

2, spin. 
Nephele, -es, [Gr. NecpeXr), cloud], 

f. , a nymph and attendant of 

Diana. 
nepos, -otis, [?], m., grandson, 

grandchild. — Less exactly, de- 
scendant. 
neptis, -is, [f. of nepos, unc. form], 

f. , granddaughter. 
Neptunius, -a, -um, [fNeptuno- 

(rsduced)H- ius], adj., of Nep- 
tune, Neptunian. 



Neptunus, -i, [fneptu-, akin to 
Eng. naphtha (a Persian word) 
-f nus, cf. Fortuna, Portunus] , 

m., the god of the sea, brother of 
Jove and Pluto. — Also (cf. Ceres, 
grain), the sea. 

neque, see nee. 

nequeo, [ne-queo], v. intr. def., 
cannot. 

nequiquam, [ne-quiquam], adv., 
(not any how), to no purpose, in 
vain. 

Nereis, -idis, [Gr. Nrjprjts, f. pat- 
ronymic of Nrjpevs], f., a daugh- 
ter of Nereus, a Nereid, a sea- 
nymph. 

Nereus, -el, [Gr. N^peuy], m., a 
sea-god, father of the Nereids. — 
Less exactly, the sea, the water. 

nervosus, -a, -um, [nervo -j- osus], 
adj., sinewy, strong. 

nervus, -I, [for fneurus], m., sinew, 
string (of lyre), bow-string. 

nescio, -ire, -Ivi (ii), -Itum, [ne- 
scio], v. tr. 4, know not, be una- 
ware, be ignorant: nescio quis 
(some one or other, some (one), 
(often disparagingly, with affected 
ignorance). 

nescius, -a, -um, [ne-fscius (sci 
-f us, cf. inscius)], adj., not know- 
ing, ignorant, unaware, unknow- 
ingly). 

Nesseus, -a, -um, [as if Gr. NeV- 
aeios~\, adj., of Nessus (a centaur 
who was killed by Hercules with 
a poisoned arrow). 

Nestor, -oris, [Gr. Necrrw/)], m., 
son of Neleus, king of Pylos. In 
his youth he shared in the Caly- 
donian hunt and the contest of the 
Lapithae with the Centaurs; in his 
old age he was prominent in the 
Trojan War. 

neve, neu, [ne-ve], conj., or lest, 



Vocabulary. 



IOI 



and lest, and . . . not to, nor, and 
(do) not. 

nex, necis, [?], f-, death. 

nexilis, -e, [nexo + lis], ad^, twin- 
ing. 

nexus, -us, [nee- (as root of necto) 
-f tus], m., twining, knot, fold, 
coil (of snake), grapple. 

ni, [old (or collateral) form of ne], 
conj. (not in imperative forms, cf. 
ne), if not, had not, were not, did 
not (and the like). 

nidus, -I, [?], m., nest. 

niger, -gra, -grum, [?], adj., black, 
dark, dusky. 

nihilum, nihil, nil, [ne-hilum, (cf. 
'not a grain,' 'not a bit')], n., 
nothing, nought. — Often as adv., 
nought, not at all, not. 

nil, see nihil. 

Nilus, -T, [Gr. NeTAos], m., the Nile 
(the famous river of Egypt). 

nimbus, -T, [remotely akin to 
nubes], m., cloud. 

nimis, [prob. corr.p., cf. magis], 
adv., too much, too : admovit {too 
near). 

nimius, -a, -utn, [?, cf. nimis], 
adj., too great, excessive, too much. 
— n. as noun, too much. — As adv., 
too much, too. 

Ninus, -T, [Gr. NiVos], m., king of 
Assyria, husband of Semiramis. 

Niobe, -es, [Gr. Nio^], f., daugh- 
ter of Tantalus and wife of Am- 
phion. Her children were killed by 
Apollo and Diana, and she became 
a rock dripping with water. 

nisi, [ne-si], conj., {not ...if, in- 
dicating an exception to general 
statement, cf. si non), unless, ex- 
cept, only. — With subj., were not, 
etc.: nisi si {unless), nisi qui 
{except that, etc., which) ; nisi 
postquam {until after). 



niteo, -ere, nituT, no sup., [prob. 
fnito (cf. nitidus) + eo], v. intr. 
2, shine, glea??i, be bright. — pres. 
p., nitens, shining, sleek, bright. 

nitidus, -a, -um, [prob. fnito + 
dus (cf. niteo)], adj., shining: 
palaestra {as shining with oil). 

nitor, -oris, [nit- (as root of niteo) 
-f or], m., brilliancy, brightness. 

nitor, -T, nisus (nixus), [prob. 
for fgnitor (akin to genu)], v. 
dep. 3, {strain with the knees 
against something), strain, strug- 
gle, strive. — p.p., nixus, supported 
by, leaning on : nixus genu, see 
Nixus. 

niveus, -a, -um, [niv- (as stem of 
nix) -f eus], adj., snozvy. — Also 
of color. 

nix, nivis, [?], f., snow. 

Nixus, -i, [part, of nitor], m., the 
Kneeler. — Esp., Nixus genu, 
the constellation of the Kneeler or 
Hercules. 

no, nare, navi, no sup., [akin to 
navis], v. intr. I, swim, float. 

nobilis, -e, [(g)no- (as if stem of 
nosco) -f bilis], adj., {to be 
known), famous, distinguished, 
noble, well-known. 

nobilitas, -atis, [nobili-tas], f., 
nobleness, nobility. 

nobilito, -are, -avi, -atum, [fno- 
bilito -f- o], v. tr. i, make famous. 

noceo, -ere, nocui, nocitum, 
[akin to nex, unc. form.], v. intr. 
2, be harmful, do harm, injure, 
hinder. — pres. p., nocens, harm- 
ful, guilty. 

nocturnus, -a, -um, [as if fnoctus 
(imaginary stem akin to nox) 
4-nus (cf. diurnus)], adj., oj 
night, nightly, by night, nocturnal. 

nodosus, -a, -um, [nodo -f osus], 
adj., knotty. 



102 



Vocabulary. 



nodus, -l, [?], m., knot. 

nolo, nolle, nolui, no sup., [ne- 
volo], v. intr. irr., not be willing, 
be unwilling, wish not, not like, 
regret. — Imper. with inf., do not: 
nemo nolet (no one but will 
wish) . 

nomen, -inis, [(g) no (as root of 
nosco) + men], n., 7iame (lit. 
and equivalent to race, also to 
idea) : vero nomine (by its true 
name) . 

Nomentum, -I, [?], n., a Sabine 
city. 

nomino, -are, -avi, -atum, [no- 
min- (as if -a stem) -f o], v. tr. i, 
name, call by name, call. 

non, [ne-oenum (-unum)], adv., 
(not one, cf. ' not a whit,' not), 
not: nondum (not yet); nonne 
(is not? does not? etc., in ques- 
tions) . 

Nonacrius, -a, -um, [Gr. "Noovd- 
npiosj, adj., of Nonacris in Arca- 
dia, Arcadian. — fem., Atalanta of 
Arcadia. 

nonus, -a, -um, [unc. form from 
novem], adj., ninth. 

nosco, -ere, novT, notum, [-y/GNO 
-j-sco], v. tr. 3, learn, come to 
know (a thing, cf. scio, know a 
fact). — In perf. tenses, know, un- 
derstand. — p.p., famed, notorious, 
noted, well-known, familiar. 

noster, -tra, -trum, [nos-ter (of 
unc. origin)], pron. adj., our, my : 
poena (from me). 

nota, -ae, [prob. (g)no + ta (as in 
nauta)], f., sign, mark, letter. 

notabilis, -e, [nota + bilis], adj., 
remarkable, noticeable, conspicu- 
ous. 

notitia, -ae, [noto + tia], f., ac- 
quaintance, knowledge of (gen.) . 

noto, -are, -avi, -atum, [nota 



+ o], v. tr. I, mark, scratch (leave 
?narks on), mark (remark), notice, 
stig??iatize (cf. a ' marked man '), 
mean, (by a remark), note. 

notus, see nosco. 

nolus, -I, [Gr. votos], m., south 
wind. 

novalis, -e, [novo + alis], adj., 
fallow. — n. as noun, fallow land. 

novem, indecl., [?], adj., nine. 

novenl, -ae, -a, [nove- (as stem of 
novem) + nus], adj., every nine, 
nine. 

noverca, -ae, [form akin to novus 
(real or imaginary) +ca], f., step- 
mother. 

novies (-iens), [nov- (as if stem 
of novem) -f iens], adv., nine 
times. 

no vitas, -atis, [novo-ftas], f., 
newjiess, strangeness, marvel 
(marvellous nature) : rerum 
(strange surroundings). 

novo, -are, -avi, -atum, [novo- 
(as if nova) + o], v. tr. I, make 
new, change, renew, do something 
new. 

novus, -a, -um, [?], adj., new, 
strange, fresh, unwonted. — Sup., 
newest, last, rear. 

nox, noctis, [prob. noc- (in noceo) 
+ tis (reduced)], f., night. — Per- 
sonified, Night: nocte (by night). 

noxa, -ae, [noc- (in noceo) -f 
ta (cf. nota)], f., guilt, harm. 
(Possibly this order should be re- 
versed, but prob. the word was 
orig. a noun of agency.) 

niibes, -is, [nub (in nubo) -f es], 
f., cloud. — Also fig. of the mind. 

nubifer, -era, -erum, [nubi- (as 
stem of nubes) -fer (for -ferus)], 
adj., cloud-bearing, cloud-capped. 

nubilus, -a, -um, [nubi- (as stem 
of nubes) -f lus], adj., cloudy, 



Vocabulary. 



103 



clouded, dark. — n. as noun, sing, 
and pi., cloud, mist, spray. 

nubo, -ere, nupsl, nuptum, 
[nub, as root], v. intr. 3, (veil, 
cf. nubes). — Hence, marry (of 
the woman). — p.p., iiupta, bride. 

nudo, -are, -avi, -atum, [nudo- 
(as if nuda-) + 0], v. tr. 1, lay 
bare, disclose, uncover. — p.p., 
naked, bare. 

nudus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bare, 
naked, uncovered. 

nullus, -a, -um (gen. -ius), [neul- 
lus], adj., not any, no. — As noun, 
nobody : nullus sum (be no more) . 

nu 111, [V NA > P r °b. ace. (cf. turn, 
dum)], conj., {now? cf. nunc), 
whether. — Often merely question, 
implying negative answer. 

numen, -inis, [nu- (as stem of 
nuo) -f men], n., {nod), will 
(expressed), command, {divine) 
pozver, divinity, disposition 
(deum). 

numerabilis, -e, [numera -f- 
bilis], adj., that can be counted. 

numero, -are, -avl, -atum, [nu- 
mero- (as if numera-) + o], v. tr. 
I, count, number, reckon, recount. 

numerosus, -a, -um, [numero 
+ osus], adj., in great numbers. 
— Also, tuneful, {poetic, writing- 
in numbers). 

numerus, -T, [akin to nummus, 
Numa], m., number, numbers 
(verses). 

Numidae, -arum, [Gr. vojias'], m. 
pi., the Numidians (a people of 
Northern Africa). 

Numitor, -oris, [ ?], m., the grand- 
father of Romulus and Remus. 

numquam, see nunquam. 

nunc, [num-ce], adv., nozv : nunc 
quoque (even nozv, still) ; etiam 
nunc {still). 



nunquam (num-), [ne-unquam], 

adv., never. 
nuntia, -ae, [f. of nuntius], f., 

messenger, harbinger. 
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, [nuntio- 

(as if nuntia-) + o], v. tr. 1, an- 
nounce, report, bring news. 
nuntius, -1, [?, akin to novus, 

unc. form], m., ??iessenger. 
nuper, [prob. novum-per], adv., 

just now, lately, not long before. 
nurus, -us, [?], f., daughter-in-law. 

— Hence, bride. 
nusquam, [ne-usquam], adv., no- 

zvhere. 
nuto, -are, -avl, -atum, [nuto- 

(as if nuta-) +0], v. intr. 1, nod, 

shake. 
nutrio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, [i-stem, 

akin to nutrix +0], v. tr. 4, 

nurse, feed, nourish. — Also fig. 
nutrix, -Tcis, [prob. fnutri- (f. 

noun-stem from which nutrio) 

-f ca (reduced)], f., nurse. 
nutus, -us, [nu- (as stem of nuo) 

+ tus], m.,'nod. 
nux, nucis, [?], f., nut (walnut). 
Nycteis, -idos, [Gr. Ni/kttj^'s], f., 

Antiope (daughter of KingNycteus 

of Boeotia. 
nympha, -ae, [Gr. uijxcpri], f., 

nymph, bride. 



O, [from sound], interj., oh ! ! 
ob (obs), [?], prep., {near, at), 

against, about, around, towards. 

— Hence, from mercantile use, on 

account of. — As adv. in comp., 

about, around, against, towards, 

over. 
obambulo, -are, -avl, -atum, 

[ob-ambulo], v. tr. 1, roam about, 

roam over, roam. 



io4 



Vocabulary. 



obduco, -ere, -dfixi, -ductum, 

[ob-duco], v. tr. 3, drazv over. — 
Also, cover (by drawing over), veil. 

obeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [ob-eo], v. 
tr. irr., go to meet, go about, cover 
(ora cacumen). 

obex, -icis, [ob-fjex (VJ AC > as 
stem)], m., bolt (cf. 'throw the 
bolt')- 

obicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, [ob- 
jacio], v. tr. 3, throw against, 
throw over, draw over (nubem 
oculis). — Hence, reproach (cf. 
' throw at '). 

obitus, -us, [ob-itus], m., death, 
decease, departure (cf. obeo mor- 
tem). 

objecto, -are, -avT, -atum, [ob- 
jacto] , v. tr. 1, throw at. — Hence, 
accuse, reproach : natum equis, 
accuse of the death of his son 
(' throw in their teeth '). 

obligo, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob- 
ligo], v. tr. 1, bind. — Pass., be 
bound, feel bound (by gratitude). 

oblino, -ere, -levi, -litum, [ob- 
lino], v. tr. 3, smear over. 

obliquus, -a, -um, [ob-fliquus 
(cf. Hmus)], adj., sidelong, ask- 
ance, transverse, oblique : in obli- 
quum (obliquely) ; in latus obli- 
quum (half-turned) ; ab obliquo 
(sidelong); obliquo (transversely). 

obliviscor, -I, -litus, [unc. form 
with ob-flivo- (cf. liveo)], v. 
dep. 3, (become darkened), forget. 
— p.p., forgetful. 

oblivium, -1, [ob-flivo + ium (cf. 
obliviscor)], n., forgetfulness. — 
Also pi. 

obnoxius, -a, -um, [ob-noxa + 
ius], adj., (enslaved on account of 
injury, cf. addictus), under the 
power of, controlled by. 

oborior, (I) -Iri, -ortus, [ob- 



orior], v. dep. 3 and 4, come over, 
veil. — p.p., obortus, rising: 
lacrimae (i.e. over the face and 
filling the eyes). 

obruo, -ere, -rui, -rutus, [ob- 
ruo], v. tr. 3, (dig over), bury. — 
Hence, overwhelm. 

obrutus, p.p. of obruo. 

obscenus, -a, -um, [?], adj., ill- 
omened, foul. 

obscurus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hid- 
den, dark, obscure, disguised. 

obsequor, -1, secutus, [ob- 
sequor], v. dep. 3, (follow 
around, cf. ' be led by the nose '), 
comply, yield. 

obsero, -ere, -sevi, -situm, [ob- 
sero], v. tr. 3, (sow over), cover 
over (perh. orig. with trees). — 
p.p., beset, covered. 

observo, -are, -avl, -atum, [ob- 
servo], v. tr. 1, (ivatch around), 
watch, tend. 

obses, -idis, [ob-ses (^/sed, as 
stem, cf. praeses)], c, (sitting as 
security for, perh. a mercantile 
word, cf. mercantile use of ob?), 
a hostage. 

obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, [ob- 
sedeo], v. tr. 2, besiege, blockade, 
block, beset, shut off, paralyze 
(artus). 

obsisto, -ere, -stitl, -stitum, [ob- 
sisto], v. tr. 3, withstand, resist, 
hinder. 

obstipesco (obstu-) , -ere, -stupui, 
no sup., v. intr. 3, (stand by like a 
stick), stand amazed, stand aghast, 
be paralyzed (at a sight), be 
amazed, be thunderstruck. 

obsto, -are, -stitl, -statum, [ob- 
sto], v. intr. I, withstand, oppose, 
stand in the way of (dat.), stay, 
stop, check, encutnber, be in the 
way. 



Vocabulary. 



105 



obstrepo, -ere, -strepui, -strepi- 

tum, [ob-strepo], v. tr. 3, drown 
(with a noise).. 

obstrodo (obt-), -ere, -trusi, 
-trusum, [ob(s)-trudo], v. tr. 3, 
shove against, force upon. 

obstruo, -ere, struxi, struetum, 
[ob-struo], v. tr. 3, {build up 
against), block, obstruct. 

obstupesco, see obstipesco. 

obsum, -esse, -fill, -futurus, [ob- 
sum], v. intr. irr., {be against, cf. 
prosum), be harmful, injure. 

obtundo, -ere, -tudi, -tusum, [ob- 
tundo], v. tr. 3, {hammer against), 
blunt, beat against. — p.p., dull, 
blunt. 

obumbro, -are, -avi, -a turn, [ob- 
umbro], v. tr. 1; overshadow, 
shade, cast in the shade. 

obvius, -a, -urn, [ob-viam, infl. as 
adj.], adj., in the way of, in one's 
face, towards (in agreement) : 
obvius ire {go to meet, meet) . — So 
with other verbs in same sense. 

occasus, -iis, [ob-casus, through 
occido], m., falling, setting, set- 
ting sun, the west. — Also pi. 

occido, -ere, -cidi, -easum, [ob- 
cado] , v. intr. 3, fall, perish, die. 

— Perf. tenses, be dead. 
occiduus, -a, -11m, [ob-fcaduus 

(Vcad + vus, cf. deciduus)], 
adj., falling, setting. — n., the west. 

occulo, -ere, -cului, -cultum, 
[ob-colo], v. tr. 3, conceal, hide. 

occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, [foc- 
cupo- (ob-fcapus, V CAP + us ) 
+ 0], v. tr. 3, take possession of 
(excluding something else), seize 
upon, take, cover, gain, overtake. 

— Hence, anticipate. 
occurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, 

[ob-curro], v. intr. 3, run to meet, 
come to meet, meet, appear. 



Oceanus, -T, ['n/ceavoY], m., the 

ocean ; Ocean personified. 
ocior, -us, [foci- (cf. ociter) + 

ior, comp. stem], adj., swifter. — 

n. as adv., see ociter. 
ociter, [foci- (cf. ocior) -fter], 

adv., quickly, swiftly. — Comp., 

ocius, more swiftly, siuiftly, 

quickly. 
octoui, -ae, -a, [octo -j- nus (cf. 

noveni)], adj., eight apiece, eight 

(with pi. nouns). 
oculus, 1, [foco- (oc-, as root in 

ocior, + us) -f- lus], m., eye (cf. 

acies). 
odi, odisse (osus sum), [?],v. tr. 

def., hate, abhor. 
odium, -1, [akin to odi], n., hate, 

hatred. 
odor, -oris, [^/OD-f or], m., odor, 

smell, emanation, exhalation. 
odoratus, see odoro. 
odoro, -are, -avi, -atum, [odor- 

(as if odora) + o], v. tr. 1, per- 
fume. — p.p., perfumed. 
Oeagrius, -a, -vim, [Gr. Oldypios~\, 

adj., CEagrian, Thracian, of HcE' 

mus. 
Oebalides, -ae, [Gr. Olfia\l5ris^, 

m., Hyacinthus, as son of the Spar- 
tan king, CEbalus. 
Oechalia, -ae, [Gr. Oi'xaX/a], f. 

(prop, adj.), a city of Eubcea. 
OeclTdes, -ae, [Gr. OiKAeiSrjs], m., 

Amphiaraus (a famous soothsayer, 

son of CEcles. He took part in 

the Calydonian hunt). 
Oeneus, -ei, [Gr. OtVeus], m., king 

of Calydon, father of Meleager and 

Deianira. 
Oenides, -ae, [Gr. OiWStjs], m., 1. 

son of CEneus, Meleager ; 2. grand- 
son of CEneus, Diomedes. 
Oetaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. CKtcwos], 

adj., of Mt. (Eta {(Ele), CEtcean. 



io6 



Vocabulary. 



— Less exactly, Thessalian, Tra- 
chinian. 

Oete, -es (Oeta, -ae), [Gr. On-17], 
m. and f., Mt. (Eta (a mountain 
range on the southern border of 
Thessaly) . 

offendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum, 
[ob-fendo], v. tr. 3, strike against. 

— Hence, offend, incense. — p.p., 
offensus, offended, incensed. 

oflfero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum, 
[ob-fero], v. tr. irr., bring to, 
bring against, offer. — With bel- 
lum and the like, carry on offen- 
sive war. 

officium, -I, [ob-ffacium (-y/FAC 
-fium)], n., service, office, act of 
duty, act (of duty, as funeral or the 
like). 

olea, -ae, [?], f., olive. 

Olenos, -1, [Gr. "HAei/os], m., an 
inhabitant of Mt. Ida, who was 
changed into a stone. 

olens, -entis, [pres. p. of oleo], 
adj., odorous, odoriferous. 

oleum, -T, [?, cf. oliva], n., olive 
tree. 

olim, [loc. of ille], adv., {at that 
time), once, formerly, some time. 

oliva, -ae, [?, cf. oleum], f., olive 
(tree and berry). 

olivum, -I, [?, cf. oleum], n., olive 
oil, oil (presumably olive). 

olor, -oris, [?], m., swan. 

olorinus, -a, -urn, [olor-f inus], 
adj., of a swan. 

olus (ho-), -eris, [?], n., vegetable 
(esp. greens'). 

Olympus, -T, [Gr. "O\viunros~], m., 
Mt. Olympus in Thessaly, regarded 
as the home of the gods. — Hence, 
the heaven, heaven, the sky. 

omen, -inis, [unc. root -f men], n., 
omen, portent. 

omnipotens, -entis, [omni-po- 



tens], adj., all-powerful, omnipo- 
tent. 

omnis, -e, [?], adj., all, the whole, 
every, entirely (in agreement) . — 
PI. as noun, everything, all. — ■ 
With negative implied or ex- 
pressed, any. 

Onchestius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Ovx^- 
otios], adj., Onchestian, of On- 
chestus, son of Onchestus. 

onero, -are, -avi, -atum, [oner- 
(as stem of onus) -f- o], v. tr. 1, 
burden, load down. — p.p., bur- 
dened, loaded, weighed down, over- 
come. 

onerosus, -a,-um, [oner- (as stem 
of onus) -f osus], adj., burden- 
some, heavy, laborious. 

onus, -eris, [?], n., burden, load. 

opacus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dark, 
obscure. 

operio, -Tre, -ui, opertum, [ob- 
pario (cf. aperio)], v. tr. 4, cover, 
conceal. 

operosus, -a, -um, [oper + osus], 
adj., busy, laborious, laboriously 
wrought (moles mundi). 

opes, see ops. 

opifer, -era, -erum, [opi- (as stem 
of ops) + fer (for -ferus)], adj., 
succoring, bringing help. 

opifex, -icis, [opi- (as stem of 
ops) + fex (y/FAC, as stem)], c, 
artisan. 

oportet, -ere, -uit, no sup., [?, cf. 
opportunus], v. imp. 2, it befits, 
it behooves, one ought. 

oppidum, -i, [?], n., {solid foun- 
dation ?), town (as place of refuge 
from surrounding country). 

oppono, -ere, -posuT, -positum, 
[ob-pono], v. tr. 3, place against, 
put to, raise to, set (against), op- 
pose. — p.p., opposed, opposing. 

opprimo, -ere, -pressT, -pressum, 



Vocabulary. 



107 



[ob-premo], v. tr. 3, /;- -ess against, 
press down, oppress. — p.p., dotun- 
cast, gloomy. 

opprobrium, -1, [ob-probro + 
ium], n., reproach, disgrace, in- 
sult. 

ops, opis, [?, akin to opus, opifex], 
f., help, aid, succor, relief. — PL, 
rarely in sing., wealth, resources. 

— Sing, personified, Ops (a god- 
dess of abundance). 

optimus, [op- (in ops) + timus], 
sup. used with bonus, wh. see. 

opto, -are, -avi, -a turn, [? opto- 
(p.p. of fopio, perh. akin to ops) 
+ 0], v. tr. 1, choose, elect, desire, 
wish, pray for, pray. 

opus, -eris, [fop- (in ops) + us], 
n., (service ?), work (in its effect, 
cf. labor, toil), task, effect: diversa 
(effects). — As predicate, need, 
use : nil opus est (// is of no use, 
there is no need); sic opus est 
(necessary). 

ora, -ae, [?], f., edge, border. — 
Hence, shore, region. 

oraculum (clum), -1, [ora -f 
culum], n., oracle (both utterance 
and place). 

orbis, -is, [?], m., circle, disc, 
sphere (inexactly conceived), fold 
(of snake), course (circular). — 
With and without terrarum, the 
world, tvorld (of a part of the 
earth), shore. 

orbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [orbo- 
(as if a-stem) + 0], v. tr. 1, be- 
reave, make childless, make orphan. 

— Less exactly, deprive. 
orbus, -a, -um, [?], adj., bereaved, 

childless, orphaned, deprived, desti- 
tute. 
Orehomenos, -i, [Gr. "Opxofxev6s~\, 
m. and f., a town in I. Arcadia, 2. 
Bceotia. 



ordior, -IrT, orsus, [?, akin to 
ordo], v. dep. 4, begin. — p.p., 
begin fting. 

ordo, -inis, [?, akin to ordior, 
through simple stem], m., row, 
line, series, order, arrangement, 
circle (of spokes) : ex ordine (in 
detail) (beginning at the beginning 
and going on) ; nullo ordine 
(wildly) ; sine ordine (promiscu- 
ously) . 

Oresitrophus, -1, [Gr. 'Opeairpo- 
<pos~\, m., one of Action's hounds. 

Orestes, -ae, [Gr. 'Opeo-T7?s], m., 
son of Agamemnon and Clytem- 
nestra. He killed his mother and 
was driven mad by the Furies. 

orgia, -orum, [Gr. opyia], n. pi., 
rites of Bacchus, orgies. — Less 
exactly, sacred mysteries, ceremo- 
nies (of a secret worship). 

Oribasus, -I, [Gr. 'Opei&atros], m., 
one of Actaeon's dogs. 

oriens, see orior. 

origo, -inis, [akin to orior, through 
simpler stem], f., origin, birth, 

_source, parentage. — Also, cause. 

Orion, -onis, [Gr. 'flpiW], m., a 
gigantic huntsman of Hyria in 
Bceotia, changed after his death 
to a constellation, Orion, the ris- 
ing and setting of which are ac- 
companied by storms. 

orior, (-1) -iri, ortus, [?, perh. 
akin to ordo], v. dep. 3 and 4, 
rise, spring up (lit. and fig.). — 
pres. p., rising. — As noun, the 
rising sun, the East. — p.p., risen, 
rising, springing. 

orno, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr. 
I, adorn, decorate, furnish, equip. 

ornus, -1, [?], f., ash (tree or wood). 

Orny tides, -ae, [Gr. 'OpwtIStjs'], 
m., son of Ornylus (a sharer in 
the Calydonian hunt). 



io8 



Vocabulary. 



oro, -are, -avi, -atum, [or- (stem 
of os, as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. I, 
pray for, pray, entreat: oranti 
annuit (to her prayer). 

Orontes, -is (-ae), [Gr. *Op6vTt)s\, 
m., the chief river of Syria. 

Orpheus, -ei, (ace. -ea), [Gr. 
'Opcpevs], m., a mythic bard of 
antiquity. He almost rescued his 
wife, Eurydice, from the world be- 
low by his skill in music, but was 
afterwards torn in pieces by the 
Thracian women. 

Orpheus, -a, -um, [as if Gr. 
'Op^eios], adj., of Orpheus. 

Orphne, -es, [Gr. "Opcpv-q, dark'], 
f., a nymph of the lower world, 
mother of Ascalaphus. 

ortus, -us, [or- (as root of orior) 
-f tus], m., rising, origin, birth. 
— Also, rising sun, sunrise, the 
East. 

Ortygia, -ae, [Gr. 'Oprvyia], f . : i. 
the island upon which the oldest 
part of the city of Syracuse was 
built; 2. an old name of Uelos. 

os, oris, [ ?] , n., mouth, lips, face, 
jaws, words, head. — Sometimes 
fig. in these senses. 

os, ossis, [?], n., bone. 

osculum, -i, [os- (orig. stem of 
oris) -}- culum (perh. through in- 
termediate stem in -cum)], n., 
lips, kiss. 

Ossa, -ae, [Gr. "Oaaa], f., a moun- 
tain in Thessaly, used by the giants 
in scaling heaven. 

ostendo, -ere, -tendl, -tentum, 
[obs-tendo], v. tr. 3, {stretch 
towards), show, point out. 

ostium, -i, [os- (old stem of os) 
-f unc, term, perh. through a false 
analogy], n., mouth (of a river), 
door. 

ostium, -1, [?, akin to ostrea, 



perh. borr. from ocrrpaKov], n., 
purple (made from shellfish). 

Othrys, -yos, [Gr. "Odpvs], m., a 
mountain in Thessaly. 

otium, -1, [?], n., quiet, ease (luxu- 
rious) , freedom from care. 

ovile, -is, [ovi + lis], n. (of adj.), 
sheep fold. 

ovis, -is, [?], f., sheep. 

ovum, -i, [ ?, prob. akin to avis, as 
if avium], n., egg. 



pabulum, -i, [V PA (i n pascor) 
-f bulum], n., fodder, grass, ver- 
dure. 

pacalis, -e, [pac- (stem of pax) 
-f alis], adj., belonging to peace : 
olea (peaceful, emblem of peace). 

Pachynus (-um),-i, [Gr. Udxwos'], 
m. and n. (f. ), the southeastern 
extremity of Sicily (Capo di Pas- 
sara). 

paciscor, -i, pactus, [y/v\c, 
formed with -sco from simpler 
stem (cf. paco)], v. dep. 3, agree, 
bargain, stipulate (demand in a 
bargain). — p.p. in pass, tense, 
agreed upon. — See also pactum. 

paco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pac- (in 
pax)], v. tr. 1, pacify (prop, lit., 
but also fig.). 

Pactolis, -idis, [Gr. TIo/ctwAis], f., 
of Pa dolus, Pactolian. 

Pactolos, -1, [Gr. TIo.ktwaSs'], m., a 
river of Lydia famous for its gold. 

pactum, -i, [n., p.p. of paciscor 
and pango], n., agreepient. 

Padus, -1, [?], m., the Po (the 
famous river of Northern Italy) . 

Paean, -anis, [Gr. Tlaiav, Tlaiwv~], 
m., the physician of the gods, 
Apollo. — Also, a hymn, a song of 
triumph. 



Vocabulary. 



:o 9 



paelex (pellex), -icis, [Gr. iraWa- 
k'ls], f., concubine, rival (of lawful 
wife). 

paene, [?], adv., almost, nearly, all 
but. 

paenitet (poen-),-ere, paenituit, 
[ ?] , v. tr. imp. 2, it repents, one 
regrets. 

Paestum, -1, [?], n., a city of 
Lucania, formerly called Posido- 
nia, famous for its roses. 

Pagasaeus, -a, -uin, [Gr. Tlaya- 
<xcuos~\, adj., Pagascean, of Pagasce, 
the harbor near Iolcus, where the 
ship Argo was built. 

Palaemon, -onis, [Gr. UaXaip.wv'], 
m., the name of Melicerta, son of 
Athamas and Ino, after he was 
changed into a sea-god. 

palaestra, -ae, [Gr. iraXaiaTpa] , 
{., palaestra or wrestling-place. — 
Less exactly, wrestling, athletic 
games. 

palam, [?], adv., openly, in public. 

Palatium, -I (-ii), [fpalato- (re- 
duced) -f ium (n. of -ius)], n., 
the Palatine hill (on which was 
the imperial residence of Augus- 
tus). — Less exactly, palace (of 
heaven). 

palatum, -I, [?, akin to pala- 
tium], n., roof of the mouth, pal- 
ate, mouth. 

palear, -aris, [?], n., dewlap (usu- 
ally pi.). 

Pales, -is, [?, - v / pAL ( m P a lea, 
palor) -f is (-es)], f. (anciently 
m.), the divinity of shepherds (of 
the wandering flocks?). 

PalTci, -orum, ■[?], m., the name 
of two sons of Jupiter, deified in 
Sicily. Near their sanctuary, be- 
tween Henna and Syracuse, were 
two sulphur springs. 

Palilia, see Parilia. 



palla, -ae, [?], f., robe, cloak, 
mantle. 

Palladius, -a, -um, [Gr. TlaWd- 
8tos], adj., of Pallas (Minerva) : 
latices, olive oil (sacred to Mi- 
nerva). — n., Palladium, statue 
of Pallas. 

Pallantis, -idos, [Gr. UaWavris'], 
{., descendant of Pallas, Aurora 
(whose grandfather was the Titan 
Pallas). 

Pallas, -adis, [Gr. IlaAAas], f., the 
Grecian divinity, identified by the 
Romans with Minerva, a goddess 
of war and of household arts and 
of learning, and discoverer of the 
olive. 

palled, -ere, -ui, no sup., [?], v. 
intr. 2, be pale, be gray. 

pallesco, -ere, pallui, no sup., 
[palle- (stem of palleo) -f sco], 
v. intr. 3, pale, grow yellozv. 

pallidus, -a, -um, [prob. fpallo- 
(cf. palleo) + dus], adj., pale, 
pallid. 

pallor, -oris, [pall- (as if root of 
palleo) + or], m., pallor, pale 
hue. 

palma, -ae, [Gr. TraAa/^T?], f., palm 
(of the hand), hand. — Hence, 
from its shape, palm (the tree), 
date, palm (of victory). 

palmes, -itis, [prob. palma-)- tis], 
m., branch, vine branch, vine. 

palpo, -are, -avi, -atum, [palpo- 
(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. I, stroke, 
caress, pet. 

palils, -udis, [?], f., marsh. 

palnster (tris), -tris, -e, [pallid 
-f tris], adj., of the marsh, marsh-. 

Pamphagus, -I, [Gr. Tlajxcpdyos'], 
m., one of Action's dogs. 

pampineus, -a, -um, [pampino + 
eus], adj., leafy, branching, clus- 
tering, of the vine (umbra). 



10 



Vocabulary. 



Pan, -os, [Gr. Tldv~], m., the god 

of shepherds, represented as half 

goat, and playing on the syrinx. 
paiido, -ere, pandi, passum, [?], 

v. tr. I, spread, open, disclose. — 

Hence, declare. — p.p., spread, 

dishevelled, loose (of the hair) . 
pandus, -a, -urn, [akin to pando], 

adj., bent, turned up. 
Panope, -es, [Gr. Uav6itr{], f., a 

city in Phocis on the Cephisus. 
Panopeus, -ei, [Gr. Uavonevs'], m., 

a sharer in the Calydonian hunt. 
papaver, -eris, [?], n., poppy. 
papyrifer,-era,-erum, [papyro-fer 

(for -ferus)], ad]., papyrus-bearing. 
par, paris, [?], adj., equal, two like 

(in plu.), alike (fatum). — n. as 

noun, pair. 
par (noun), see pat* (adj.). 
paratus, -us, [para + tus], m., 

preparation, pomp, splendor. 
Parcae, -arum, [?, prob. akin to 

parco], f. pi., the Fates, goddesses 

of birth and death (Nona, Decuma, 

and Morta), and so the arbiters of 

human destiny, identified with the 

Greek Motpai (Clotho, Lachesis, 

and Atropos). 
parco, -ere, pepercl (parsi), 

parcitum (parsum), [?], v. 

intr. 3, spare, refrain from, stay. 
parous, -a, -um, [akin to parco], 

adj., sparing, parsimonious, frugal. 
parens, -entis, [pres. (really aorist) 

p. of pario], c, parent, mother, 
father. 
parentalis, -e, [parent -f alis], 

adj., of parents, of relatives. 
pareo, -ere, parui, paritum, 

[fparo (cf. opiparus)], v. intr. 

2, (appear?}, obey. 
paries, -etis, [?], m., wall (of a 

house). 
Parilia, -turn, v. pi , the feast of 



Pales (celebration on the 2ist of 
April, the anniversary of the foun- 
dation of Rome). See Parilis. 

Parllis, -e, [fpali (of Pales, with 
change of 1 to r) -f- ilis], adj., of 
or sacred to Pales. 

parilis, -e, [pari- (as stem of par) 
+ lis], adj., equal, like, at the 
same time (letum) . 

pario, -ere, peperl, paritum 
(partum), [y'PAR (akin to 
fparus, paro, pareo)], v. tr. 3, 
get, obtain, secure. — Esp., bring 
forth, bear children. 

Paris, -idis, [Gr. napes'], m., the 
son of Priam, king of Troy, and 
Hecuba. He carried off Helen, 
wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, 
and thus brought on the Trojan 
war. 

pariter, [pari- (as stem of par) 
-fter], adv., equally, together, in 
like manner, at the same time, 
alike. 

par ma, -ae, [Gr. irdp/j.ri'], f., buck- 
ler, shield (round), targe. 

Parnasis, -idis (-idos), [Gr. Tlap- 
vacris], f. adj., of Parnassus. 

Parnasius, -a, -um, [Gr. Uapvd- 
trios'], adj., of Parnassus. 

Parnasus, -T, [Gr. Ylapvaaos], m., 
ML Parnassus in Thessaly, the 
favorite haunt of the Muses and 
of Apollo. 

paro, -are, -avT, -atum, [?, akin 
to pario, prob. through adj. stem 
(cf. opiparus)], v. tr. I , procure, 
get, prepare, make preparation for. 
— Hence, attempt, purpose, intend 
going to (bellum), think of (doing 
something). 

Paros, -1, [Gr. ndpos'], f., one of 
the Cyclades islands, famous for 
its white marble. 

Parrhasis, -idis (-idos), [Gr. 



Vocabulary. 



Ill 



Uappaais'], f. adj., Parrhasian, of 
Parrhasia (a town of Arcadia), 
Arcadian : arctos, Callisto (who 
was made the constellation of the 
Great Bear). 

Parrhasius, -a, -urn, [Gr. Ylappd- 
crios], adj., of Parrhasia, Parrha- 
sian, Arcadian. 

pars, partis, [^/par (in par) -f- 
tis (reduced)], L, part, some, one 
of — Also, side, region, quarter, 
direction. — PI., part (role). 

Parthaonius, -a, -um, [fPar- 
thaon+ius], adj., of Parthaon 
(king of Calydon, father of 
QEneus). 

Parthenius, -a, -um, [Gr. Uapde- 
vtos], adj., of Parthenius (a moun- 
tain in Arcadia), Partheuian. 

Parthenope, -es, [Gr. Uapdeuom]], 
f., the ancient name of Naples, or 
of the city for which Naples (Nea- 
polis, the New City) was substi- 
tuted. 

particeps, -ipis, [parti-ceps ( V CAP 
as stem)], adj., sharing. — PI. as 
noun, companions, partners. 

partim, [old ace. of pars], adv., 
partly. — Taking place of a noun 
or pronoun, some, some . . . others. 

partior, -Iri, -Itus, [parti + o], v. 
dep. 4, share, divide. — p.p., shar- 
ing. 

partus, -us, [v/ pAR ( m pario) + 
tus], m., birth, giving birth, off- 
spring. 

parum, [?, cf. parvus], adv., too 
little, not enough. 

parvus, -a, -um, [?, akin to 
parum], adj., small, little, tri- 
fling, slight, humble (domus), 
ge title (murmur), low (vox). — 
n. pi., trifles : parvi (of small 
account). — Comp., minor, less, 
inferior, younger. — n. as adv., 



less. — Sup., minimus, least, very 

little, only the slightest, very small, 

youngest. 
pasco, -ere, pavi, pastum, [y^PA, 

formed with -sco], v. tr. 3, feed. — 

Pass, as dep., graze, feed. — Fig., 

satiate one's self. — p.p., pastus, 

fed. 
pascuum, -1, [pasc- (as if root of 

pasco) + vum], n., pasture. 
passim, [ace. of real or imaginary 

fpassis (pand as root -f tis), cf. 

partim], adv., all around, here 

and there, everywhere. 
passus, p.p. of pando, wh. see. 
passus, -us, [pand- (as root of 

pando) + tus], m., {spread of 

step), step, pace. 
pastor, -oris, [pas- (as if root of 

pasco, cf. pastus) -f tor], m., 

shepherd. 
pastorius, -a,-um, [pastor -f ius], 

adj., of a {the) shepherd. 
Pataraeus, -a, -um, [Gr. ITaTa- 

pouoi\, adj., of Patara (a city on 

the coast of Lycia, where was a 

famous temple of Apollo. 
patefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 

[pate- (case-form akin to pateo) 

+ facio], v. tr. 3, lay open, open. 
pateo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [unc. 

noun stem (cf. patefacio) -f o], 

v. intr. 2, lie open, spread, extend, 

be disclosed, be exposed, appear, 

open. 
pater, -tris, [?, cf. mater], m., 

father, senator (i.e. elder), sire (of 

animals). 
patera, -ae, [?, akin to pateo], f., 

spreading dish, bowl, patera (a 

spreading dish used in libations). 
paternus, -a, -um, [pater- (as 

stem of pater) -f nus], adj., of 

one's father, one's father's, paternal. 
patientia, -ae, [patient + ia], f., 



112 



Vocabulary. 



patience, long-suffering, power of 
endurance. 

patior, -I, passus, [?], v. dep. 3, 
suffer, undergo, submit to, bear, 
live through. — pres. p., patiens, 
capable of enduring, having endur- 
ance for. 

patrius, -a, -um, [patr- (as stem 
of pater) + ius], adj., of one's 
father, native. — f. as noun (sc. 
terra), fatherland, country, na- 
tive city. 

patruelis, -e, [patruo- (as if 
patrue-) + lis], adj., of an uncle, 
of a cousin, one's cousin's. 

patruus, -I, [patr- (as stem of 
pater) + vus], m., uncle. 

patulus, -a, -um, [fpato- (whence 
pateo) + lus], adj., spreading, 
wide open, open. 

paulatim, [paulo- (reduced) + 
atim (as if paula + tis, in ace.)], 
adv., by degrees, gradually. 

paulus, -a, -um, [?, akin to par- 
vus], adj., little. — n. as adv., a 
little, somewhat. 

pauper, -eris, [?, perh. akin to 
parvus, paulus], adj., poor, 
hu?nble. — As noxm, poor man. 

paupertas, -atis, [pauper -f tas], 
f., humble circumstances, poverty. 

pavefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 
[tpave- (case-form akin to 
paveo) -f facio], v. tr. 3, terrify. 

pavens, see paveo. 

paveo, -ere, no perf., no sup., 
[prob. fpavo- (cf. pavidus) + 
eo], v. intr. 2, be afraid, be fright- 
ened, be struck with terror, shud- 
der at (inf.). 

pavidus, -a, -um, [prob. fpavo- 
(cf. paveo) -f dus], adj., terrified, 
frightened, trembling. 

pavo, -onis, [?], m., peacock. 

pavor, -oris, [pav- (as if root of 



paveo) -f or], m., fear, timidity. 

— Personified, Fear. 
pax, pacis, [ V PA C (pag) as stem], 

f., peace. 
pecco, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. 

intr. I, sin, do wrong. 
pecten, -inis, [unc. form from stem 

of pecto], m., comb, sleigh (of 

loom). 
pecto, -ere, pexul, pexum, 

[Vpec (formed with to)], v. tr. 3, 

comb. 
pectus, -oris, [pect- (as if root of 

pecto) -f us], n., breast (prob. 

from its shape, like a comb). — 

Hence, as seat of heart, heart, soul, 

mind (purpose), mind (generally). 
pecus, -oris, [?], n., sheep. — PI., 

flocks. 
pecus, -udis, [?, akin to pecus, 

-oris], f., sheep. — Y\., flocks. 
Pegasis, -idis (-idos), [Gr. TLriya- 

<n's], f. adj., of Pegasus : undae 

(the sacred spring of the Muses, 

Hippokrene, on Mt. Helicon, 

which was created by a blow of 

the hoof of Pegasus. 
Pegasos (-us), -I, [Gr. n 77700-05], 

m., the winged horse of the Muses, 

that sprang from the blood of 

Medusa. 
pejor, see malus. 
Pelagon, -onis, [Gr. rieAcfywi/], m., 

a sharer in the Calydonian hunt. 
pelagus, -I, [Gr. -rreAayos'], n., the 

sea, the deep. 
Pelasgus, -a, -um, [Gr. UeXaaySs], 

adj., Grecian (from the supposed 

ancient inhabitants). — m. pi., the 

Greeks. 
Peleus, -el, [Gr. n^Aeys], m., son 

of ^Eacus, husband of Thetis, and 

father of Achilles. He took part 

in the Calydonian hunt and the 

Argonautic expedition. 



Vocabulary. 



113 



Peliacus, -a, -um, [Gr. IlijAtaKos], 

adj., of 'or from Alt. Pelion (in Thes- 
saly, near the home of Achilles). 

Pelias, -adis, [Gr. n^iw], f. adj., 
of Aft. Pelion. 

Pelias, -ae, [Gr. UeXlas'], m., 
brother of zEson, king of Iolcus. 
He robbed his brother of his king- 
dom, and sent his nephew Jason 
on the Argonautic expedition. He 
was killed by his own daughters 
and Medea. 

Pelignus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of the 
Peligni (a tribe of Central Italy, 
in whose territory Sulmo, the 
native town of Ovid, was situated), 
Pelignian. 

Pelion, -ii, [Gr. UtjKiov'], n., (also 
Pelios, m.), a mountain of Thes- 
saly fabled to have been used by 
the giants in scaling Olympus. 

pellex, -icis, see paelex. 

pellis, -is, [?], f., skin, hide. 

pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, [?], 
v. tr. 3, drive, drive away, over- 
come, dispel: nervos (strike); 
moram (eschnu, avoid, make no). 
— p.p., pulsus, beaten, overcome. 

Peloros (-us, -um), -i, [Gr. IleAcc- 
poi\, m. and n., a promontory on 
the northeast coast of Sicily, now 
Capo di Faro, one of the headlands 
of the Straits of Messina. 

penates, -um, [pen- (in penitus, 
penus) + as (cf. optimas)], m. 
pi., household gods, penates. — They 
were the gods of the inner recesses 
of the house, and of the hearth, 
but of uncertain character and 
functions. — Also, home, hearth, 
house. 

pendeo, -ere, pependi, pensum, 
[prob. fpendo- (cf. pendulns) 
-f eo], v. intr. 2, hang, be sus- 
pended, be poised. — Fig., depend 



upon (ab, ex). — pres. p., hang- 
ing, suspended. 

pendo, -ere, pependi, pensum, 
[•y/pend], v. tr. 3, hang. — Hence, 
(hang on steelyards), zueigh. — 
Hence, pay : poenas (pay pen- 
ally, suffer punishment). 

pendulus, -a, -um, [fpendo + 
lus (cf. pendeo)], adj., hanging. 

Peneis, -idos, [Gr. TItji/tjj's], f. adj., 
of the Peneus (a river inThessalv), 
Peneian : nympha (i.e. Daphne, 
daughter of the river-god). 

Peneius, -a, -um, [Gr. Yly)vi]'ios~], 
adj., of the Peneus, Peneian. — f. 
as subst., Daphne (daughter of the 
river-god Peneus). 

Penelope, -es, [Gr. UrjueXowri'], f., 
daughter of Icarius, wife of Ulys- 
ses, and mother of Telemachus. 

Peneos (-us), -I, [Gr. U-qveios], m., 
a river of Thessaly flowing through 
the vale of Tempe. 

penetrabilis, -e, [penetra + bilis], 
adj., penetrable. — Also, penetrat- 
ing, piercing. 

penetralis, -e, [fpenetro- (re- 
duced) -f alis], adj., interior. — 
Esp. n., penetrale, -is, interior. 
— PL, inner recesses, shrines, pri- 
vate home, hearthstone. 

penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[fpenetro- (as if penetra-, cf. 
penetralis) + 0], v. tr. 1, pene- 
trate, enter. 

Peneus, see Peneos. 

penitus, [stem akin to penus + 
tus (cf. intus)], adv., within, be- 
low : penitus penitusque (far, 
far below). 

penna, -ae, [prob. ^/'pet, in peto 
+ na], f., feather, wing (of bird, 
also of an arrow). 

pennatus, -a, -um, [penna + tus, 
as if p.p. of fpenno], adj., winged. 



ii4 



Vocabulary. 



per, [?], prep., through, over, 
among, amid. — Fig , by means of, 
through (of agent), by: per se 
(of itself}. — In comp., through, 
thoroughly, over, very (perh. differ- 
ent case-form). 

perago, -ere, -egf, -actum, [per- 
ago], v. tr. 3, lead through, carry 
out (jussa), complete, pass, accom- 
plish : otia (pass a life of). 

peraro, -are, -avi, -atum, [per- 
aro], v. tr. I, plough over. — 
Hence, write (by scratching). 

percenseo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [per- 
censeo], v. tr. 2, search over, search 
through. 

percipio, -ere, -cepT, -ceptum, 
[per-capio], v. tr. 3, gather 
(fruits), receive, catch, take on. — 
Hence, learn. 

pereurro, -ere, -currl, -cursum, 
[per-curro], v. tr. 3, run over. 

percussus, p.p. of percutio. 

percutio, -ere, -cussl, -cussum, 
[per-cutio], v. tr. 3, strike, beat. 
— Less exactly, reflect. — P-P-, 
wounded : pennis (juith the stroke 
of) ; unda (as she struck) . 

perdix, -icis, [Gr. irep5i(], c, par- 
tridge. — As proper name, Perdix, 
nephew of Daedalus, changed into 
a partridge. 

perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [per- 
do (cf. interficio)], v. tr. 3, de- 
stroy, waste, lose. 

peregrinus, -a, -um, [peregro- 
(reduced) + inus], adj., foreign, 
abroad, of strangers, strange. — 
As noun, foreigner, stranger. 

perennis, -e, [per-annus, infl. as 
adj.], adj., eternal. 

pereo, -ire, -il, -itiiin, [per-eo (cf. 
perdo)], v. intr. irr., fall, perish, 
be lost, be destroyed. 

pererro, -are, -avi, -atum, [per- 



erro], v. tr. 1, wander over, glide 

over, crawl over, wander through. 
perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 

[per-facio], v. tr. 3, finish, coi?i- 

plete. 
perfringo, -ere, -fregi, -fractum, 

[per-frango] , v. tr. 3, break 

through, burst through. 
perfundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, 

[per-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour over, 

pour on, flood, sprinkle, bathe. — 

p.p , bathed, bedezved. 
Pergama, -orum, [sing, not used 

in the Metam.~\, [Gr. Ylipya.fxov~\, 

n. pi., the citadel of Troy, Troy 

itself. 
Fergus, -T, [?], m., a lake near 

Henna in Sicily (now Lago Per- 

gussa). 
perhorresco, -ere, -horruT, no 

sup., [per-horreo], v. tr. and intr. 

3, shudder (all over), shudder at. 
periculum (-clum), [peri- (as 

stem of fperior) + culum], n., 

trial. — Hence, danger, peril, 

source of danger. 
Perilla, -ae, [Gr. rie/xAAa], f., the 

name, real or fictitious, of Ovid's 

daughter. 
perimo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, 

[per-emo, take~], v. tr. 3, destroy 

(cf. perdo), slay, put to death. 
perlucidus, -a, -um, [per-luci- 

dus], adj., very bright. — Also, 

transparent. 
perluo, -ere, -luT, -latum, [per- 

luo], v. tr. 3, wash, bathe, rinse. 

— Pass., bathe (intr.). 
permaneo, -ere, -man si, -man- 
sum, [fper-maneo], v. intr. 2, 

continue, remain, last. 
permaturesco, -ere, -maturuT, 

no sup., [permaturesco], v. intr. 

3, become fully ripe. 
permisceo, -ere, -miscui, -mix- 



Vocabulary. 



115 



turn, [per-misceo], v. tr. 2, 
mingle. 
permitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 

[per-mitto], v. tr. 3, hand over, 
leave to. — Hence, allow, permit. 

permulceo, -ere, -mulsi, -mul- 
sum, [permulceo] , v. tr. 2, 
stroke, caress. 

pernox, -noctis, [per-nox], adj., 
all night (luna). 

perosus, -a, -um, [p.p. of per-odi], 
partic, hating, abhorring, a deadly 
enemy to. 

perpessus, p.p. of perpetior. 

perpetior, -1, -pessus, [per- 
patior], v. dep. 3, endure, suffer. 

perpetuus, -a, -um, [prob. perpetu- 
(cf. impetus) -f us (or -vus)], 
adj., {going through to the end), 
perpetual, eternal, continuous, for- 
ever, a row of. — Abl., perpetuo, 
perpetually, ever. 

perquiro, -ere, -quaeslvi, -quae- 
situm, [per-quaero], v. tr. 3, 
search for. 

Perseis, -idis (-idos), f. adj., 
daughter of Perses. 

Persephone, -es, [Gr. Ylepaetyowri], 
f. , the Greek name for Proserpine. 

persequor, -1, -secntus, [per- 
sequor], v. dep. 3, follow (to the 
end), pursue. — Hence, narrate 
(fully). 

Perseus, -el, [Gr. riepo-eus], m., 
son of Jupiter and Danae (daugh- 
ter of King Acrisius of Argos), 
slayer of the Gorgon Medusa. 

Persis, -idis (ace. -ida), [Gr. ITep- 
<ns], f. adj., Persian. 

perspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, 
[per-fspecio], v. tr. 3, look over, 
gaze at, survey, look upon. 

perspicuus, -a, -um, [per-fspe- 
cuus, y'sPEC-j-vus (cf. conspi- 
cuus)], adj., transparent. 



persto, -are, -stiti, -statum, [per- 

sto], v. intr. 1, persist. 
perterritus, -a, -um, [per-terri- 

tus], adj., much terrified, in terror. 
perveuio, -ire, -veui, -ventum, 

[per-venio], v. intr. 4, come 
through to, come to, arrive at, 
reach. 

per vigil, -is, [per-vigil], adj., 
zvakeful all night, ever watchful. 

pervius, -a, -um, [per-via, infl. as 
adj.], adj., passable, traversable, 
accessible, exposed (vento). 

pes, pedis, [^/ped, as stem], m.. 
foot, hoof. — Sometimes to be 
transl. szvift foot, swiftness of foot. 
— Also, foot (of verse), verse. 

pestifer, -era, -erum, [pesti-fer 
(for -ferus)], adj., pestilent, pes- 
tiferous, noxious, destructive. 

pestis, -is, [unc. root + tis], f., 
plague. — Less exactly, ruin, de- 
struction, curse. 

peto, -ere, -Ivi, -itum, [^/pet], v. 
tr. 3, {fly to, rush to, cf. impetus), 
hie to, approach, seek (go to), go for, 
aim at, seek to gain, seek (to gain), 
rise to, seek (in marriage), zvoo. — 
Hence, ask, beg. 

Phaedimus, -1, [Gr. •frcu'Si^os], m., 
a son of Niobe. 

Phaetlion, -outis, [Gr. *ae'0wf], 
m., a son of the Sun (Phoebus) 
and Clymene, who tried to drive 
his father's horses. They became 
unmanageable, and he was de- 
stroyed by a thunderbolt. His 
sisters, mourning for him, were 
changed into poplars. 

Phaethusa, -ae, [Gr. Qacdovaa], 
f., one of the Heliades, sisters of 
Phaethon. 

Phantasos, -i, [Gr. 4>a^Ta<ros], m., 
a god of dreams, who imitates in- 
animate objects. 



n6 



Vocabulary. 



pharetra, -ae, [Gr. (paperpd], f., 

quiver. 

pharetratus, -a, -um, [fpharetra 
+ tus (cf. armatus)], adj., 
armed with a quiver, quiver-bear- 
ing. ^ 

Pharsalia, -ae, [Gr. <&aprra\ia], f., 
the region about Pharsalus in 
Thessaly, where Caesar defeated 
Pompey. 

Phasias, -adis, [Gr. $a<rids~], f., 
of or from the Phasis ; Medea 
(whose home was in Colchis on 
the Phasis). 

Phasis, -idis, [Gr. <j>S<rts], m., a 
river in Colchis. 

Phegiacus, -a, -um, [as if Gr. 
QifyiaitSs], adj., of Phegia (a town 
in Arcadia, afterwards called Pso- 
phis), Phegian. 

Pheretiades, -ae, [Gr. $epr)Tiddr)s^, 
m., son of Pheres, Admetus (king 
of Pherae, a sharer in the Caly- 
donian hunt). 

Phiale, -es, [Gr. 4>taArj], f., a 
nymph of Diana. 

Philemon, -onis, [Gr. QiA-fip-w'], 
m., a pious Phrygian, husband of 
Baucis, changed into a tree. 

Philippi, -drum, [Gr. */Anr;roi], 
m. pi., a town of Macedonia, near 
the foot of the range of Haemus. 
It was famous for the battle in 
which Octavius and Antony over- 
came Brutus and Cassius. 

Philomela, -ae, [Gr. ^iKofi-fjArf], f-, 
a daughter of Pandion, king of 
Thebes, who, with her sister Proc- 
ne, served up to Tereus, her sis- 
ter's husband, his son Itys, pre- 
pared for food. They were all 
changed to birds, Philomela to a 
nightingale, for which bird her 
name often stands. 

Philyreius, -a, -um, [as if Gr. 



QiAup-fjios'], adj., of or belonging to 
Philyra or of Chiron (the son of 
Philyra and Saturn). 

Phineus, -ei (-eos), [Gr. $ivevs~], 
m., a king of Thrace, who was 
struck blind and afterwards tor- 
mented by the Harpies. 

Phlegethontis, -idis (-idos), [Gr. 
QAtyedovris^, f. adj., of Plegethon 
(a river of Hades). 

Phlegon, -ontis, [Gr. $A4ywv'] } m., 
one of the horses of the Sun. 

Phlegraeus, -a, -um, [Gr. <J>Ae- 
ypaios~], adj., Phlegrcean, of Phlegra 
(the place, in Thrace or elsewhere, 
where Jupiter destroyed the gi- 
ants). 

Phobetor, -oris (ace. -ora), [Gr. 
^ojSrjToy)] , m., a dream-god, also 
called Icelos. 

phoca, -ae, [Gr. #c6/oj], f., seal. 

Phoeai'cus, -a, -um, [Gr. $a>Ka'i- 
icos^}, adj., Phoccean, of Phocoea (a 
town on the coast of Ionia). 

Phoceiis, -a, -um, [as if Gr. *co- 
/ceos],' adj., Phocian : juvenis, 
Pylades (son of King Strophius of 
Phocis). 

Phocis, -idis, [Gr. *«/«$], f., a 
mountainous country between Bce- 
otia and Thessaly. 

Phoebe, -es, [Gr. *o/£rj], f., a name 
of Diana (the moon-goddess), as 
sister of Phoebus (the sun-god). 

Phoebeius, -a, -um, [Gr. $ui$i'ios~\, 
adj., of Phoebus or Apollo: juve- 
nis, ALsculapi us (son of Apollo). 

Phoebeus, -a, -um, [Gr. *oi)8ejos], 
adj., of Phoebus or Apollo : ignes 
(the fiery rays of the sun). 

Phoebus, -I, [Gr. <boi$oi\, m., a 
name of Apollo as god of the sun 
[the bright one). — Also, the Sun, 
rays of the sun : uterque (the ris- 
ing and the selling sun*). 



Vocabulary. 



117 



Phoenices, -urn, [Gr. *otVi/ces], 
m. pi., the Phoenicians (inhabitants 
of Phoenicia, the coast-lancl east of 
the Mediterranean). 

phoenix, -Icis, [Gr. <po~ivi£], f., 
phoenix (the fabulous bird). 

Phoenix, -icis, [Gr. <£<nVi£], m., 
son of Amyntor in Thessaly, 
teacher of Achilles, a sharer in the 
Calydonian hunt. 

Phorcis, -idis, (ace. pi. -id as), [Gr. 
<J>op/as], f., daughter of Phorcus 
(Phorcys), a Gorgon. — PL, the 
Gorgons. 

Phorcynis, -idis, [Gr. patronymic], 
f., Medusa, as daughter of Phorcys. 

Phrixeus, -a, -um, [Gr. <fyn|eios], 
adj., of Phrixus : vellera (the 
go/den fleece of the ram that carried 
Phrixus over the sea). 

Phrygia, -ae, [Gr. $pvyia], f., a 
country of Asia Minor. 

Phrygius, -a, -um, [Gr. $pvyios~\, 
adj., Phrygian : vestis (many- 
colored clothing, which was con- 
sidered a Phrygian invention). — 
Less exactly, Trojan, as Troy was 
in Phrygia. 

Phryx, -ygis, [Gr. *pv|], m., a 
Phrygian. — Less exactly, a Tro- 
jan. 

Phylacides, -ae, [Gr. *yAa/ci'5?js], 
m., Protesilaus (who was the 
grandson of Phylacus). 

Phyleus, -ei, [Gr. *uAeus], m., son 
of King Augeas of Elis, one of the 
hunters of the Calydonian boar. 

piceus, -a, -um, [pic + eus], adj., 
pitchy. — Esp. (from the color of 
resin smoke), pitchy black, pitchy, 
pitch dark. — f. as no\xx\, pitch pine, 
pine. 

Pierides, -um, [Gr. ITiepiSes], f. 
pi., the Muses (so-called from their 
haunt Pieria in Thessaly), 



pietas, -atis, [pio + tas], f., filial 

duty, j'atherly affection, brotherly 

love, family affection, conjugal 

affection. 
piger, -gra, -grum, [Vpig + rus 

(reduced)], adj., slothful, slozv, 

sluggish. 
piget, -ere, -uit (pigituin est), 

[V PIG (cf. piger), perh. through 

adj. stem], v. tr. imp. 2, it irks, 

one regrets, is tired of 
pignero, -are, -avi, -atum, 

[pigner+o], v. tr. 1, take a 

pledge. — Pass, as dep., bind by a 

pledge, receive as a pledge. 
pignus, -eris (-oris), [?], n., 

pledge. — Hence, assurance (as if 

a pledge were given of the truth) . 

— PI , offspring (pledges of love) . 
pigre, [old abl. of piger], adv., 

lazily. 
Pindus, -i, [Gr. Xiivlos], m., a 

mountain in Thessaly. 
pinetum, -i, [pino- (reduced) + 

etum], n., pine forest. 
pingo, -ere, pinxT, pictum, 

[y'PlG], v. tr. 3, paint, drazv, em- 
broider (acu) . — p.p., ornamented, 

variegated. 
pinguis, -e, [?], adj., fat, fattened, 

rich. — Hence, 'dull, stupid. 
pinna, -ae, [same word as penna], 

f., tving. 
pinus, -us, [?], f., pine (tree or 

wood). — Hence, ship, bark, torch. 
pio, -are, -avi, -atum, [pio- (as if 

a-stem) +0], v. tr. 1, (make 

pure), expiate. 
Pirene, -es, [Gr. T\eipr)vr{], f., a 

fountain in the citadel of Corinth, 

sacred to the Muses. 
Pirenis, -idis (ace. pi. -idas), [Gr. 

Iletprji/(s], f. adj., of Pirene. 
Pirithous, -T, [Gr. Tleip{Qoos~], m., 

son of Ixion, king of the Lapithae 



u8 



Vocabulary. 



in Thessaly, an inseparable friend 
of Theseus. He shared in the 
Calydonian hunt. 

Pisa, -ae, [Gr. U?aa], f., a town in 
Elis, in the territory of which 
Olympia lay. 

PIsaeus, -a, -urn, [Gr. Tlta olios'], 
adj., of Pisa; oliva (the olive 
wreath given as a prize at the 
Olympic games) ; Arethusa (from 
Pisa or from Elis). 

Pisander, -dri, [Gr. Ueiaavhpos], 
m., son of Polyctor of Ithaca, a 
suitor of Penelope. 

piscis, -is, [?], m., a fish. — Also 
(usually in pi.), Pisces, the con- 
stellation. 

piscosus, -a, -urn, [pisci + osus], 
did]., full of fish, fishy. 

plus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dutiful (in 
any domestic relation, esp. child 
to parent), affectionate, paternal, 
pious, propitious (of the gods to 
men). — Also, hallowed, sacred. 

placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prob. 
fplaco -f eo (cf. placidus and 
placo)], v. intr. 2, please, be 
agreeable, be approved. — Often 
transl. by change of subject, deter- 
mine, be resolved on, desire, ap- 
prove : placet sibi (is satisfied 
with himself thinks well of him- 
self) ; cui placens (who is your 
lover) : si placet hoc (if this is 
your pleasure) . — p.p., placitus, 
pleasing. 

placidus, -a, -um, [prob. tpl ac <> 
4- dus (cf. placeo, placo)], adj., 
(pleased, not angry?), gentle, 
calm, quiet. 

placo, -are, -avi, -atum, [placa 
+ o (cf. Viri placa)], v. tr. I, 
pacify, appease. 

plaga, -ae, [Gr. it\-t\yi\\, f., blow, 
stroke. 



plaga, -ae, [Gr. tt Kayos], f., (side), 
region. 

plango, -ere, planxi, planctum, 
[?, cf. plaga], v. tr. 3, beat, strike, 
fall on (so as to beat), struggle (of 
a bird). — Esp., beat the breast, 
wail. 

plangor, -oris, [plang- (as root of 
plango) -f or], m., beating, noise 
(of beating the breast), m., lamen- 
tation (cf. plango). 

planta, -ae, [?], f., sole of the foot, 
foot. 

planus, -a, -um, [?], adj., level, 
flat, plane. 

platanus, -1, [Gr. irXaTavos], f., 
plane tree, plane. 

plaudo, -ere, plausi, plausum, 
[?, cf. plaustrum], v. intr. 3, clap 
the hands, applaud, clap, flap. 

plaustrum, -i, [plaud- (cf. 
plaudo) + trum], n., wagon. — 
Also pi. 

plausus, -us, [plaud- (cf. plaudo) 
-f tus], m., clapping of hands, 
clapping, applause. 

plebs, plebis, [akin to plenus], 
f., the common people, the commons. 

— Also of the gods, the lower gods. 
plectrum, -i, [Gr. irKrjKrpov], n., 

quill (to strike the lyre), plectrum. 
Pleias, -adis, [Gr. Yl\r)Lis], f., a 
Pleiad (one of the seven daughters 
of Atlas who were changed into 
the constellation of the Pleiades). 

— Also, one of the stars. — PI., 
the Pleiades (the constellation). 

plenus, -a, -um, [pie- (as stem of 
pleo) + nus], adj., filled, full, dis- 
tended, beset with, satisfied : som- 
nus (deep); annus (productive). 

Plexippus, -T, [Gr. n\r)£nnros], m., 
one of the sons of Thestias of Cal- 
ydon. 

ploro, -are, -avi, -atum, [prob. 



Vocabulary. 



19 



tploro- (wet, inundated} -f o], v. 
tr. I, weep for, lament, weep. 

pluma, -ae, [?], f., feather. 

plumbeus, -a, -um, [plumbo- (re- 
duced) + eusj, adj., leaden. 

plumbum, -T, [?], n., lead, ball, 
bullet. 

plumeus, -a, -um, [pluma- (re- 
duced) + eus], adj., of feathers. 

plnrimus, -a, -um, [plur- (stem 
of plus) -f imus], adj. (as sup. of 
multus) , most, very many, very 
much, countless, copious, most copi- 
ously (in agreement). 

plus, pluris, [pie- (in pleo) + us], 
adj. (as comp. of multus), sing, 
as noun, more. — As adv., more. 
— PI. as adj. and noun, more. 

pluvialis, -e, [pluvio + alis], adj., 
of the rain : aqua (rain zvater). 

pluvius, -a, -um, [unc. form from 
pi., as root of pluo], adj., of the 
rain. — With or without aqua, 
rain. 

poculum, -1, [y^ (cf. potus) + 
culum], n., bowl, cup. 

Poeas, -antis, [Gr. Uoias'], m., the 
son of Thaumacus and father of 
Philoctetes. 

Poemenis, -idis, [Gr. Uot/j.evis'], f., 
one of Actseon's hounds. 

poena, -ae, [?], f., penalty, punish- 
ment, vengeance. — Personified, 
Punishment. 

poeniceus, -a, -um, [poenico + 
eus], adj., scarlet (the Phoenician 
color). 

poeta, -ae, [Gr. iroir)T-hs], m., poet. 

polenta, -ae, [?, cf. pollen], f., 
meal (baked in cakes and crum- 
bled). 

polleo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [?, perh. 
comp. with valeo], v. intr. 2, be 
strong, be pozverful, be able. — pres. 
p., powerful. 



pollex, -icis, [?], m., thumb. 

polliceor, -eri, -licitus, [fpor- (to, 
forth) + liceor (cf. licet)], v. 
dep. 2, offer, promise. 

polluo, -ere, -ui, -utum, [tpor- 
luo], v. tr. 3, (wet, bathe), infect. 
— Fig., pollute. 

polus, -T, [Gr. 7roAos], m., the pole (of 
the earth or heaven), the heavens. 

Polybas, -I, [Gr. Tlohvfios], m., one 
of the suitors of Penelope. 

Polyphemos (-us) -i, [Gr. TloXv- 
<p71/nos~], m., a Cyclops who loved 
Galatea and whose eye was put out 
by Ulysses. 

pomarium, -1, [pomd -f arius], n. 
(of adj.), orchard. 

pompa, -ae, [Gr. tto/jltt^, f., pro- 
cession. 

pomum, -1, [?, perh. akin to po- 
tus], n., apple, fruit. 

pondus, -eris, [pond- (as root of 
pendo) + us], n., weight, burden, 
load. — Also pi. 

pono, -ere, posul, positum, 
[tpor-sino], v. tr. 3, (leave be- 
hind), lay down, set, place, 
arrange, establish, build. — Also, 
lay aside, lose. — p.p., set, placed, 
laid aside, lost : positus est (lies). 

pons, pontis, [?], m., bridge. 

Ponticus, -I, [fponto (reduced) 
+ eus], m., a Roman poet, who 
wrote a Thebaid. 

pontifex, -icis, [ponti- (orig. stem 
of pons) -f fex (y'FAC as stem)], 
m., (from early functions of priest), 
high priest. 

pontus, -T, [Gr. itovtos], m., sea, the 
ocean. 

Pontus, -1, [Gr. uSutos'], m., the 
Black Sea and the region south of 
it. 

poples, -itis, [?], m., hamstrings, 
the knee (both back and front). 



120 



Vocabulary. 



populabilis, -e, [popula + bilis], 
adj., destructible. 

popularis, -e, [popu.16 + aris], 
adj., of the country, native. — Also, 
of the people. 

populifer, -era, erum, [populo fer 
(for -ferus)], adj., poplar-bearing. 

populor, -arl, -atus, [prob. populo- 
us if a-stem) + o], v. dep. I, 
(strip of inhabitants ?) , ravage, 
lay waste, consume (of fire) . 

populus, -i, [akin to pleo, redupl.], 
m., the people (as opposed to ruler), 
a people, a nation, a throng. 

populus, -I, [ ?] , f., poplar. 

fpor, (for port), [cf. Gr. vp6s] t 
prep, (only in composition),^^, 
towards, to. 

porrigo, -ere, -rex!, -rectum, 
[fpor-rego], v. tr. 3, extend, hold 
out, stretch out. 

porta, -ae, [?], f., gate. 

portitor, -oris, [porta-}- tor], m., 
gatekeeper. 

porto, -are, -avT, -atum, [porta- 
(in some older meaning) -f o], v. 
tr. I, {bring in?), carry, bear. 

portus, -us, [akin to porta, with 
reference to commerce], m., har- 
bor, haven (also fig.), port. 

posco, -ere, poposci, poscitum, 
[?], v. tr. 3, demand, ash for, 
claim, ask, call on for (ace). 

positus, p.p. of pono. 

possideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, 
[por-sedeo], v. tr. 2, {sit in front 
of?), hold, occupy, cover, possess. 

possum, posse, potui, no sup., 
[potis-sum], v. intr. irr., be able, 
can, may, {might), be capable of, 
have power. — With n. ace, can do. 

post, [abl. of postis, orig. an augu- 
ral word?], adv. and prep., behind, 
after, since, later, afterzvards. — 
See also postquam. 



posteritas, -atis, [postero -f tas], 
f., posterity, later ages, future ages. 

posterus, -a, -um, [post (or stem 
akin) -f rus (or -terus)], adj., 
later, the next. 

postis, -is, [fpos- {behind) -f tis], 
m. (from augural usage), doorpost, 
post. — Also pi., doors, door. 

postmodo, [post modo], adv., just 
after, soon after, presently. 

postpono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
[post-pono], v. tr. 3, put after, 
postpone. 

postquam, [post quam], conj., 
{later than), after, as soon as, now 
that. 

potens, -entis, [potis-fens (pres. 
p. of sum)], adj., powerful, mas- 
ter of, potent, victorious: jussi 
{having fulfilled) ; voti {possessor 
of, having gained). 

potentia, -ae, [potent -f ia], f., 
potver, potency, rule (rerum). 

potestas, -atis, [stem akin to potis 
(real or imaginary) -f tas], f., 
poiver. 

potior, -iri, -itus, [poti-j-o], v. 
dep. 4, become master of, take pos- 
session of, possess, gain, reach. 

poto, -are, -avi, -atum, [poto- 
(as if, perh. really, a-stem) + o], 
v. tr. I, drink, quaff. 

prae, [?, akin to pro], prep., before, 
in front of, for (of hindrance, 
something being between), on ac- 
count of. — As adv. in comp., be- 
fore, in advance, very. 

praeacutus, -a, -um, [prae-acu- 
tus], adj., very sharp, sharpened. 
— Also, sharpened at the point (in 
front). 

praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [prae- 
habeo], v. tr. 2, hold out (before), 
offer, furnish, afford, show, expose : 
aures {lend). 



Vocabulary. 



121 



praeceps, -cipitis, [prae-caput 
(reduced, and d eel. as adj.)], adj., 
headforemost, headlong, swift, deep 
(fossa), steep, precipitous, down- 
ward: in praeceps {headlong). 

praeceptum, -I, [n. p.p. of prae- 
cipio], n., precept, injunction. 

praeciplo, -ere, -eepi, -ceptum, 
[prae-capio], v. tr. 3, take before- 
hand. — Also, prescribe, enjoin, 
command. 

praecipito, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[praecipit- (as if a-stem) + o], 
v. tr. I, send headlong, send down. 

— Pass., descend. — p.p., hastily 
descending (nox). 

praecipue, [old abl. of praecipu- 
us], adv., especially, more than all. 

praecipuus, -a, -um, [prae- 
fcapuus (^/CAP-f vus)], adj., 
pre-eminent, especial. 

praecludo, -ere, -clasi, -clusum, 
[prae-claudo], v. tr. 3, close in 
front, close, cut off. 

praecordia, -drum, [prae-fcor- 
dium (cord + ium)], n. pi., {the 
region about the heart), the vitals, 
the breast. — Also fig., the mind, 
thoughts (mentis). 

praecutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 
[prae-cutio], v. tr. 3, brandish 
before : taedas {carry the bran- 
dished torch) . 

praeda, -ae, [?, prae- (with unc. 
syncopated stem)], f., booty, prey. 

praedelasso, -are, no perf., no 
sup., [prae-delasso], v. tr. 1, 
weaken in advance. 

praedo, -onis, [praeda -f o], m., 
robber, pirate. 

praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
[prae-fero], v. tr. irr., bear before. 

— Also, prefer. 

praefigo, -ere, -flxi, -fixum, 
[prae-figo], v. tr. 3, fix in 



front. — P-P-, armed zvith, tipped 
zvith. 

praemium, -I, [prae-femium, 
y/YM. (in emo) -f ium], n., {zvhat 
is taken out beforehand), special 
prize, reward. 

praemoneo, -ere, -ul, -ituin, 
[prae-moneo], v. tr. 2, forewarn, 
give wanting of. 

praemonitus, -us, [prae-monitus, 
perh. through praemoneo], m., 
a forewarning, premonition. 

praenosco, -ere, -novi, -not u in, 
[prae-nosco], v. tr. 3, knozv be- 
fore. 

praenuntius, -a, -um, [prae- 
nuntius] , adj ., foreboding, foretell- 
ing, prophetic. 

praepes, -etis, [prae-pes (V PET > 
as stem)], adj., {flying before), 
swift. — Esp. as noun, swift 
bird. 

praepono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
[prae-pono], v. tr. 3, set before (in 
grade), prefer. 

praerumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, 
[prae-rumpo], v. tr. 3, break off 
in front. — p.p., praeruptus, 
rugged, precipitous. 

praesaepe, -is, [prae-fsaepes 
(decl. as adj.)], n. (of adj.), stall. 

praesagium, -T, [praesago -f ium], 
n., presage, prophecy. 

praesagus, -a, -um, [prae-sagus], 
adj., foreboding, a presage of. 

praescius, -a, -um, [prae-fscius 
(cf. inseius)], adj., foreknowing, 
foreseeing, presaging. 

praesens, -entis, [pres. p. of prae- 
sum], cidj., present, immediate, in 
person. — Hence, propitious, ac- 
tive, potent. 

praesentia, -ae, [praesent + ia], 
{., presence. 

praesentio, -ire, -sens!, -sensum, 



122 



Vocabitlar 



[prae-sentio], v. tr. 4, foresee, 
knozv beforehand. 

praeses, -idis, [prae-fses (^sed 
as stem)], c, guardian. 

praesignis, -e, [prae-signum, decl. 
as adj.], adj., (marked in front), 
adorned, brilliant. 

praesto, -are, -stiti, -statum, 
[prae-sto], v. tr. 1, set before, ren- 
der, afford, secure, perform, show 
(esp. one's self). — Also, stand 
before, be superior. — pres. p., ex- 
cellent, superior, surpassing. — 
Comp., superior. 

praestruo, -ere, -struxi, -struc- 
tum, [prae-struo], v. tr. 3, build 
up in front, block up, fill up. 

praesum, -esse, -fin, -futurus, 
[prae-sum], v. intr. irr., be pres- 
ent. 

praesutus, -a, -um, [p.p. of prae- 
suo], adj., {sewed in front), bound 
at the end. 

praetendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum, 
[prae-tendo], v. tr. 3, stretch for- 
ward, hold forward, present, stretch 
out : praetenta cuspide (by hold- 
ing out, etc.). 

praeter, [prae + ter (n. of-terus)], 
prep., along by, beyond, except. 

praeterea, [praeter-ea (cf. in- 
terea)], adv., further, besides, 
moreover, afterwards, again. 

praetereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [prae- 
ter-eo], v. tr. irr., go by, outstrip, 
pass by, pass over, omit. 

praetinguo, -ere, -tinxi, -tinc- 
tum, [prae-tinguo], v. tr. 3, 
moisten beforehand. 

praevalidus, -a, -um, [prae-vali- 
dus], adj., very strong, stout, strong, 
pozverful. 

praevius, -a, -um, [prae-via, infl. 
as adj.], adj., in advance. 

pratum, -1, [?], n., meadow. 



precor, -ari, -atus, [prec- (as if 
a-stem) + o] , v. dep. 1 , pray, pray 
for, offer prayers to (ace.). — pres. 
p. pi., precantes, zvorshippers. 

prehendo (prendo), -ere, pre- 
hendl (prendi), prensum, 
[prae-hendo, seize] , v. tr. 3, grasp, 
seize, take (dextram). 

premo, -ere, pressl, pressum, 
[?], v. tr. 3, press, keep down, 
urge, press close, depress, rest on, 
ride on, close, burden, cover, hem 
in, narrow, light on, crush, re- 
press, hide, suppress, hold fast, 
hold. — With all ramifications of 
idea of applying weight or force to 
a thing. — p.p., pressus, low, slow, 
low-lying, overwhelmed, deep set, 
imprinted (signum), suppressed, 
oppressed. 

prendo, see prehendo. 

pressus, p.p. of premo. 

pretiosus, -a, -um, [pretio + 
osus], adj., precious, costly. 

pretium, -I, [?, cf. interpres], n., 
price, prize, reward. 

(prex), precis, [cf. precor], f., 
prayer, entreaty. 

Priamus, -I, [Gr. TIpia/j.os~\, m., the 
king of Troy, father of Hector, 
Paris, and others. 

primitiae, -arum, [primo -f- tia] , 
f. \>\.,firstfruits. 

primo, [abl. of primus], adv., at 
first, first. 

primum, [ace. n. of primus], adv., 
first, for the first time. 

primus, [prae + mus, (sup. of 
prae)], see prior. 

princeps, -ipis, [primo- (reduced) 
-f ceps (y'CAP, as stem)], adj., at 
the head of chief — As noun, the 
head, emperor. 

principio, see principium. 

principium, -i, [princip + ium], 



Vocabulary. 



123 



n., beginning. — Abl. as adv., in 
the beginning, at first. 

prior, -us, [prae- (or other case- 
form of same stem) + ior], adj., 
former, earlier. — n. as adv., be- 
fore, once, earlier, first. — m. pi. 
as noun, the ancients. — Sup., 
primus,first, the first of, first part 
of: prima via {at first) ; primis 
undis {the edge of) ; primi artus 
{the extremity of). 

priscus, -a, -um, [prob. prius + 
cus], adj., ancient, of ancient 
times. 

pristinus, -a, -um, [prob. prius 
+ tinus], adj., former, earlier, 
ancient. 

prius, see prior. 

pro, [?], interj., oh. 

pro (old form prod), [abl. form 
akin to prae], prep., {before), in 
place of, instead of, on behalf of 
for, in proportion to. 

proavus, -1, [pro-avus], m., great- 
grandfather. 

probo, -are, -avi, -atum, [probo- 
(as if a-stem) + 0], v. tr. I, ap- 
prove, express approval of, prove, 
shozv (to be). 

procellosus, -a, -um, [procella + 
osus], adj., stormy, squally. 

proceres, -um, [fproca + unc. 
term], m. pi., chiefs, nobles. 

procerus, -a, -um, [perh. fproce- 
(stem of proceo, from fprocus) 
+ rus], adj., tall, stately. 

procul, [n. of proculus (or -is) 
reduced (cf. simul)], adv., {just 
off), at a distance, afar. 

proculco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro- 
calco], v. tr. 1, trample down 
(lit. as one goes forzvard). 

prdeumbo, -ere, -cubui, no sup., 
[pro-cumbo], v. intr. 3, lie down, 
fall prostrate. 



procus, -1, [?], m., suitor. 

prodeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [pro 
(prod) + eo], v. intr. irr., come 
forth, go forth. 

proditio, -onis, [pro-ditio, through 
prodo], f., treachery. 

prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [pro- 
do], v. tr. 3, thrust forward, put 
forward. — Also, betray {give 
away), disclose. 

produeo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 
[pro-duco], v. tr. 3, lead forth : 
ignem ad fiammas {bring to a 
blaze) . 

proelium, -1, [?], n., fight, battle. 

profanus, -a, -um, [pro-fanum, 
infi. as adj.], adj., {uninitiated), 
unholy, impious, unhallowed, ill- 
omened, profane. 

profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
[pro-fero], v. tr. irr., bring out, 
put forth, advance, extend. 

proficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 
[pro-facio], v. intr. 3, make for- 
ward (cf. proficiscor), advance 
(intr.), gain, profit. 

proficiscor, -1, -fectus, [pro-ffa- 
ciscor, formed from facio with 
-sco], v. dep. 3, go forth (cf. pro- 
ficio), depart, set out. — P-P-j 
profectus, proceeding from, hav- 
ing come away. 

profugus, -a, -um, [pro-ffugus 
( ^/FUG + us) ] , adj., fugitive. — As 
noun, a fugitive, an exile. 

profunda, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, 
[pro-fundo], v. tr. 3, pour forth : 
profusis lacrimis {with floods oj 
tears) . 

profundus, -a, -um, [pro-fundus], 
adj., deep. — n. as noun, the deep, 
the sea : summo profundo {the 
lowest depths) . 

progenies, -el, [pro-fgenies 
(^/gen + ies)], f., offspring, son. 



I2 4 



Vocabulary. 



prohibeB, -ere, -hibui, -hibitum, 

[pro-habeo], v. tr. 2, (hold away), 
prevent, forbid. 

proles, -is, [pro-foles (akin to 
adolesco)], f., progeny, offspring, 
children : Clymeneia (son of 
Clymene) ; gemina (whelps) . 

Promethiades, (-ides), -ae, [Gr. 
patronymic], m., Dezicalion (as 
son of Prometheus). 

promineo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [pro- 
mineo], v. intr. 2, stand out, pro- 
ject. 

promissum, -1, [n. p.p. of pro- 
mitto], n., promise, what one has 
protnised. 

promitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
[pro-mitto] , v. tr. ^promise. 

promo, -ere, prompsi, piomp- 
tum, [pro-emo, take~\, v. tr. 3, 
take out, draw out. — PP-, 
prornptus, ready, easy, at hand. 

promontorium (proraun-), -1, 
[pro + stem akin to mons], n., 
promontory. 

prornptus, -us, [pro-emptus, 
through promo], m. only in 
abl. in promptu, easy, in one's 
power. 

prornptus, -a, -uni, see promo. 

pronepos, -otis, [pro-nepos], m., 
great-gra ndson . 

pronus, -a, -um, [pro -f nus (cf. 
supernus)], adj., bending for- 
ward, on one's face, prone, head- 
long, dozumvard, dozun, prostrate, 
descending. 

propago, -inis, [fpropago- (pro- 
pagus, cf. pango, propago) + 
o], f., offshoot. — Hence, progeny, 
race, stock, brood, offspring, son. 

prope, [prob. n. of fpropis (cf. 
propior), dialectic form for fpro- 
cis, akin to procul], adv., near, 
nearly. — Comp., propius, more 



nearly, nearer. — As prep, with 
ace, near. 
propello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, 

[pro-pello], v. tr. 3, throw for- 
zvard, throiv down. 
propero, -are, -avi, -atum, 

[propero- (as if a-stem) -f o], v. 
tr. I, hasten on, accelerate in haste. 
— intr., make haste, hasten. — 
pres. p., hasty. — p.p., speedy. 
Propertius, -T, [?], m., a famous 
Roman elegiac poet (about 49-15 

B.C.). 

properus, -a, -um, [pro-parus (cf. 
opiparus)], adj., (prepared be- 
forehand ?), in haste. 

propinquus, -a, -um, [fpropi + 
cus, with unc. n], adj., near. — 
Trans, by adv., nearly. 

propior, -us, [propi- (cf. prope) 
-f ior], comp. adj., nearer. 

propono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
[pro-pono], v. tr. 3, set before, 
propose, purpose, intend. 

proposition, -i, [n. p.p. of pro- 
pono as noun], n., purpose. 

proprius, -a, -um, [?], adj., one's 
ozvn. 

propter, [prope + ter (cf. inter)], 
adv. and prep., near. — Hence, on 
account of 

proseindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissum, 
[pro-scindo], v. tr. 3, break up 
(with plough). 

prosectum, -i, [n. p.p. of proseco, 
as noun], n., clippings. 

prosequor, -i, -secutus, [pro- 
sequor], v. dep. 3, follow forth, 
escort, attend (festa), assist 
at. 

Proserpina, -ae, [prob. corrupted 
from Gr. Tltp<Te(p6v7), with an idea 
of connection with proserpo], f., 
the wife of Pluto, daughter of 
Ceres. She was stolen by Pluto 



Vocabulary . 



12$ 



from her mother, who sought her 
over the world. 

prosilio, -ire, -silui, sup. late, 
[pro-salio], v. intr. 4, leap forth, 
spring forth. 

prospecto, -are, -avi, -atura, 
[pro-specto], v. tr. 1, look forth 
upon, look at, look forward to. 

prospicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, 
[pro-fspecio], v. tr. 3, look for- 
ward to, look out and see, look out 
over. 

prosterno, -ere, -stravi, -stra- 
tum, [pro-sterno], v. tr. 3, lay 
low, overturn. — P-P»> laid low, 
prostrate. 

prostituo, -ere, -stitui, -stitu- 
turn, [pro-statuo], v. tr. 3, pros- 
titute (vocem foro). 

prosum, prodesse, profui, pro- 
futurus, [pro-sum], v. intr. irr., 
be of advantage to (cf. obsum), 
avail, profit, help. 

protego, -ere, -texl, -tectum, 
[pro-tego], v. tr. 3, cover in front, 
cover, protect, defend. 

protero, -ere, -trivi, -tritum, 
[pro-tero] , v. tr. 3, trample down, 
tread down. 

Protesilaus, -1, [Gr. TlpwTeaiXaos'], 
m., son of Iphiclus, grandson of 
Phylacus. He was killed when 
the Greeks landed at Troy. 

Proteus, -el, [Gr. UpwTevs'}, m., a 
prophetic sea-god, who changed 
himself into various shapes. 

protinus, [pro-tenus], adv., forth- 
with, at once, then, next. 

proturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[pro-turbo], v. tr. 1, drive away. 
— Less exactly, tear away, break 
down. 

provenio, -ire, -veni, ventum, 
[pro-venio], v. intr. 4, come for- 
ward, grow, be produced. 



providus,- a,-um, [pro-fvidus (cf. 
invidus)], adj., foreseeing, care- 
ful, provident. 

provoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [pro- 
voco], v. tr. I, call forth. 

proximus, -a, -um, [proco- (re- 
duced) + timus], adj. (sup. of 
prope), nearest, next, very 
near. 

prudens, -entis, [pro-videns], adj., 
far-seeing, wise. 

pruina, -ae, [?, akin to pruna?], 
f., frost. 

pruinosus, -a, -um, [pruina + 
osus], adj., frosty. 

pruna, -ae, [?], f., coal (live coal). 

pranum, -1, [?], n., plum (the 
fruit) . - 

Psecas, (only nom.), [Gr. ^^ko.s\, 
f, a nymph of Diana. 

psittacus, -1, [Gr. ^/iTTa/fos], m., 
parrot. 

Psophis, -idis (ace. -Ida), [Gr. 
y ¥wcf>is~], f., a town in Arcadia. 

Pterelas, (only nom.), [Gr. nre- 
peAas], m., one of Actaeon's 
dogs. 

pubes, -is, [?], f., youth (collec- 
tively), young mot. 

pfiblicus, -a, -um, [populd + cus], 
adj., of the people, cormnon, univer- 
sal (lux). 

pudet, -ere, puduit (puditum 
est), [?], v. impers. 2, it 
shames. — Trans, by be ashamed. 

pudieus, -a, -um, [pudi- (as if 
stem of pudet, or kindred stem) 
-feus], adj., modest, chaste. 

pudor, -oris, [pud- (as root of 
pudet) -f or], m., shame, modesty, 
disgrace: pudori {for a shame, 
to be ashamed of). 

puella, -ae, [puero -f- ula (f. of 
-ulus)], f., girl, maid, mistress 
(of a lover). 



126 



Vocabulary. 



puellaris, -e, [puella + ris], adj., 
girlish. 

puer, pueri, [?], m., boy, child. 

puerllis, -e, [puero -f- ilisj, adj., 
boyish, childish. 

pugna, -ae, [-y/PUG (in pugno) 
+ na (f. of -nus)], f., fight, bat- 
tle. 

pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, [pugna 
-f- o], v. intr. I, fight. — Fig., 
struggle, contend. 

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, [?], adj., 
lovely, beautiful, handsome. 

pullus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dark. 

pulmo, -onis, [?], m., lungs. 

pulso, -are, -avi, -atum, [pulso- 
(as if a-stem) -f o], v, tv. i, beat, 
strike, clash on, knock at, beat 
against: pulsatus equis (by the 
hoofs of) . 

pulvereus, -a, -um, [pulver -f 
eus], adj., dusty. 

pulverulentus, -a, -um, [pulver- 
(as if pulvero-) + lentus], adj., 
dusty. 

pulvinar, -aris, [pulvino + aris], 
n., couch (of the gods). 

pulvis, -eris, [?], m., dust. 

piimex, -icis, [?], m., pumicestone, 
pumice (soft) rock. 

paniceus, -a, -um, [Punico-f eus], 
adj., red, scarlet. 

punicus, -a, -um, [Poen5 + cus], 
adj., red, scarlet. 

puppis, -is, [?], f., stern (of ship), 
ship. 

purgo, -are, -avi, -atum, [purigo- 
(puro-agus) + o], v. tr. I, cleanse, 
clear. 

pvirpura, -ae, [Gr. irop<pvpa~], f., 
purple, purple cloth. 

purpureas, -a, -um, [Gr. iroptpv- 
p?os, or purpura -f eus, in imita- 
tion of Greek], adj., purple, crim- 
son, red, bright, clad in purple. 



purus, -a, -urn, [pu- (as root) + 
rus], adj., clean, pure, clear. 

puto, -are, -avi, -atum, [puto- 
(clean, as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. I, 
clean. — Hence (with or without 
rationem), clear up accounts. — 
So, reckon. — Hence the common 
meaning, think, consider, sup- 
pose. 

Pygmaeus,-a, -um, [Gr. Tlvyfialos'], 
adj., of the Pygmies : mater, Ge- 
rana (a woman of the Pygmies, 
who was changed into a crane). 

Pylius, -a, -um, [Gr. IluAtos], adj., 
of Pylos, Pylian. — Esp. m., 
Pylius, Nestor (king of Pylos. 
He is said by Homer to have lived 
through three generations of men). 
— Hence, Pylii anni, the years 
of Nestor. 

Pylos (-us), -I, [Gr. Uv\os'], f., the 
name of three cities in the Pelo- 
ponnesus. The Pylos of Nestor 
was in Triphylia. 

pyra, -ae, [Gr. irupa], {., funeral 
pile, pyre. 

Pyramus, -I, [Gr. Uvpafxos'], m., a 
Babylonian, lover of Thisbe. 

PyroiSj -entis, [Gr. Tlvpoeis'], m., 
one of the horses of the sun. 

pyropus, -I, [Gr. Trvpwir6s~\, m., 
firestone (a gem). 

Pyrrha, -ae, [Gr. Tlvppa], f., the 
wife of Deucalion, who with him 
was saved from the deluge. 

Python, -onis (ace. -ona), m., the 
Python (a huge serpent killed by 
Apollo after the deluge). 



qua (rel.), [unc. case-form (prob. 
instr.) of qui], adv., {by which 
way), where, wherever, so far as. 



Vocabulary. 



127 



qua, (inter.), [unc. case-form (prob. 
instr.) of quis], adv., which way, 
what way. 

quacuuque, [qua + cunque (cum- 
que)], adv., wherever. 

quadrijugus, -a, -urn, [quadro- 
iugum, decl. as adj.], adj., four- 
horse- (cursus). — PI. as noun, 
team (four horses), horses, steeds. 

quadrupes, -pedis, [quadro-pes], 
ad]., four-footed. — As noun, steed. 

quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesi- 
tum, [?, orig. quaeso], v. tr. 3, 
seek, look for. — So, secure, gain, 
win. — Also, ask, inquire, miss, 
feel the loss of: quaesiti causa (of 
what you ask). 

qualis, -e, [quo- (stem of qui and 
quis) -f alis], adj., (of which 
sort), such as (with implied ante- 
cedent). 

quam, [unc. case-form of qui], 
, conj. (inter, and rel.), how, than. 

quamlibet, [quam-libet], adv., as 
it pleases, how much soever, how- 
ever. 

quam q 11 am (quan-), [quam- 
quam], conj., (however), although, 
though. — Often in a corrective 
sense (the correlative idea preced- 
ing), though. 

quam vis, [quam vis], conj., as you 
wish, however, although, though. 

quando, [ ?] , adv., zvhen, ever : 
siquando (if ever, whenever) . 

quantuluscunque, -acunque, 
-umcunque, [quantulus-cunque 
(cum-que)], rel. adj., hozvever 
small. 

quantus, -a, -um, [stem akin to 
qui + tus], adj. inter., how much 
(many), hozu large. — Rel., as 
much as, as great as (with correl- 
ative idea previously expressed) : 
quanto (abl. as adv.), as much as; 



quantus erat (great as he was, 
full length, with all his size); tan- 
tus in quantum (as great as that 
into which). 

quare, [qua-re], conj., why, where- 
fore, the reason for which. 

quartus, -a, -um, [quatuor- (re- 
duced) + tus], adj., fourth. 

quasi, [quam-si], conj., as if. 

quater, [unc. form from quatuor], 
adv. , four times. 

quatio, -ere, (perf. only in comp.), 
quassum, [?], v. tr. 3, shake, 
move, brandish, shatter. 

quattuor (quatuor), [?], adj., 
four. 

-que (enclitic), [akin to qui], conj., 
and, also : -que . . . -que (doth 
. . . and, and ; ter quaterque 
(three or four times). 

quercus, -us (-1), [?], f., oak (tree 
or wood). 

querella (-ela), -ae, [unc. stem 
(akin to queror) -f- ela (or -la), 
cf. loquela], f., complaint, lam- 
entation. 

quern us, -a, -um, [querco- (re- 
duced) -f nus], adj., of oak, oaken. 

qvieror, queri, questus, [?, orig. 
fquesor], v. dep. 3, complain, 
lament. 

questus, -us, [^/ques (in queror) 
+ tus], m, complaint, wailing. 

qui, quae, quod, gen. cujus, 
[stems qui and quo], rel. pron., 
who, which, zvhat, and this, such 
(with a change of point of view). 

quia, [unc. case-form of qui], conj., 
because. 

quicunque, quae-, quod-, [qui- 
cunque (cum-que)], rel. pron., 
whoever, whichever, whatever, all 
. . . which (who). 

quidam, quae-, quod- (quid), 
[qui-dam (akin to dum, dem)], 



128 



Vocabulary. 



indef. pron., a certain, some, some- 
thing like. 

quidem, [unc. case (cf. qui) + 
dem (akin to dam, dum)], conj., 
(emphasizing the word it follows), 
to be sure, it is true. — Often 
omitted in transl. 

quies, -etis, [quie- (cf. quiesco) 
+ tis (reduced)], f., rest, sleep. 

quiesco, -ere, -quievi, -quietum, 
[fquie (of lost or assumed fquieo, 
y'QUI, cf. Civis, Keljmai) + SCO], 
v. intr. 3, come to rest, become quiet, 
rest, be still. — p.p. as adj., quiet, 
still. 

qnilibet, quae-, quod-, [qui 
libet], pron., zvhich it pleases, 
whoever, etc., any (whatever), 
anybody. 

quin, [qui {how) -ne], conj., by 
which not, so that not, but what 
(after regular clause). — Also 
inter., why not, co?ne : aspice. 

quinque, [?], ad]., five. 

quintus (old quinctus), -a, -um, 
[quinque (reduced) + tus], adj., 
the fifth. 

quippe, [dialectic form for quid- 
que], conj. (almost without trans- 
latable force), for, of course, why 
yes. 

Quirinus, -1, [?, akin to Quiris], 
m., the name given to Romulus as 
the divinity of Rome. 

Quiris, -Ttis, (usually pi.), [?, perh. 
fCuri- (of Cures), lengthened 
(cf. civilis) + tis (cf. Carmen- 
tis)], m , inhabitant of Cures. — 
Also, Roman citizens. — Sing, as 
collective noun, Romans. 

quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), 
gen. cujus, [same as rel. stems], 
inter, pron., who? which? what? 
how much ? : quid nocebit {what 
harm, etc.) ; quid si, etc. {what 



if) ; quid tibi cum, etc. (what 

have yov to do, etc) ; quid (why? 

why /) . — For indef. uses see 

under si-. 
quis, abl. pi. of qui. 
quisquam, quae-, quod- (quid-), 

[quis-quam], indef. pron., any one 

{thing) : non quisquam (no one). 
quisque, quae-, quod- (quid-), 

[quis-que], pron., each, every. — 

With sup., all the. 
quisquis, quaequae, quidquid 

(quicquid), [quis doubled], 

pron., whoever, zvhichever, what- 
ever : quicquid creamur (all of 

us who). 
quivis, quaevis, quod- (quid-) 

vis, gen. cujusvis, [qui-vis], 

pron., any (one you wish). 
quo, [abl. of qui], conj., that, in 

order that. — Also adv. , the : quo 

magis (the more) ; quo . . . hoc 

(the . . . the). 
quo, [old dat. of qui], adv., zvhither, 

into which. 
quocumque, [quo-cumque], adv., 

whithersoever, xvherever (as end of 

motion). 
quod, [n. nom. or ace. (prob. both) 

of qui], conj., that, the fact that, 

because: quod quoniam (but 

since) . 
quodsi, [quod-si], conj., but if, 

now if. 
quominus, [quo (abl.) + minus], 

conj., that the less, that not : quo- 

que minus (and that . . . not). 
quondam, [quom (cum) -dam (cf. 

quidam)], adv., once, sometimes. 
quoniam, [quom (cum) -jam], 

conj., when now, since, inasmuch 

as. 
quoque, [unc. form (of qui) -f 

que], conj., also, too, even, besides, 

so then. 



Vocabulary. 



129 



quot, [?, orig. fquoti- (cf. quoti- 
die)], indecl. adj., inter., how 
many. — Rel., as many. 

quotiens, [quoti -f- iens], adv., in- 
ter., how often, how many times. 
— Rel., as often as. 



R. 



rabies, -el, [y^ 13 ( m rat>o) -f 
ies], f., rage, madness, fury. 

radio, -are, -avi, -atum, [radio- 
(as if a-stem)-fo], v. intr. I, 
gleam, shine. — pres. p., radiant, 
shining. 

radius, -I, [?], m., ray, ray of the 
sun, spoke. — Also, shuttle. 

radix, -icis, [unc. root + ix], f., root. 

rado, -ere, rasi, rasum, [?],v. tr. 
3, scrape, graze, skim, wear. 

ramale, -is, [ramo- (reduced) + 
alis], n., dry wood, chips. 

ramus, -i, [?], m., branch, bough. 

rapax, -acis, [-y/RAP+ax], adj., 
greedy, rapacious. 

rapidus, -a, -um, [rapd- (-y/RAP 
-f us) + dus], adj., (' tearing'), 
swift, rapid, swift-flying, raging. 

rapina, -ae, [rape- (as if rapi- in 
rapio) + na (f. of -nus)], f, rob- 
bery : rapinae patuit terra (rav- 
isher) . 

rapio, -ere, rapui, raptum, 
[^/rap], v. tr. 3, carry away 
(with violence), snatch away, 
carry off, . snatch, drag (in tri- 
umph), ravish, catch quickly, 
sweep away, seize, rob of, take in 
(on). — Pass., be hurled, be borne : 
raptis umoribus, robbed of its 
moisture (changing subject) ; 
rapta (the stolen maid) ; raptis 
immisit (seized and flung). — See 
also raptum. 



rapto, -are, -avi, -atum, [rapto- 

(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. 1, hurry 
away, hurry on, drag on. 

raptor, -oris, [ y'RAP -f- tor], m., 
robber, plunderer, ravisher. 

raptum, -i, [n. p.p. of rapio], n. , 
plunder, prey : ex rapto (in 
plunder, by rapine). 

rarus, -a, -um, [?], adj., loose, thin, 
loose-meshed, rare. 

rasilis, -e, [raso+lis], adj., pol- 
ished, smooth. 

rastrum, -i, [rad- (as root of 
rado) +trum], n., hoe, mattock, 
rake (a heavy tool for breaking 
clods) . 

ratio, -onis, [as if y'RA -f- tio 
(prob. rati -f o)], f., reckoning, 
account. — Hence, reason, power 
of reason. 

ratis, -is, [?], f., raft, boat, ship. 

ratus, see reor. 

raueus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (akin 
to ravis) + cus], adj., hoarse, 
hollow (sounding). 

re- (rel-), [?], insep. prep., back, 
again, un-, re-. 

re- (red-), [abl. of unc. stem], prep, 
(adv.) in comp., forth, again, 
back, out. 

rebellis, -e, [re-bellum, infl. as 
adj.], adj., renewing war, rebel- 
lious. 

recalfacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 
[re-calfacio], v. tr. 3, warm 
again. 

recandeo, -ere, -candui, no sup., 
[re-candeo], v. intr. 2, gleam, 
shine, be ablaze. 

recedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 
[re-cedo], v. intr. 3, withdraw, 
retire, give way, take flight, go 
forth (anima in ventos), depart : 
ira (be assuaged, be appeased). 

recens, -entis, [pres. p. of freceo 



130 



Vocabulary. 



(freco, cf. reciprocus, -f eo)], 
adj., just back, fresh, recent, new, 
late, new-born: umbrae (of the 
lately dead). 

receptus, -us, [re-captus, through 
recipio], m., recall, retreat. 

recessus, -us, [re-cessus, through 
recedo], m., retreat, recess, retire- 
ment. 

recido, -ere, -cidi, -casurus, 
[re-cado], v. intr. 3, fall back, be 
turned (back), fall (away). 

recido, -ere, -cidl, -cisum, [re- 
caedo] , v. tr. 3, cut off, cut away, 
prune, trim. 

recingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctum, 
[re-cingo], v. tr. 3, ungird. — 
Pass, in mid. sense, loose one's gir- 
dle, ungird (one's own). — p.p., 
reciiictus,y?czc2'«£- (ungirded). 

recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 
[re-capio], v. tr. 3, take back, re- 
cover, get back. — Also, receive. 

recito, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- 
cito], v. tr. 1, read (aloud). 

reclndo, -ere, -clasi, -clusum, 
[re-cludo], v. tr. 3, unclose, lay 
open, open, sever (jugulum). 

recognosco, -ere, -gnovi, -gni- 
tum, [re-cognosco], v. tr. 3, 
recognize again, recognize. 

recolligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum, 
[re-colligo], v. tr. 3, gather again, 
take again. 

recolo, -ere, -eolui, -cultum, 
[re-colo], v. tr. 3, recultivate. 

recondo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 
[re-condo], v. tr. 3, hide away, 
hide, bury, conceal. 

recordor, -ari, -atus, [prob. 
frecord- (re-cor) + o], v. dep. 1, 
remember, recollect. 

rector, -oris, [VREG + tor], m., 
ruler, director, helmsman, pilot. 

rectus, see rego. 



recubo, -are, -cubui, -cubitum, 

[re-cubo], v. intr. 1, recline. 
recumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubituin, 

[re-cumbo], v. intr. 3, reclitie, 
fall. 

recurro, -ere, -curri, -curs u in, 
[re-curro], v. intr. 3, run back, 
hurry back. 

recurvo, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- 
curvo], v. tr. 1, curve back, bend 
back: recurvatae undae {wind- 
ing on themselves') . 

recurvus, -a, -um, [re-curvus], 
adj., bending backward, recurved, 
curved. 

recuso, -are, -avl, -atum, [re- 
causo], v. tr. 1, (give a reason in 
refusing), refuse. 

reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, [red- 
do] , v. tr. 3, give back, restore, re- 
turn, a7tswer. — Also, give forth, 
give up, deliver, repeat, render up, 
render, make, cause. 

redeo, -ire, -if, -itum, [red-eo], 
v. intr. irr., go back, return, come 
back. 

redigo, -ere, -egi, actum, [red- 
a g°]> v - tr - 3> drive back, bring 
back, bring (something to where 
it belongs), reduce. 

redimio, -ire, ii, (Ivi), -itum, 
[?], v. tr. 4, bind up, crown (with 
garlands). 

reditus, -us, [red-itus], m., return, 
chance of return (adimere). 

redoleo, -ere, -olui, no sup., [red- 
oleo], v. intr. 2, smell. — pres. p., 
fragrant. 

reduco, -ere, -diixi, -ductum, 
[re-duco],v. tr. 3, lead back, draw 
back, bring back. 

redundatus, -a, -um, [p.p. of 
redundo], part., flowing back, 
rolled back. 

refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum, 



Vocabulary. 



I3i 



[re-fero], v. tr. irr., bear back, 
bring back, bring in again, draw 
back, withdraw, repay, reply, re- 
peat, consider, revolve, recount, 
turn, relate, tell, titter, refer to. — 
With reflex., betake one's self again. 
— p.p., relatus, in all senses. — 
n. as noun, relatum, statement, 
ivords. 

refert, -ferre, -tulit, [unc. case of 
res-fert], v. intr. imp. irr., it con- 
cerns, it matters, it interests. 

reflecto, -ere, -flexi, -flexum, 
[re-flecto], v. tr. 3, bend back, 
turn back, turn away. — Pass, in 
mid. sense, turn one's, etc. 

refluo, -ere, -fluxl, no sup., [re- 
fluo], v. intr. 3, flow backward, 
flow back. 

refluus, -a, -urn, [re-ffluus (flu, 
as root, + us, cf. circumfluus)], 
did]., flowing back, refluent. 

refoveo, -ere, -fovi, -fotum, [re- 
foveo], v. tr. 2, fondle again, re- 
fondle, caress. 

refringo, -ere, -fregi, -fractum, 
[re-frango], v. tr. 3, break off, tear 

off. ^ 
refugio, -ere, -fugl, -fugitum, 

[re-fugio], v. tr. 3, flee back from, 

flee from, shrink from, avoid, fly. 
refugus, -a, -um, [re-ffugus (cf. 

profugus)], adj., retreating. 
refundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, [re- 

fundo], v. tr. 3, pour back, pour 

over: refusus fletus {pouring 

over) . 
regalis, -e, [reg + alis], adj., regal, 

royal, of the king: domus {royal 

palace) . 
regaliter, [regali -f ter], adv., in 

royal wise, as a king, royally. 
regero, -ere, -gessT, -gestum, 

[re-gero], v. tr. 3, throw back, 

heap back. 



regina, -ae, [reg- (as stem of rex) 
-f ina], f., queen. 

regio, -onis, [stem akin to rego 
-f io (or -o)], f., direction. — 
Hence, quarters, space, region : 
regionibus abest (is far distant 
in place) . 

regius, -a, -um, [reg + ius], adj., 
of a king, royal. — fern., sc. do- 
mus, palace: regia virgo 
{princely). 

regno, -are, -avi, -atum, [regno- 
(as if a-stem) -f o], v. tr. 1, reign 
over. — Intr., reign, hold sway. 

reguum, -1, [v'REG + num (n. of 
-nus)], n., realm, kingdom, ride, 
throne. 

rego, -ere, rexl, rectum, [-^/reg], 
v. tr. 3, direct. — Hence, rule, 
control, szvay. — pres. p., regens, 
king. — p.p., rectus, straight, 
direct. — Hence, right, upright. — 
n. as noun, right. 

reicio (rejicio), -ere, -jeci, -jec- 
tum, [re-jacio], v. tr. 3, throw 
back, reject. 

relabor, -I, -lapsus, [re-labor], v. 
dep. 3, slide back, glide back, fall 
back. 

relanguesco, -ere, -langul, no 
sup., [re-languesco], v. intr. 3, 
faint, collapse. 

relatus, -us, [re-latus (through 
refero)], m., report, story. 

relaxo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
laxo], v. tr. 1, open zvider, open, 
loosen. 

relego, -ere, -legl, -lectum, [re- 
lego], v. tr. 3, retrace. 

relevo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
levo], v. tr. 1, lift up again, re- 
lieve, assuage, rest. 

religo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re-ligo], 
v. tr. 3, bind back, bind. 

relinquo, -ere, -liqul, -lictum, 



132 



Vocabulary. 



[re-linquo], v. tr. 3, leave behind, 
leave, abandon. 
relaceo, -ere, -luxi, no sup., [re- 
luceo] , v. intr. 2, shine forth, 
shine. 
remaneo, -ere, -mansi, -man- 
sum^ [re-maneo], v. intr. 2, re- 
main behind, re??iain, continue. 
remeo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 

meo], v. intr. i,go back, return. 
remigium, -I, [remig- (in remex) 
-f ium], n., (arrangement for 
rowing), oars. — Less exactly, 
machinery (of wings). 
re minis cor, -i, no sup., [re-fmini- 
scor (cf. comminiscor)], v. dep. 
3, recall, remember. 
remitto, -ere, -mlsl, -missum, 
[re-mitto], v. tr. 3, send back, 
send off, let go, let loose, send out, 
emit. 
remolior, -iri, -Itus, [re-molior], 

v. dep. 4, lift up, roll off. 
remollesco, -ere, no perf., no sup., 
[re-mollesco] , v. intr. 3, soften, 
be softened. 
remoror, -ari, -atus, [re-moror], 
v. dep. I, stay back, delay, stay. — 
p.p., delaying, waiting a while, 
delayed. 
removeo, -ere, -movi, -motum, 
[re-moveo], v. tr. 2, (move back), 
remove, put aside, put away, put 
off, disperse. 
Remus, -T, [?], m., the brother of 

Romulus. 
remus, -i, [?], m., oar. — So, ala- 
rum remi ( propelling wings) . 
renarro, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
narro], v. tr. 1, recount (going 
over again what happens). 
renidens, -entis, [pres. p. of reni- 

deo], adj., shining. 
renovatus, p.p. of renovo. 
renovo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 



novo], v. tr. 1, renew, retill 
(agrum). 
renuo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [re-nuo], 
v. intr. 3, (nod in opposition), dis- 
sent, refuse. 
reor, reri, ratus, [akin to res, with 
lost y, perh. for frayor], v. dep. 
2, reckon, think. — p.p., ratus, in 
active sense. — Also pass., ratified, 
confimied, accomplished, true, sure. 
repagula, -orum, [re-, with stem 
akin to pango], n. pi., fastening 
(of a door), bar. 
reparabilis, -e, [repara 4 bilis], 
adj., that can be repaired, repa- 
rable. 
reparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
paro], v. tr. I, refurnish, replace, 
repair, refit. 
repello, -ere, reppuli, repulsum, 
[re-pello], v. tr. 3, drive back, 
throw back, repel, spurn, drive 
away, avert. 
repercutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 
[re-percutio], v. tr. 3, strike back, 
reflect. — p.p., rebounding : reper- 
cusso aere (in the reflecting 
bronze) . 
reperio, -ire, -peri (repperi), 
-pertum, [re-pario], v. tr. 4, 
find out, discover, find. 
repeto, -ere, -petivi, -petltum, 
[re-peto], v. tr. ■$, go back to, re- 
new, go over, resume, seek again, 
attack again, recall : suspiria 
(heave repeated sighs) ; repetita 
pectora percussit, struck, etc., 
repeatedly (again and again). 
repleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, 
[re-pleo], v. tr. 2, refill. — Also, 
/// up, fill. 
repono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
[re-pono], v. tr. 3, lay azuay, lay 
aside, lay down. 
reprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum, 



Vocabulary. 



133 



[re-premo], v. tr. 3, repress, re- 
strain, suppress. 

repuguo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
pugno], v. intr. 1, resist, spurn, 
rebel at. 

repulsa, -ae, [prob. f. of p.p. of 
repello], f., repulse, refusal. 

requies, -etis, [re-quies], f., rest. 

requiesco, -ere, -quievi, -quie- 
tum, [re-quiesco], v. intr. 3, rest, 
lie down to rest, rest {be buried), 
rest upon (fig-). 

requiro, -ere, -quaesivi, -quaesi- 
tuin, [re-quaero], v. tr. 3, seek 
out, search out, seek to know, ask 
for, ask, request. 

res, rei, [akin to reor], f., thing, 
property, object. — PL, all things, 
the universe, the zvorld, property, 
circumstances, fortunes, brave 
deeds, exploits, affairs, situations, 
interests : rerum summa {the gen- 
eral %v elf are) . 

rescinds, -ere, -scidl, -scissum, 
[re-scindo], v. tr. 3, cut off. — 
Also, undo. 

rescribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip- 
turn, [re-scribo], v. intr. 3, write 
back, answer. 

reseco, -are, -secui, -sectum, 
[re-seco], v. tr. I, cut off, cut, 
gather, carve. 

resequor, -i, -secutus, [re- 
sequor], v. dep. 3, pursue, in- 
veigh against. 

resero, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
sero], v. tr. 1, unbar, unlock. 

reservo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
servo], v. tr. I, hoard up, preserve, 
keep. 

resideo, -ere, -sedl, no sup., [re- 
sideo], v. intr. 2, sit down, sit 
(retired). 

resido, -ere, -sedl, no sup., [re- 
sido], v. intr. 3, sit down, subside. 



resisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum, [re- 
sisto], v. intr. 3, withstand, 
resist, stop, stay. 

resolv5, -ere, -solvi, -solutum, 
[re-solvo], v. tr. 3, unloose, open, 
release, relax, dissolve, thaw, 
melt. 

resono, -are, -avi, no sup., [re- 
sono], v. intr. I, resound, roar, 
rattle, ring. 

respectus, -us, [re-spicio, through 
respieio], m., regard. 

respicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, 
[re-fspecio], v. tr. 3, look back at, 
look upon, regard. 

respiramen, -inis, [respira + 
men], n., breathing. 

responded, -ere, -spondi, -spon- 
sum, [re-spondeo], v. intr. 2, 
reply, answer. — Less exactly, re- 
echo. 

restituo, -ere, -stituT, -stitutum, 
[re-statuo], v. tr. 3, set tip again, 
restore. 

resto, -stare, -stiti, no sup., [re- 
sto], v. intr. 1, remain, survive, 
be left. 

resumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sump- 
tum, [re-sumo], v. tr. 3, take 
again, resume. 

resupinus, -a, -um, [re-supinus], 
adj., falling backward, stretched at 
length (on the back). — Less ex- 
actly, with head raised (from 
pride). 

resurgo, -ere, -surrexi, -surrec- 
tum, [re-surgo], v. intr. 3, rise 
again. 

resuscito, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
suscito), v. tr. 1, revive again, 
revive. 

retardo, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- 
tardo], v. tr. 1, stay, check, hinder, 
retard one's career, ward off. 

rete, -is, [?], n., net, toils. 



134 



Vocabulary. 



retego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, [re- 
tego], v. tr. 3, uncover, disclose. 
retempto, -are, -avi, -a turn, [re- 

tempto], v. tr. I, try again. 
reteudo, -ere, -di, -turn [re- 

tendo], v. tr. 3, slacken, unbend. 
retexo, -ere, -texui, -textum, 

[re-texo], v. tr. 3, unweave (fata, 

the web offate~). 
reticeo, -ere, -ticul, no sup., [re- 

taceo], v. intr. 2, keep silence, 

keep silent, be silent. 
retinaculum, -1, [retine- (as if 

retina) -f culum], n., cable, 

hawser. 
retiueo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, 

[re-teneo], v. tr. 2, hold back, 

hold off, detain, hold, restrain, 

stop: see under retendo ; radice 

retentus {caught). 
retorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortum, 

[re-torqueo], v. tr. 2, turn back, 

turn round. 
retraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, 

[re-traho], v. tr. 3, draw back. 
retro, [dat. of -fretrus (cf. 

contra, etc.)], adv., backward, 

back. 
retroversus, -a, -um, [retro-ver- 

sus], adj., turned back, turned 

away. 
revello, -ere, -velli, -vulsum, 

[re-vello], v. tr. 3, tear away, 

tear off, tear. 
reverentia, -ae, [reverent (cf. re- 

vereor) + ia], f., respect, regard. 
revertor, -i, -versus, [re-verto, 

pass, as dep.J, v. tr. 3, return. 
reviresco, -ere, no perf., no sup., 

[re-viresco], v. intr. 3, live again, 

bloom again. 
revivo, -ere, -vixi, -victum, [re- 

vivo], v. intr. 3, live again, revive. 
revocabilis, -e, [revoca-f bilis], 

adj., revocable (sagitta). 



revoco, -are, -avi, -aturn, [re- 
voco], v. tr. 1, call back, recall. — 
Hence, take away (a gift). 

revolvo, -ere, -volvi, -voliitum, 

[re-volvo], v. tr. 3, roll back, turn 
back. 

rex, regis, [-y/REG, as stem], m., 
king, ruler. 

Khan is, -idis, [Gr. "Pauls'], f., a 
nymph of Diana. 

Rhenus, -i, [?], m., the Rhine (the 
river separating Gaul and Ger- 
many). 

Rhesus, -i, [Gr. "Pt)itjs~], m., a king 
of Thrace, who was killed, and 
whose horses were taken away 
before they had eaten Trojan food 
or drunk Trojan water by Ulysses 
and Diomed. 

Rhodanus, -i, [?], m., the river 
Rhone, in Gaul. 

Rhodope, -es, [Gr. 'Po5o7rrj], f., a 
mountain in Thrace. 

Rhodopeius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'P080- 
7r7ji'os], adj., of Rhodope, Rhodopean. 

— Less exactly, Thracian : vates, 
Orpheus (the Thracian bard). 

rictus, -us, [rig- (as root of ringo) 
+ tus], m., open jaws, jaws, mouth. 

— Also pi. 

rideo, -ere, -risi, -risum, [?], v. 
intr. 2, laugh, smile. 

rigeo, -ere, rigui, no sup., [?, cf. 
rigidus], v. intr. 2, stiffen, be stiff, 
become solid, stand on end (of the 
hair), stand out, project. 

rigesco, -ere, rigui, no sup., [rige- 
(in rigeo) -f sco], v. intr. 3, 
harden. 

rigidus, -a, -um, [stem akin to 
rigeo + dus], adj., hard, stiff, 
tough, solid, zinyielding, unbending. 

rigor, -oris, [rig- (as root of 
rigeo) -f or], m., stiffness, rigid- 
ity. — Hence, icy cold. 



Vocabulary. 



135 



riguus, -a, -um, [?, cf. irrigo], 

adj., well-watered. 

rima, -ae, [?], f., <:/,?/?, crack, chink. 

ripa, -ae, [?], f., bank, shore, chan- 
nel (as bounded by the banks). 

risus, -us, [V ri d (in rideo) + 
tus], m., laughter, laugh. 

ritus, -us, [?], m., custom, manner, 
rite. 

rivus, -1, [?], m., rivulet, stream. 

Robigo (Rub-), -iuis, [stem akin 
to rubeo + go (cf. aerugo)], f., 
Rust or Blight personified; the 
Demon of Blight. See also ru- 
bigo. 

robur, -oris, [?], n., wood. — PI, 
oaks, trees, wood. 

rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?],v. tr. 
1 , ask for, ask, inquire, pray, en- 
treat. 

rogus, -T, [f~\,ra., funeral pile, pyre. 

Roma, -ae, [prob. akin to Gr. pew, 
the stream-city'], f., Rome. 

Romanus, -a, -um, [Roma + 
nus], adj., Roman, of Rome. — 
Masc., a Roman. 

Romethius (-um), -1, [?], m. or 
n., an unknown place on the coast 
of Southern Italy. 

Romuleus, -a, -um, [fRomulo- 
(reduced) -f eus], adj., of Romu- 
lus. 

Romulus, -1, [stem akin to Roma 
4- bis], m., the mythic founder of 
Rome. 

roro, -are, -avi, -atum, [ror- (in 
ros)-fo], v. intr. 1, drip, drop 
dezu. — pres. p., rorans, drip- 
ping, moist. — p.p., roratus, 
sprinkled : aquae {spray). 

ros, roris, [?], m., dew, water, 
fluid, moisture. 

rosa, -ae, [?], f., rose. 

rosarium, -1, [rosa -f arius], n., 
rosebed. 



roseus, -a, -um, [rosa (reduced) 
+ eus], adj., of roses. — Less ex- 
actly, rose-colored, rosy. 

rostrum, -1, [^/ROD- (in rodo) + 
trum], n., beak, muzzle. — Hence, 
prow, ram, beak (of a ship). 

rota, -ae, [?], f., wheel. — PL, char- 
iot, car. 

roto, -are, -avi, -atum, [rota + o], 
v. tr. 1, whirl. — p.p., rotatus, 
whirling. 

rubefacio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 
[rube- (akin to rubeo) -f facio], 
v. tr. 3, redden. 

rubeo, -ere, rubuf, no sup., [rubo- 
(cf. rubus, bramble) -f eo], v. 
intr. 2, be red, be reddened. — pres. 
p., red, grozon red, crimsoned. 

rubesco, -ere, rubul, no sup., 
[rube + sco] , v. intr. 3, grow red, 
redden, brighten. 

rubeta, -orum, [rube -f turn (n. of 
-tus)], n. pi., bramble bushes, 
thicket. 

rubigo (rob-), -inis, [akin to 
rubeo], f., rust. — Hence, decay. 

rubor, -oris, [rub- (as root of 
rubeo) + or], m., redness, blush, 
flush, red gleam (in the eyes). 

rudis, -e, [?], adj., rough, rude, 
uncultivated, fierce, coarse, un- 
taught, inexperienced, raw. 

ruga, -ae, [?], f., wrinkle. 

rugosus, -a, -um, [ruga -f osus], 
adj., wrinkled. 

ruina, -ae, [ruo- (or kindred stem) 
+ ina], f., fall, ruin, destruction. 

ruinbsus, -a, -um, [ruina + osus], 
adj., in ruins, ruined. 

rumor, -oris, [?], m., rumor, mere 
hearsay, hearsay, idle rumor. 

rumpo, -ere, rupi, r upturn, 
[y/rup, formed with u], v. tr. 3, 
break, cleave, break through, tear, 
burst: rupta terra {fissured). 



136 



Vocabulary. 



ruo, -ere, rui, rutum, [V RU ]' v - 
tr. 3, overturn. — Also intr., hurry, 
rush, start, run away, rush on, 
fall in ruins, fall, roll down. 

rupes, -is, [- v /rup+ es], f., rock, 
cliff. 

ruricola, -ae, [ruri- (as stem of 
rus) -f t c °l a (cf. incola)], m., 
cultivator of the field, country man. 
— In app. as adj., of the field 
(boves) . 

rursus, [reversus, with loss of in- 
flection], adv., back, again. 

rus, ruris, [?], n., the country, the 

. fields. 

rusticus, -a, -um, [rus- (old stem 
of rus) + ticus], adj., of the coun- 
try, rustic. 

rutilus, -a, -um, [akin to rubeo], 
adj., red, crimson, auburn (hair). 

rutrum, -I, [•y'RU + trum], n., 
pickaxe. 



S. 



Sabinus, -a, -um, [?], adj., Sabine, 
of the Sabines (a powerful people 
of Central Italy). Some of them 
united with the Romans ; hence, 
Sabini patres (Romati elders) ; 
Sabina herba {juniper). — M. 
pi., the Sabines. 

sacer, -era, -crura, [V SAC ( m 
sancio) -frus], adj., sacred, ven- 
erable. — N. pi. as noun, sacred rites, 
sacred things, sacred contents (of 
penetralia), sacrifice, sacredfood. 

sacerdos, -otis, [sacro -f fdos 
( ^/DA -f- tis) ] , c, priest, priestess. 

sacrilegus, -a, -um, [sacro-flegus 
( y'LEG + us)], adj., (stealing sa- 
cred things), sacrilegious, impious. 

sacro, -are, -avT, -atum, [sacro- 
(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. I, conse- j 
crate. 



saeclum, see saeculum. 
saeculum (saeclum, seculum), 

[?, prob. akin to seio], n., gen- 
eration, age. 
saepe, [n. of fsaepis, akin to sae- 

pes], adv., often. — Comp., sae- 

pius, many titties. 
saepes, -is, [akin to saepio], f., 

hedge. 
saeta, see seta, 
saetiger, see setiger. 
saevio, -ire, -il, -Itum, [saevo- 

(as if saevi-) -f o], v. intr. 4, rage, 

be enraged, be angry, vent one's 

rage, aim with rage (with inf.). 
saevus, -a, -um, [?], adj., fierce, 

savage, bloody (caedes), cruel, 

wild. 
sagax, -acis, [as if ^/sag (in sagio) 

+ ax (prob. from kindred stem)], 

adj., keen-scented, sagacious, wise, 

keen. 
sagitta, -ae, [?], f., arrozu. 
sagittifer, -era, -erum, [sagitta- 

fer (for -ferus)], adj., arrow- 
bearing, arrow-laden. 
salictum, -i, [salic + turn (n. of 

-tus)], n., willow grove, willow 

copse. 
salignus, -a, -um, [salic -f nus], 

adj., of willow, willow-. 
salio, -ire, -ui (-ii), sal turn, 

[^/sal], v. intr. 4, leap, dance. 
salix, -icis, [?], f., willow. 
saltern [ace. of lost word saltis, 

of unc. kin.], adv., at least (if 

nothing more or better), at any 

rale. 
saltus -us, [t/sal, + tus], m., 

leap, spring, plunge. — Also, glade, 

woody pasture. 
saliis, -utis, [akin to salvus, prob. 

salvo + tis] , f., safety, life (as 

saved). 
salutifer, -era, -erum, [saluti- 



Vocabulary. 



137 



(as stem of salus) -f fer (for 
-ferus)], adj., health-giving. — As 
noun, saviour. 

salnto, -are, -avi, -atum, [salut- 
(as stem of salus) -f o], v. tr. 1, 
{wish health, salve), salute. 

salvus, -a, -um, [?], adj., safe, 
preserved. 

Samius, -a, -um, [Gr. Santos], 
adj., Samian, of Samos : senex, 
Pythagoras (a famous philosopher, 
born at Samos about 580 B.C.). 

Samos (-us), -1, [Gr. 2<x,uos], f-, a 
large island off the coast of Asia 
Minor,famous for its temple of Juno. 

sanabilis, -e, [sana -f bilis], adj., 
curable. 

sanetus, -a, -um, [p.p. of sancio], 
adj., sacred, revered. 

sanguineus, -a, -um, [sanguin -f 
eus], adj., bloody. 

sanguinulentus (-olentus), -a, 
-um, [sanguino- (as if stem of 
sanguis) -f lentus], adj., bloody, 
weltering in blood. 

sanguis (uen), -guinis, [?], m., 
blood (as shed), blood (race) : 
materno a sanguine (on his 
mother's side) ; Caesario san- 
guine (by shedding the blood of). 

sanies, -el, [?], f., corrupt blood, 
venom. 

»satius, -a, -um, [?], adj., sound 
(in body or mind), sane. — Comp. 
sanior, less mad. 
sapa, -ae, [?], f., juice (of grape) 

must. 
sapiens, -entis, [pres. p. of sapio] 
adj., wise, discreet. 

Isapienter, [sapient -f ter] , adv. 
wisely. 
sareina, -ae, [fsarci- (akin to 

sarcio) + na], i.,pack, burden. 
sarculum, -i, [sar- (as root of 
Barrio) + culum], n., hoe. 



Sardes, -ium, [Gr. 2ap5eis], f. pi., 
Sardis (the capital of Lydia). 

Sarmatae, -arum, [Gr. %a.p^a.Tai\, 
m. pi., the Sarmatians (a Scythian 
tribe on the northern coast of the 
Black Sea). 

Sarmaticus, -a, -um, [Gr. ~2,ap/u.a- 
tik6s^\, adj., Sarmatian, of the 
Sarmatians. — m. pi., the Sarma- 
tians. 

Sarmatis, -idis, [Gr. Safari's], f., 
adj., Sarmatian. 

sat, see satis. 

satio, -are, -avi, -atum, [sati- 
(stem of satis, as if a-stem) + o], 
v. tr. I, satiate, satisfy, feed 
full. 

satis, [?, akin to satur], adv., suf- 
ficiently, enough, very. — As noun, 
enough (with gen.). 

satum, -1, [p.p. of sero], n., crop 
(pi.). 

satur, -ura, -urum, [?, akin to 
satis], ad]., full, tvell fed. 

Saturnius, -a, -um, [fSaturno- 
(reduced) -f ins], adj., of Saturn, 
son of Saturn, daughter of Saturn 
(used of Jupiter, of Neptune, of 
Pluto, and of Juno). — So, Satur- 
nia (alone), Juno: Saturnius 
pater (Jupiter). 

Saturnus, -i, [prob. akin to sero], 
m., the father of Jove. An old 
Italian divinity of the crops. 

saturo, -are, -avi, -atum, [saturo- 
(as if a-stem) -f- o], v. tr. 1, fill 
full. — Hence, soak, dye. 

satus, p.p. of sero. 

Satyrus, -i, [Gr. Sariym], m., a 
Satyr (one of a subordinate class 
of deities of the woods, of a frolic- 
some and mischievous disposition, 
represented with goat's legs and 
horns. They often appear as com- 
panions of Bacchus, whose attend- 



138 



Vocabulary. 



ant, Silenus, seems to have been 
one of them. They are hardly dis- 
tinguishable from the Latin Fauns) . 

saucius, -a, -um, [ ?], adj., wounded. 

Sauromatae, -arum, [Gr. 'S.avpo- 
fiarai], m. pi., Sarmatians, the 
same as Sarmatae. 

saxeus, -a, -um, [saxo+eus], 
adj., of stone. 

saxum, -I, [?], n., rock, stone. 

scaber, -bra, -brum, [y'scAB -f 
rus], adj., rough. 

sceleratus, -a, -um, [p.p. of sce- 
lero], adj., polluted by crime, 
criminal, impious, accursed. 

scelus, -eris, [?], n., crime, 
wickedness, wicked zvords. 

sceptrum, -1, [Gr. oK.r\-KTpov~\, n., 
staff, sceptre. — Also pi. 

Schoeneius, -a, -um, [Gr. 2x°'~ 
vr\ios\, adj., of Schceneus (father 
of Atalanta). — Hence fern., Ata- 
lanta. 

scilicet, [prob. sci- (imp. of scio) 
-f licet], adv., one may know, for- 
sooth (in irony), now of course, 
naturally, for pray. 

scindo, -ere, scidi, scissum, 
[•^/scid, formed with n], v. tr. 3, 
cleave, split, tear, tear off, burst, 
divide. 

scintilla, -ae, [?, perh. akin to 
scindo], f., spark. 

scio, scire, scivi, scitum, [?], v. 
tr. 4, know (a fact, cf. nosco). 

scitor, -ari, -atus, [scito- (as if 
a-stem) + 0], v. dep. 1, (seek to 
know), ask, inquire. 

scopulus, -i, [prob. Gr. <TK6ne\os'], 
m., rock, cliff. 

scorpios, -i, [Gr. aKopnlos], m., 
scorpion. — Esp., the Scorpion (the 
constellation). 

scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum, 
[^/scrib], v. tr. 3, write. 



scriptum, -1, [n. p.p. of scribo], 

n., writing, inscription. 

scrobis, scrobis, [?], f., (m.), 
ditch, trench. 

Scylaceus, -a, -um, [Gr. 2/cuA.a- 
Ktios\, adj., of Scylaceum (a town 
on the coast of Bruttium in South- 
ern Italy, near a promontory sup- 
posed to be dangerous for ships). 

Scylla, -ae, [Gr. 2*uAAa], f., a 
nymph, daughter of Phorcys and 
Crata'is, changed by Circe into a 
monster, girt about the middle 
with dogs. This monster inhab- 
ited some rocks on the Italian side 
of the Straits of Messina. 

Scythia, -ae, [Gr. 2Kvdia], f. (of 
adj.), the country north of the 
Black Sea. 

Scythicus, -a, -um, [Gr. ~%Kvdi- 
kos~\, adj., Scythian, of Scythia. 

se, see sui. 

se- (sed-), [?, cf. sed], insep. prep, 
in comp., apart, aside, azvay. 

secedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 
[se-cedo], v. intr. 3, withdraw, 
retire, go apart. 

secerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, 
[se-cerno], v. tr. 3, separate, dis- 
tinguish. — p.p., secretus, re- 
tired, secret, occult. — N. pi., hid- 
den depths, secrets. 

secius, see setius. 

seco, -are, secui, sectum, [?], v. 
tr. 1, cut, cleave. 

secretus, p.p. of secerno. 

secundus, -a, -um, [ger. form of 
sequor], adj., follozving, second, 
favorable, favoring, fortunate, 
prosperous : mensae (dessert) . 

securis, -is, [akin to seco], f., axe. 

secfirus, -a, -um, [se-cura, deck 
as adj.], adj., free from care, fear- 
less, sure (futuri), safe (almost 
equal to tutus). 



Vocabulary. 



139 



secus, [?, perh. akin to sequor], 
adv., otherwise. 

sed, [same word as se- (sed-)], 
conj., but (adversative or transi- 
tional), still. 

sedeo, -ere, sedl, sessum, [prob. 
sedd- ( y'SED + us) + eoj, v. intr. 
2, sit down, sit, rest, lie, sink, take 
effect (plaga), settle. 

sedes, -is, [-y^SED + es], f., seat, 
abode, dwelling-place, house, spot, 
place, footing (place to rest) : in- 
fernae sedes {the world below). 

sedile, -is, [stem akin to sedis + 
ilis], n., seat, chair, stool. 

seditio, -onis, [sed-itio], f., mu- 
tiny, revolt, dissension, sedition. 

seduco, -ere, -duxl, -ductum, 
[se-duco], v. tr. 3, lead apart, 
draw aside, set aside, re?nove. 

sedulus, -a, -um, [fsedo- ( ^/sed 
+ us) + lus], adj., {sitting down), 
attentive, diligent. 

seges, -etis, [?], f, standing grain, 
growing crop, fields, solving (of the 
earth for a crop), crop. 

segnis, -e, [?], adj., slozv, lardy. 

semel, [similis (or kindred stem) 
reduced], adv., once, only once. 

semen, -inis, [some form of root of 
sero + men], n., a seed, seed. 

semesus, -a, -um, [semi-esus], 
adj., half- eaten. 

■fsemi-, [?], adv. only in composi- 
tion, half. 

semianimis, -e, [semi-animus, 
decl. as adj.], adj., half lifeless 
(prop, half in life). 

semicaper, -pri, [semi-caper], m., 
{half goat), Pan (in allusion to his 
form). 

semideus, -i, [semi-deus], m., 
demigod. 

semilacer, -era, -erum, [semi- 
lacer], adj., half butchered. 



seminex, (-neeis), -ecis, [semi- 

nex], adj., half dead, half living. 

Semiramis, -idis, [Gr. Se/a/ja^ts], 
f., mythical queen of Assyria, wife 
and successor of Ninus, and builder 
of the walls of Babylon. 

semisepultus, -a, -um, [semi- 
sepultus], adj., half buried. 

semper, [sem- (in semel, simul) 
-f- per (cf. parumper)], adv., 
ever, always. 

senatus, -us, [fsena- (stem akin 
to senex) + tus] , m., {being an 
elder), body of elders, senate. 

seuecta, -ae, [fsenec- (as stem of 
senex) + ta (cf. juventa)], f., 
old age, years (as many or old). 

seuectus, -utis, [fsenec- (as stem 
of senex) + tus (cf. virtus)], f., 
age, old age. 

senesco, -ere, senui, no sup., [stem 
akin to senex, senatus, + sco], 
v. intr. 3, grozu old, wear out, 
decay. 

senex, senis, [two stems, sen- (as 
root) + is and icus (reduced)], 
adj., only m., old, aged. — As noun, 
old man. — Comp., senior, old. 

seni, -ae, -a, [sex+ nus], adj., six 
(at a time), six. 

senilis, -e, [seni- (as stem of senex) 
-\- lis], adj., of an {the) old man, of 
age, advanced {in years). 

sensim, [ace. (real or imagined) of 
fsensis (sent -f tis, cf. sensus)], 
adv. (of unc. conn, of ideas), grad- 
ually. 

sensus, -us, [^/sent (of sentio) + 
tus] m., taste, feeling, perception. 
Concretely, a feeling, the mind, 
the senses, sense. 

sententia, -ae, [fsentent- (parti- 
cipial stem akin to sentiens) + 
ia], f., feeling, sentiment, resolve^ 
opinion, verdict, vote. 



140 



Vocabulary. 



sentio, -Ire, sensl, sensum, [?], 
v. tr. 4, feel, be aware, know, no- 
tice, find out: ilium Pharsalia 
{feel his power). 

sentis, -is, [?], m., briar. 

sentus, -a, -um, [ ?, akin to sentis], 
adj., briary, overgrown with bri- 
ars, neglected, rough, wild. 

separo, -are, -avi, -atum, [se- 
paro], v. tr. I, set apart, divide. 

sepelio, -ire, -Ivi, sepultum, [?], 
v. tr. 4, bury, entomb. 

sepes, -is, see saepes. 

sepono, -ere, -posui, -positum, 
[se-pono], v. tr. 3, set apart, sepa- 
rate. 

septem, [?], adj., seven. 

septemfluus, -a, -um, [septem- 
fniiiis], adj., seven streamed, seven 
mouthed. 

Septimus, -a, -um, [septem + 
mus], adj., seventh. 

sepulcralis, -e, [sepulero- (re- 
duced) -f alis], adj., funereal. 

sepulcrum, -1, [fsepel- (as if root 
of sepelio) + crum], n., tomb, 
grave. 

sequor, -I, secutus, [^/sequ], v. 
dep. 3, follozv, pursue. 

sera, -ae, [?], f., bolt, bar. 

serenus, -a, -um, [perh. akin to 
serus], adj., clear, fair, serene. 

series, -el, [ ^/ser (in sero) + ies], 
f., row, order, succession, series. 

sermS, -onis, [^/ser (in sero) 
-f mo, prob. through intermediate 
stem], m., disco7trse, talk, conver- 
sation, words, gossip. 

sero, see serus. 

sero, -ere, sevl, satum, [^/SEre- 
dupl.], v. tr. 3, plant, sow, pro- 
duce (by sowing). — p.p., satus, 
planted, produced, sprung from, 
son of, daughter of. — N. pi., crops. 

serpens, -entis, [pres. p. of serpo], 



c., serpent. — Esp., the Serpent 
(constellation). 

serpentigena, -ae, [serpenti- (as 
stem of serpens) + gena ( ^gen 
+ a, cf. iucola)], m., snake-bom. 

serpo, -ere, serpsi, serptum, [ ?, 
perh. akin to repo], v. intr. 3, 
creep, crawl. 

serra, -ae, [?], f., saw. 

sertum, -1, [n. p.p. of sero, twine'], 
n., garland. 

serum, -I, [?], n., whey. 

serus, -a, -um, [?], adj., late, too 
late : anni {advanced) . — Abl., 
sero, as adv., late, too late. 

servator, -oris, [serva + tor], m., 
preserver, saviour. 

servatrix, -icis, [serva + trix], 
f., preserver, saviour. 

servio, -Ire, -Ivi (-il), -Itum, 
[servo- (as if servi) + o], 
v. intr. 4, be a slave, be subject, 
obey, serve. 

servitium, -I, [servo 4- tium], n., 
slavery, servitude. 

servo, -are, -avi, -atum, [servo- 
(as if serva) + o], v. tr. 1, guard, 
keep, zuatch, keep watch over, pre- 
serve. 

servus, -I, [VseR ( m sero) + vus], 
m., slave (orig. captive?), servant. 

seta, (saeta), -ae, [?] f., bristle. 

setiger, (saetiger), -era, -erum, 
[seta-ger (for -gerus, ger -f 
us) ] , ad j . , bristle- be a ring. — As 
noun, the bristly {creattire, mon- 
ster, foe) . 

setius, [?, cf. secus], adv., less, 
not so, worse. 

seu, see sive. 

sevoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [se- 
voco], v. tr. 1, call aside, callazvay. 

sex, [?], adj., six. 

sextus, -a, -um, [sex + tus], adj., 
sixth. 



Vocabulary. 



141 



si, [?, akin to se], conj., (so?), if. 
sibilus, -1, (pi., -a, -orum), [?] 

m. and n., hissing, hiss, whistling 
note. 

Sibylla, -ae, [Gr. StjSuAAa], f., a 
Sibyl, a female seer. A large 
number of such persons are men- 
tioned, of which the most famous 
is the Cumaean. The idea of such 
persons seems to have Hen of 
foreign origin (prob. Hebrew), 
though their functions were 
closely connected with the wor- 
ship of Apollo. 

sic, [si-ce], adv., so, thus: ut . . . 
sic (although . . . yet). 

Sicania, -ae, [Sicano- (reduced) 
+ ia], f. of adj. (sc. terra), Sicily. 

sicco, -are, -avi, -atum [sicco- 
(as if a-stem) -f- o], v. tr. 1, dry, 
dry up, stanch. 

siccus, -a, -um [?], adj., dry, 
parched. 

Sicelis, -idis, [Gr. Si/ceAis], f. adj., 
Sicilian, a Sicilian woman. 

Siculus, -a, -um, [fSico- (cf. 
Sicanus) + lus, akin to St/ceAJs], 
adj., Sicilian, of Sicily. 

sicut, [sic ut], conj., just as. 

Sicyonius, -a, -um, [Gr. ^ivvd- 
vios~\, adj., of Si cy on (a city of the 
Peloponnesus), Sicyonian. 

sldereus, -a, um, [sider- (as 
stem of sidus) -f eus], adj., of 
the stars, celestial. 

Sidonis, -idis (ace. -ida), [Gr. %i- 
Sccj/is], f. adj., Sidonian, of Sidon 
(the famous city of Phoenicia). — 
Less exactly, Phoenician. 

SIdonius, -a, -um, [Gr. S.iddouLos'], 
adj., Sidonian, of Sidon. — Less 
exactly, Phoenician. 

sidus, -eris [V SED + us], n., {po- 
sition, in augural sense) , constella- 
tion, star, heavenly body. — PI. 



the stars, the heavens, the stars of 
heaven. 

Sigeius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'S.iyq'Cos'], 
adj., of Sigeum (a promontory of 
the Troad) . — Less exactly, Tro- 
jan. 

Sigeus, -a, -um, [Gr. ~2iyetou~], 
adj., of Sigeum. — Less exactly, 
Trojan. — Neut., the promontory 
Sigeum. 

sigillum, -i, [akin to signum, 
prob. fsigulo- + lum], n., sign, 
small figure or picture, seal. 

signo, -are, -avi, -atum, [signo- 
-f o], v. tr. I, mark, inscribe. 

signum, -1, [sig- (as root, cf. si- 
gillum) -f num.], n., mark, sign, 
indication, signal, trace, track, 
standard (of soldiers), statue, 
constellation, sign (of the Zodiac), 
figure (embroidered or painted). 

silentium, -1, [silent- (pres. p. of 
sileo) -f ium], n., silence. — 
Also, pi. 

Sileuus, -1, \%ii\i\v6s~\, m., an old 
satyr, the chief attendant of Bac- 
chus. He is represented as a fat 
old man, generally intoxicated. 

sileo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [?], v 
intr. 2, be silent. — pres. p., silent. 
— M. pi., the shades. 

silex, -icis, [?], c, flint, stone, rock. 

silva, -ae, [?], f., wood, woods, for- 
est. — Also, timber, wood. 

Silvanus, -1, [fsilva + nus, cf. 
Neptunus], m., an Italian, 
woodland deity, presiding over 
woods, tillage, and earth. — Also 
in the pi., Silvani, thought of as 
similar to the Fauns. 

silvestris, -tre, [silva- (with s from 
unc. analogy) + tris], adj., of the 
woods, woodland. 

silvicola, -ae, [silva- -f cola (cf. 
incola)], c, lover of the woods. 



142 



Vocabulary. 



similis, -e, [func. stem (akin to 
semi) + lis (cf. simplex)], adj., 
like, similar. 

Simois, -entos, (-entis), [Gr. 2i- 
noeis], m., a river of the Troad. 

simplex, -icis, [perh. fsimo- (akin 
to similis) -f fplex (cf. du- 
plex)], adj., simple, single, in 
simplicity. 

simplicitas, -atis, [simplici- -f- 
tas], f., simplicity, singleness. 

simul, [prob. n.of similis, reduced], 
adv., at the same ti?ne, at once, 
together, as soon as, along with. 

simulacrum, -1, [simula + crum], 
n.,form, image, semblance, figure 
(as false), empty form. 

simulator, -oris, [simula- + tor], 
m., imitator, pretender. 

simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fsim- 
ulo (as early stem of similis) + o], 
v. tr. 1, imitate, put on appearance 
of, simulate. — pres. p., imitative. 
— p. p., imitated. 

sincerus, -a, -um, [?], adj., un- 
mixed, pure, untainted, unaffected 
(by disease, etc.), unscathed. 

sine, [?], prep., zvithout. 

singultus, -us, [singulo- (re- 
duced) + tus] m., (prob. words 
forced out one at a time), sob, 
sobbing. 

singuli, -ae, -a, [unc. stem (akin 
to similis) + lus], adj., one at a 
ti?7te, each, single. — N. pi., every- 
thing, particulars, details (in full). 

sinister, -tra, -trum, [fsinis- (of 
unc. meaning) -f ter (cf. dex- 
ter)], adj., the left, ill-omened. — 
Comp. sinisterior, {the left). 

sino, -ere, sivi, situm, [V s1 ' 
found with n], v. tr. 3, leave. — 
Hence, allow, permit. — p.p., situ- 
ated, lying: situs est {lies). 

Sinuessa, -ae, [akin to sinus], f., 



a town in the northern part of 
Campania, formerly called Sinope. 

sinuo, -are, -avi, -atum [sinu (as 
ifa-stem)+ o], v. tr. I, bend. — 
Pass., be bent, float (in folds), be 
blown, be curved. — p.p., bent, 
round, curved, arched. 

sinus, -us, [?], m., fold, winding. 

— Hence, robe. — So from form of 
garments, lap, bosom, arms (of a 
mother). — Also pi. 

Sipylus, -1, [Gr. StVyAos], m., 1. a 
mountain in Lydia; 2. a son of 
Niobe. 

siquando, see quando. 

siquidem, [si quidem], conj., at 
least if, since, in as much as. 

siquis, -qua, -quid, (-quod), [si- 
quis (as indef.)], pron., if any, if 
one, whoever {whatever). 

Sirenes, -um, [Gr. Setp^es], f. pi., 
the Sirens, monsters who enticed 
sailors to destruction by their 
songs. They had the heads of 
women and the wings and legs of 
birds, having been changed from 
their original form of maidens. 
They were the daughters of Ache- 
lous and Melpomene. 

sisto, -ere, stiti, statum [V STA » 
redupl.] v. tr. (and intr.) 3, stay. 

— Also, stand, cease, stop, alight. 
Sisyphus, -1, [Gr. 2iVu<j£>os], m., a 

crafty, cruel king of Corinth, 
brother of Athamas. In the lower 
world, he was condemned to roll 
up hill a huge stone which always 
rolled down just before reaching 
the top. 

sitio, -ire, -Ivi (-ii), no sup., [siti 
+ o], v. intr. ^thirst, be athirst, 
be thirsty. 

sitis, -is, [?], f., thirst, drought. 

situs, -us, [v SI ( m sino) -f tus], 
m., neglect, decay, rust. 



Vocabulary. 



143 



situs, -a, -um, see sino. 

sive (seu), [si (sei) -ve], conj., if 

either, or if, whether . . . or. 
smaragdus, -I, [Gr. cr/j.dpaydos^\, 

f., emerald. 
socer, -eri, [unc. stem + rus (cf. 

tKvpos)^, ra., father-in-law. — PL, 

parents-in-law. 
socio, -are, -avi, -a turn, [socio- 

(as if a-stem) -f o], v. tr. 1, 

share, join, unite, accompany 

(music). 
socius, -a, -um, [ ? (akin to socer) ] , 

adj., sharing, allied: manus {the 

Social War). — As noun, compan- 
ion, sharer, partner. 
sodalicius, -a, -um, [sodali + 

icius], adj., of a companion. 
soda lis, -is, [unc. stem -f lis], 

c, companion, intimate friend, 

1 crony.'' 
sol, -is, [?], m., the sun. — PI., 

rays of the sun, heat. 
solacium, (atium), -1, [stem 

akin to solor- -f ium], n., solace. 

— Also, pi. 
solamen, -inis, [sola + men], n., 

solace, consolation. 

solemnis, (soil-), -e, [fsolld- (cf. 
sollicitus) -annus (decl. as 
adj.)], adj., annual. — Hence, 
customary, festival, solemn, sacred. 

soleo, -ere, solitus sum, [?], v. 
intr. 2, be wont, be accustomed, use. 

— p.p., wonted, usual, accustomed. 
solicitus, see sollicitus. 
solidus, -a, -um, [solo (in solum) 

+ dus], adj., solid, firm, steady, 
massive : ad solidum, (in the 
earth) . 

solitus, p.p. of soleo. 

solium, -1, [?], n., throne. 

sollemnis, see solemnis. 

sollers, -ertis, [fsollo- (cf. solici- 
tus) + ars], adj., cunning, artful. 



sollerter, [sollert -f ter], adv., 
cunningly, cleverly, artfully. 

sollertia, -ae, [sollert + ia) , f., 
cunning, cleverness. 

sollicito, (sol-), -are, -avi, 
-atum, [sollicito- (as if a-stem) 
-f o]., v. tr. 1, worry, importune, 
stir, strike (strings). 

sollicitus, (sol-), -a, -um, [fsollo- 
(cf. sollers) + citus], adj., com- 
pletely aroused, anxious, dis- 
turbed, restless : preces (earnest). 

solor, -ari, -atus, [?], v. dep. 1, 
console. 

solum, (adv.), see solus. 

solum, -i, [? (cf. solidus], n., the 
soil, the earth, land, floor, bare 
ground, the depths of Hades. 

solus, -a, -um, (gen. solius), 
[?], adj., alone, only, merely, 
lonely. — N. as adv., only : nee 
. . . solum (and not only). 

solvo, -ere, solvl, solutum [prob. 
se-luo], v. tr. 3, dissolve, loose, 
thaw, melt, unbind. — Hence, pay 
(loose an obligation) , open, break, 
(jejunium), wrap in sleep, give 
(in payment), annul. — p.p., loose, 
unbound, flowing (capilli). 

somnium, -i, [somno- -f ium], n., 
dream. 

somnus, -T, [^/sop (in sopio) + 
nus], m., sleep, sleepiness. — Also, 
pi. — Personified, the god of Sleep. 

sonitus, iis, [soni- (as stem of 
sono -f tus], m., sound, roar, rat- 
tle, ring, noise. 

sono, -are, -ui, -itum, [sono- (as 
if a-stem) -f o], v. intr. 1., sound. 
— Often trans, by special words of 
sound, hiss, roar, rattle, ring, cry, 
resound, crack, sing, speak, mur- 
mur, grate. 
son us, -1, [-^/son + us], m., sound, 
voice, words (cf. sono). 



144 



Vocabulary. 



Sophoeleus, -a, urn, [Gr. ~2,ocp6- 

«:Aetos], adj., of Sophocles, the 
great Athenian tragic poet of the 
fifth century B.C. 

sopio, -ire, -Ivi, (-il), -Itum, [prob. 
causative of V S0P ]> v - tr - A-> P ui 
to sleep, lull. 

sopor, -oris, [y^sc-p^- or],m., sleep. 

soporifer, -era, -erum, [sopori- 
(as if stem of sopor) -f fer (for 
fetus)], adj., sleepbringing, nar- 
cotic. 

sorbeo, -ere, sorbin, no sup., 
[?], v. tr. 2, suck in, draw in, take 
in. — Also, consume. 

sordidus, -a, -um, [sordi- (stem 
of sordes) + dus], adj., dirty, 
dark, stained. 

soror, -oris, [unc. root, same for- 
mation as pater], f., sister. 

sors, sortis, [ ^/ser (in sero + tis, 
reduced)], f., lot, destiny, fortune, 
fate, allotment, lot in life. — Also 
(prob. orig. meaning), response 
of oracle (written on billet of 
wood), oracle. 

sortior, -iri, -itus, [sorti + o], v. 
dep. 4, gain by lot, have allotted 
(to me). — Also, allot. — p.p., des- 
tined to (ace). 

sospes, -itis, [?], adj., safe, un- 
harmed. 

spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsum, 
[?], v. tr. 3, scatter, fling wide, 
sprinkle (of the thing scattered 
and of that covered). — Less ex- 
actly, spread. — p.p., loose, scat- 
tered, flowing, sprinkled (of the 
thing covered). 

Spartanus, -a, -um, [fSparta + 
nus], adj., Spartan. 

Sparte, -es, (-a, -ae), [Gr. 
27rapT7j], f., also called Lacedce- 
mon, the capital of Laconia, in 
the Peloponnesus. 



spatior, -arl, -atus, [spatio- (as if 
a-stem) + o], v. dep. i, walk, 
wander, stroll. — pres. p. as noun, 
wanderer. 

spatiosus, -a, -um, [spatio + 
osus], adj., roomy, spacious, huge, 
long; aevum {advanced): vetu- 
stas {remote, long). 

spatium, -I, [unc. root + ium], n., 
space (prob. as measured), extent, 
distance, size, length, span, track, 
region (extent of country). — Also 
of time, division (season), space 
of time, time ; in spatium (in 
length) •: spatio distante (at a 
distance). 

species, -el, [y/sPEC -f- ies], f., 
appearance, form, beauty (cf. 
'looks'). 

speciosus, -a, -um, [specie- (re- 
duced) + osus], adj., beautiful, 
comely, specious. 

spectabilis, -e, [specta + bilis], 
adj., beautiful, lovely. 

spectaculum, -I, [specta -f cu- 
lum], n., spectacle, sight, shozv, 
spectators (i.e. 'grand stand'). 

spectator, -oris, [specta + tor], 
m., spectator (one who views the 
games). 

specto, -are, -avi, -atum, [specto- 
(as a stem, or perh. specta) + o], 
v. tr. I, gaze at, behold, see, look at. 
— p.p., looked at (with approval), 
approved, tried. 

speculum, -I, [fspeco- ( V /SPEC + 
us) + lum (n. of -lus)], n., mir- 
ror. 

specus, -us, [?], m., cave. 

spelunca, -ae, [?, cf. spelaea], f., 
cave. 

Spercheis, -idis, [Gr. 27rep%rjis], 
f. adj., of Spercheus (see next 
word). 

Spercheus, (-ius), -I, [Gr. 2tt€/>- 



Vocabulary. 



145 



Xeio's], m., a river in southern 

Thessaly, flowing from Mt. Pindus 

to the Maliac Gulf. 
sperno, -ere, sprevi, spretum, 

[^/sper formed with n], v. tr. 3, 

spurn, scorn, disdain. 
spero, -are, -avi, -atum, [spes- 

(as stem of spes) + o (as if a- 

stem)], v. tr. 1, hope for, hope. 
spes, spei, [?], f., hope. — Also, as 

in Eng., hope (object hoped for). 
spica, -ae, [?], f., ear (of grain). 
spiceus, -a, -uin, [spica (reduced) 

+ eus], adj., of cars. 
splculum, -1, [unc. stem (akin to 

spica) -f lum], n., dart, spear. 
spina, -ae, [akin to spica], f, 

thorn, spine. — Hence, backbone, 

bone, back. 
splneus, -a, -urn, [spina- (re- 
duced) -f eus], adj., thorny. 
spira, -ae, [?], f., fold, coil (of a 

snake). 
spiritus, -us, [spiri- (as if stem 

of spiro) + tus], m., breath, 

breath of life, soul. 
spiro, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. 

intr. I, breathe. 
spissus, -a, -urn, [p.p. of unc. 

verb], adj., thick, solid, frequent : 

litus (thick with sand) . 
splendeo, -ere, -ul, no sup., [prob. 

splendo- (cf. splendidus) + eo], 

v. intr. 2, shine. — pres. p., shining, 

bright. 
splendesco, -ere, no perf., no sup., 

[splende- -f sco], v. intr. 3, shine. 
splendidus, -a, -urn, [fsplendo- 

(cf. splendeo) + dus], adj., shin- 
ing, brilliant. 
spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, [spolio- 

(as if a-stem) -f o, v. tr. 1], strip, 

despoil. — Less exactly, rob. 
spolium, -1, [? cf. aKvhov,~], n., 

spoil, skin. 



sponda, -ae, [?], f., side of bed, 

frame. 
sponte, [abl. of fspons (akin to 

spondeo), as adv.], of one's accord, 

spontaneously. 
spuma, -ae, [? cf. spuo], f., froth, 

foam. 
spumiger, -era, -erum, [spuma- 

ger (for gerus)], adj., foambear- 

ing, foamy. 
spumo, -are, -avi, -atum, [spuma 

+ 0], v. intr. 1, foam, froth. — 

pres. p., foaming. 
spumosus, -a, -uin, [spuma + 

osus] adj., foaming, foamy. 
squaleo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [squalo- 

(only as name of a fish) -f eo], v. 

intr., be rough. — pres. p., squalid, 

foul, rough, unkempt. 
squalidus, -a, -um, [squalo + 

dus], adj., rough, unkempt, un- 
tidy, foul. 
squama, -ae, [akin to squaleo], 

f., scale (of a fish). 
squameus, -a, -um, [squama + 

eus], adj., scaly. 
squamiger, -era, -erum, [squama- 

ger (for gerus)], adj., scalebear- 

ing, scaly. 
s qua m osus, -a, -um, [squama + 

osus], adj., scaly. 
Stabiae, -arum, [?], f. plur., a 

town on the Gulf of Naples. 
stabulo, -are, -avi, -atum, (also 

stabulor, dep.), [sta-bulo (as if 

a-stem) -f o],v. tr. 1 , fold (sheep) , 

stable. 
stabulum, -1, [Vsta + bulum], 

n., sheepfold, stable. 
stagno, -are, -avi, -atum, 

[stagno + o], v. intr. I, be over- 
flowed, lie stagnant, be immersed. 
stagnum, -I, [unc. root -f num], 

n., pool, marsh, fen. 
stamen, -inis, [V STA + men], n., 



146 



Vocabulary. 



warp, threads (of web), strings 

(of lyre). 
statio, -onis, [as if ^/sta + tio 

(prob. fstati + o)], f., station, 

post, position. 
statuo, -ere, -ui, -Stum, [statu + 

o], v. tr. 3., set up, establish. — 

Hence, resolve, agree, deter ??iine. 
status, -us, [^sta + tus], m., 

position, attitude, pose, state. — 

Fig., state, condition. 
Stella, -ae, [?], f., star. 
stellatus, -a, -um, [stella -f tus 
(as if p.p. of fstello)], adj., starred, 

spotted. 
sterilis, -e, [fstero- {hard ?) + 

lis], adj., sterile, unproductive. — 

Fig., fruitless. 
sterno, -ere, stravi, stratum, 

[^/ster, formed with n], v. tr. 3, 

strew, spread, cover, lay low. — 

p.p., stratae lierbae, (a couch of 

herbs) . 
Stheneleius, -a, -um, [Gr. 20e^e- 

A^t'os], adj., of Sthenelus (father 

of Cycnus) : proles (Cycnus, a 

son of Sthenelus). 
Sticte, -es, [Gr. 'S,TiKTrf\, f, one of 

Action's hounds. 
stillo, -are, -avi, -atum, [stilla 

-f o], v. intr. I, drop, distil. — 

pres. p. dripping. — p.p. , stilla- 

tus, dropping, exuding. 
stimulus, -1, [fstimo- ( y/STio + 

mus) + lus], m.,goad, spur : sti- 

mulum adicere {goad on) . 
stipes, -itis, [stipi- (as stem of 

stips) + tis (reduced)], m., 

trunk, stalk, stock. 
stipo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tstipo- 

(cf. obstipus) + 0], v. tr. 1, 

crowd, hem in, surround, attend 

(as in a crowd of followers). 
stipula, -ae, [stip- (stem of stips, 

as if stipo-) + la], f., little 



stalk, straw, stubble, (bean) 
straw. 

stirps, stirpis, [?], f., stock, race, 
progeny, offspring. 

stiva, -ae, [?, akin to sto], f., 
plough handle. 

sto, stare, steti, statum, [^/sta], 
v. intr. 1, stand, stand still, stop, be 
fixed, alight, be still, stand up, 
stand by, hold out, last. — Also, 
cost. — Often merely, be. 

stolidus, -a, -um, [fstolo- (cf. 
stolo) + dus], adj., dull (cf. 'like 
a stick '), foolish : palma (foolishly 
desired) . 

stramen, -inis, [stra- (as root of 
sterno) + men], n, straw, 
thatch. 

stratum, -1, [n., p.p. of sterno], 
n., couch (as spread). 

strenuus, -a, -um, [?], adj., active, 
energetic. 

strepitus, -us, [strepi- (as stem 
of strepo) + tus], m., noise, din, 
murmur. 

strideo, -ere, (strldo, -ere), 
strldi, no sup., [?], v. intr. 2 
and 3, make a noise, hiss. — p.p., 
hissing, whizzing, creaking, snort- 
ing. 

stridor, -oris, [strid- (as root of 
strido) + or], m., noise, creak- 
ing, growling. 

stridulus, -a, -um, [fstrido + 
lus], adj., hissing, whizzing, creak- 
ing, sputtering (fax). 

stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictum, 
[unc. root], v. tr. 3, strip, graze, 
skim, follozu, close (vestigia), 
touch lightly, draw (sword, strip- 
ping off scabbard). 

strix, strigis, [?], f, owl. 

struo, -ere, struxi, structnm, 
[^/STRUG], v. tr. 3, build, pile, 
erect, set, lay, contrive. 



Vocabulary. 



147 



Strymon, -onis, [Gr. 'STpv/xwu'], 
m., a river in Thrace, on the bor- 
ders of Macedonia. 

studiose, [old abl. of studiosus] , 
adv., eagerly, assiduously, zeal- 
ously. 

studiosus, -a, -um, [studio + 
osus], adj., eager, interested, zeal- 
ous, friendly. 

studium, -1, [?, akin to studeo], 
n., eagerness, zeal, interest, favor- 
ite pursuit {pleasure), study, in- 
dustry, favor, devotion. 

stulte, [old abl. of stultus], adv., 
foolishly. 

stultus, -a, -um, [?], s.d)., foolish. 

stupeo, (stlp)-, -ere, -ui, no sup. 
[stipi- (or kindred stem) + eo] 
v. intr. 2, (be like a stick), stand 
aghast, stand dazed, be dazed, be at 
a loss, stand dumb. 

Stygius, -a, -um, [Gr. Sruyioy], 
a.d}., of the Styx, Stygian. — Also, 
of the lower world, of Hades. — 
Hence, dark, pestilent, deadly. — 
Less exactly, underground. 

Stymphalis, -idis, [Gr. 2ru/u- 
4>aAis], f. adj., of Stymphalus, a 
lake in Arcadia, where Hercules 
killed the Stymphalian birds. 

Styx, -ygis, [Gr. 2™|], f, the 
river that surrounded the lower 
world, and by which the gods 
swore. — Less exactly, the world 
below, Hades. 

suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasum, 
[suavi- (or stem akin) + eo], v. 
intr. 2, advise, persuade, urge. 

sub (subs), [akin to super], prep., 
tinder, beneath, beloiu, at the end 
of, just before, up to: sub noctem, 
at nightfall. — As adv. in compo- 
sition, down, under. — Also, from 
beneath, up, after. 

subdo, -ere, *didi ? -ditum, [sub- 



do], v. tr. 3, put underneath, 
plunge, set (under) . — Also, supply. 

subeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, [sub-eo], 
v. tr. and intr. irr., go down, go 
under, enter, come in, take upon 
oneself, bear, occur (to one) . — 
Also, come up, come on, succeed. 

subfimen, see suffimeii. 

subfundo, see suffundo. 

subicio (-jicio), -ere, -jeei, 
-jectum, [sub-jacio], v. tr. 3, 
place beloiu, put tinder, put 
beneath. — Hence, subject. — Also, 
throw up, suggest. — p.p., lying 
below, beneath, subject. 

subigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, [sub- 
ago], v. tr. 3, bring into subjec- 
tion, bring into order, cultivate, 
plough, mould. 

subito, [abl. of p.p. of subeo, as 
adv.], adv., suddenly. 

subitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of subeo], 
adj., sudden, suddenly grown, new, 
late bom, newly risen. 

subjectus, p.p. of subicio. 

sublevo, -are, -avi, -atum, [sub- 
levo] v. tr. 1, lift up. — Fig., 
assist, relieve. 

sublimis, -e, [sub-limus (inn. as 
adj.)], adj., (up to the crossbeam, 
cf. limen ?), high, on high, sub- 
lime. — N. pi., the heights. 

submitto, see summitto. 

submoved, see summoveo. 

suboles, -is [sub- -f oles (V 0L + 
es, cf. adolesco)], f., (out- 
growth) , progeny, race, generation. 

subpono, see suppono. 

subprimo, see supprimo. 

subsequor, -1, -secutus, [y'sEQu], 
v. dep. 3, follow up, follow after, 
follow. 

subsldo, -ere, -sedi, no sup., [sub- 
sido], v. intr. 3, settle down, sink 
dow'A, subside (of a river). 



148 



Vocabulary. 



subsisto, -ere, -stiti, no sup., [sub- 
sisto], v. intr. 3, stop, cease, sub- 
side. 

substringo, -ere, -strinxi, -stric- 

tum, [sub-stringo], v. tr. 3, 
bind underneath, restrain, con- 
fine. — p.p., contracted, pinched. 

subsum, -esse, no perf., [sub- 
sum], v. intr. irr., be beneath. 

subtemen, -inis, [sub- + temen 
(tex + men)], n., woof filling. 

subter, [sub-ter (cf. inter)], 
prep., beneath. 

suburbanus, -a, -um, [sub urbe 
+ anus], adj., suburban. 

succedo, -ere, -cessl, -cessum, 
[sub-eedo], v. intr. 3, go under, 
come under, go beneath, enter. — 
Also, co?ne on, come over, co?ne up, 
grow over, go to, succeed (come 
next). — Impers. with dat., one 
succeeds. 

succendo, -ere, -cendT, -censum, 
[sub- + cando (cf. incendo)],v. 
tr. 3, kindle, light. 

successor, oris, [sub-cessor, 
through succedo], m., successor. 

successus, us, [sub- + cessus, 
through succedo], m., success (cf. 
succedit.) 

succido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, 
[sub-caedo], v. tr. 3, cut under, 
cut down, sever. 

succingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctum, 
[sub-cingo], v. tr. 3, gird up. — 
p.p. succinctus, high girt, girded 
up : comas pinus (high groiving, 
long-stemmed) . 

suecresco, -ere, -crevi, no. sup., 
[sub-cresco], v. intr. 3, grow tip, 
be supplied (to fill a want). 

suceumbo, -ere, -cubuT, -c libi- 
tum, [sub-cumbo], v. tr. 3, 
(fall under), yield, succumb. 

succurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, 



[sub-curro], v. intr. 3, run to sup- 
port, come to one^s aid, succor. 

succutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 
[sub-quatio], v. tr. 3, throw up, 
shake up. 

sucus (succus), -i, [?, akin to 
sugo], m., juice, liquid, moisture, 
richness, sap, dye. 

sudd, -are, -avi, -atuin, [?], v. 
intr. 1, sweat. 

sudor, -oris, [Vsud + or], m., 
siveat, exuding moisture. 

suffimen (subfl-), -inis, [suffi- 
(as stem of sufflo) + men], n., 
incense. 

suffuudo (subfundo), -ere, -fudl, 
-fusum, [sub-fundo], v. tr. 3, 
pour slowly. — Also, suffuse, im- 
bue. 

sui, sibi, se, [^/sva], refl. pron., 
him- (her-, its-) self, themselves. 

sulco, -are, -avi, -atuin, [sulco- 
(as if a-stem -f- o], v. tr. I, 
furrow, plough, make aftirrow. 

sulcus, -1, [?], m.,furro7v. 

sulfur (sulph-, sulp), -uris, [?], 
n., sulphur. 

Sulmo, -onis, [?], m., a town in 
the territory of the Peligni, the 
birthplace of Ovid. 

sulphur, see sulfur. 

sulpur, see sulfur. 

sum, esse, fui, futurus, [y/zs 

and \/ FU ]> v> ^ n ^ r - i rr -> ex ^t b e > 
live. — As copula, be (with predi- 
cate) : est (there is) ; est mihi (7 
have). — fut. p., f uturus, future, 
coming. 

summa, -ae, [f. of summus, 
unc. noun supplied], f., sum, total, 
substance: summa rerum (the 
general welfare, the highest inter- 
ests) . 

summitto (subm-), -ere, -misi, 
-missum, [sub-mitto], v. tr. 3 ? 



Vocabulary. 



149 



send up. — Also, send down, lay, 
rest, drop, lozuer, submit. — p.p., 
subdued, low. 

summoveo (subm-), -ere, -movl, 
-motum, [sub-mo veo], v. tr. 2, 
remove, disperse, keep off. 

summits, -a, um, [fsup- (cf. su- 
perus) + mus], adj. (used as 
superl. of superus), highest, the 
top of, the height of, the surface of, 
the lowest, the last. — N. pi., the 
heights, the surface of: summa 
arx {the citadel of heaven). 

sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum, 
[sub-emo, take'], v. tr. 3, take, put 
on, assume, make (eonamen). 

suo, suere, sui, sutum, [V su ]> 
v. tr. 3, sew. 

super, [petrified case form of supe- 
rus], adv. and prep., over, above, 
upon, into, beside, besides. — In 
comp. with same meanings. 

superator, -oris, [supera + tor], 
m., conqueror. 

superbia, -ae, [superbo + ia], f., 
pride, arrogance. 

superbus, -a, -um, [super- (as if 
stem of superus) bus (of un- 
known origin)], adj., proud, arro- 
gant, exultant, haughty. 

superemineo, -ere, -minui, no 
sup., [super-emineo], v. intr. 2, 
tower above. 

superlnieio (injicio), -ere, -jecf, 
-jectum, [super-inicio], v. tr. 3; 
throw over, throw tipon. 

supero, -are, -avi, -atum, [supero- 
(as if a-stem) -f o], v. tr. 1, 
overtop, reach above, surpass, ex- 
ceed, conquer, outstrip, be above. 

superstes, -itis, [super + stes 
(V STA + tis, reduced)], adj. sur- 
viving. 

supersum, -esse, -fill, -futurus, 
[super-sum], v. intr. irr., be over 



and above, survive, be left from, 
remain. 

superus, -a, -um, [comp. of stem 
akin to sub], adj., upper, on high. 
— PL m., the gods. — See also 
summus and supremus, used ar, 
superlatives. 

supervolo, -are, -avi, -atum, [su- 
pervolo], v. intr. l,Jly over. 

supinus, -a, -urn, [?, prob. stem 
akin to sub- + nus, (cf. promts)], 
adj., lying on the back, upturned 
(of the hands in supplication). 

suppleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, [sub- 
pleo], v. tr. 2, fill up, fill, bathe, 
wash (vulnera lacrimis). 

supplex, -icis, [sub-plex (^/plic, 
as stem, cf. simplex)], adj., sup- 
pliant (from the bending of the 
knees). — As noun, a suppliatit. 

supplicium, -1, [supplic- + ium], 
tl., punishment (from the position 
on the knees for the death- 
stroke). 

suppono (subp-), -ere, -posul, 
-positum [sub-pono], v. tr. 3, 
put beneath, shelter under, substi- 
tute, set (ignem), plant, subject 
(to the yoke). 

supprimo (subp-), -ere, -press!, 
-pressum, [sub-premo], v. tr. 3, 
press under, suppress. — Also, 
up, press, press against. 

supra, [case form (prob. instr.) of 
superus], adv. and prep., above, 
over. 

supremus, -a, -um, [superl. of 
superus], adj., highest, topmost, 
uttermost, last. 

sura, -ae, [?], f., ankle. 

surdus, -a, -um, [?], adj., deaf. 

surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectum, 
[sub-rego], v. intr. 3, rise. 

Surrentinus, -a, -um, [Surrento- 
+ inus], adj., of Sorrento (Sur- 



5o 



Vocabulary. 



rentum), a town on the bay of 
Naples. 

siis, suis, [?], c, boar, sow, swine. 

suscito, -are, -avi, -atum, [subs- 
cito], v. tr. I, rouse up, call up, 
revive, rekindle. 

suspendo, -ere, -pencil, -pensum, 
[sub-pendo], v. tr.' 3, hang up, 
suspend. — Fig., keep in suspense, 
restrain. — p.p., hanging on, raised 
on. 

suspicio, -ere, -spexT, -spectum, 
[sub- -f specio], v. tr. 3, look up 
to, look up at. — Fig., suspect, lie 
beneath (of land) . — p.p. , suspected, 
suspicious. 

suspicor, -ari, -atus, [fsuspic- 
(stem of fsuspex, cf. auspex)], 
v. dep. I, suspect. 

suspirium, -I, [unc. stem (akin to 
suspiro) + ium], n., sigh. 

sustineo, -ere, -111, -tentum, 
[sub-teneo], v. tr. 2, hold tip, 
bear, endure, sustain, withstand, 
support, wear (in pectore angues). 

sustull, perf. of tollo. 

susurrus, -I, [?], m., whisper. — 
Also, personified. 

suus, -a, -um, [stem of se + us], 
pron., his, her, its (reflexive, refer- 
ring to subject, cf. se), on one's 
side, favoring. — In pi. as noun, 
one's friends, countrymen, and the 
like. 

Symaethis, -idis, [Gr. tviiatfis'], 
f., adj., daughter of Symcethus 
(a Sicilian river-god), the mother 
of Acis. 

Symaethius, -a, -uni, [Gr. ^ufiai- 
0ioy], adj., of or descended from 
Symcethus. 

T. 

tabes, -is, [?], f., thick liquid, 
matter, poison, venom. 



tabesco, -ere, tabui, no sup., 

[tabe -j- sco], v. intr. 3, dissolve, 
melt, waste away. 

tabularium, -I, [tabula + arius], 
n., archives. 

tabum, -I, [akin to tabes], n., 
corrupt blood, gore, venom. 

taceo, -ere, -111, -itum, [?], v. 
intr. 2, be silent, cease speaking. — 
p.p., silent, inaudible : tacita 
mente (silently in the heart). 

taciturnus, -a, -um, [taci- (stem 
akin to taceo) + turnus (cf. 
diuturnus)], adj., silent, silently 
(in agreement). 

tactus, -us, [y'TAG (in tango) + 
tus], m., touch, contact. 

taeda, -ae, [?], f., pilchzuood, torch. 
— Esp., marriage torch, marriage. 

taerlium, -i, [stem akin to taedeo 
-f ium], n., disgust, weariness. — 
Also pi. 

Taenarides, -ae, [Gr. Taivapl8r]s~], 
m., of ox from Tcznarus, promon- 
tory of Laconia. — Hence, Laco- 
nian, Lacedcemonian. 

Taenarius, -a, -um, [Gr. Taiva- 
pios~\, adj., of Tcenarus (cf. prec. 
word). — Hence, Lacedemonian. 

Tagus, -I, [Gr. Tdyos'], m., a river 
in Spain (now Tajo). 

talaris, -e, [talo + aris], adj., of 
the heel. — Esp. n. pi., talaria, 
hem of rode, wings (on the 

• feet). 

talis, -e, [V TA ( m tantus) 4- 
alis], adj., such, of this kind, this 
(such as follows). — N. pi., such 
deeds. 

talus, -i, [?], m., ankle bone, heel. 

tarn, [unc. case of -^/TA, cf. talis 
(cf. nam)], adv., so, such, thus. 

Tamasenus, -I, [fTamaso (re- 
duced) + enus], m., (of adj.), a 
plain near Tamasus in Cyprus. 



Vocabulary. 



15 



tamen, [?], conj., yet, hcnvever, 

still, nevertheless, after all. 
tamquam (tanquam), [tam- 

quam], conj., (so as), as if, like, 

just as. 
Tanais, -is, [Gr. Tdvais'], m., a 

river in Scythia (now the Don) ; 

also the god of the river. 
tandem, [tam-dem, (cf. idem)], 

conj., at length, at last. 
tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum, 

[^/tag, formed with n], v. tr. 3, 

touch, reach, affect, move, attain. 
Tantalis, -idis, [Gr. TavraAis], f. 

adj., daughter or descendant of 

Tantalus. 
Tantalus, -i, [Gr. TctfraAos], m. : 

1. Son of Jupiter, father of Pelops 
and Niobe. He was a guest at 
the table of the gods, but betrayed 
their secrets, and offered them his 
son's flesh for food. For this, he 
was punished in the lower world; 

2. a son of Niobe. 

tantum, [n. of tantus], adv., 
only. 

tantummoclo, [tantum modo], 
adv., only. 

tantus, -a, -um, [stem akin to tarn 
-f tus], adj., so great, such, so 
much, such great. — Abl. as adv., 
so much, so. — N. as adv., so much 
(and no more), only (see tan- 
tum). — Gen. of price, worth so 
much, of so much importance. 

tarde, [old abl. of tardus], adv., 
slowly, with delay, late. 

tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tardo- 
(as if a-stem)], v. tr. 1, retard, 
hold back, detain, prevent. 

tardus, -a, -um, [?], adj., slow. 

Tarpeius, -a, -um, [fTarpa -f 
ius (of unc. kin)], a Roman gen- 
tile name, in some unknown man- 
ner connected with the rock of 



the Capitol. — arx (arces) (the 
Capitol of Rome) . — Fern., Tar- 
peia, the maiden who betrayed 
the Capitol to the Sabines. 

Tartara, -drum, (also Tartarus, 
-I), [Gr. Tdprapos, -a], n., (m.), (a 
deep abyss below the infernal 
world). — Hence Tartarus (the 
abode of the damned), the lower 
world (generally), death. 

Tatius, -i (-ii), [an adj. of unc. 
kin (tata ?)], m., Titus Tatius, 
a Sabine king with whom Romu- 
lus was supposed to have shared 
his kingdom. 

taurus, -1, [prob. for fstaurus, cf. 
ravpos], m., dull, steer. 

Taurus, -1, [same word as taurus], 
m.: 1. The Bull, Taurus (the 
constellation) : 2. A mountain 
range in Asia Minor. 

taxus, -T, [?], f., yew-tree, yezv. 

tectum, -i, [n. p.p. of tego], n., 
dwelling, roof, abode. — Also pi. 

Tegeaeus (eus), -a, -um, [fr. Gr. 
Te7ea (as if Tey ecuos)~], adj., of 
Tegea (a town of Arcadia). — 
Less exactly, Arcadian. — Esp. 
fern., Tegeaea, Atalanta, daugh- 
ter of Iasius. She first wounded 
the boar in the Calydonian hunt. 

tegmen, -inis, [yTEG + men], n., 
covering. 

tego, -ere, texi, tectum, [^/teg], 
v. tr. 3, cover, envelop, conceal, 
veil, engulf. 

tegumen (tegi-), [tegu (tegi), 
(as stem of tego) + men], n., 
covering. 

tela, -ae, [?], f., web. 

Telamon, -onis, [Gr. TeAa^wi/], 
m., son of ^Eacus, brother of 
Peleus and Phocus, father of Ajax. 

Telemachus, -i, [Gr. TtjAcVoxos], 
m., son of Ulysses and Penelope. 



152 



Vocabulary. 



Telemus, -I, [Gr. TtjAc^os], m., a 
prophetic Cyclops, son of Eurymus. 

Telephus, -I, [Gr. T^Ae^os], m., 
son of Hercules, king of Mysia. 
He was wounded and also cured 
by the spear of Achilles. 

tellus, -uris, [?], f., the earth, the 
land, (a) land. — Also person., 
Earth (Tellus). 

telum, -I, [?, perh. akin to tela], 
n., shaft, spear, trident, weapon, 
thunderbolt. 

temerarius, -a, -um, [ftemero- 
(cf. temere) + arius], adj., un- 
thinking, heedless, reckless, rash. 

Temesaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. Te/ete- 
aouos\, adj., of Temese, Temescean. 

Temese, -es, [Gr. Te^esT?], f., a 
town in Bruttium, famous for its 
copper mines. — Hence, Temeses 
metalla. 

temo, -onis, [?], m, pole (of a 
chariot). 

Tempe, indecl., [Gr. n. pi., Te^Trr?], 
n. pi., a valley in Thessaly famous 
for its beauty. 

tempero, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[temper- (as stem of tempus) 
+ o], v. tr. I, mix (in proper pro- 
portions). — Hence, regulate, gov- 
ern, control, restrain. 

temperies, -el, [temper- (stem of 
lost adj., really same word as 
tempus) -f ies], f., mixture, cli- 
mate, temperature. 

tempestas, -atis, [ftempes- (stem 
of lost adj., cf. temperies) + 
tas], f., tveather (cf. temperies), 
season. — Hence, time. 

tempestive, [old abl. of tempes- 
tivus], adv., seasonably, timely, in 
good time. 

tempestlvus, -a, -um, [ftempesto- 
(cf. robustus) + ivus], adj., 
seasonable, timely, suitable. 



templum, -1, [akin to tempus 
(prob. ftempo + lum, n. of lus)], 
n., (prob. spot, space in augural 
language), consecrated spot, temple. 

temptamentum (tenta-), -I, 
[tempta + mentumj, n., trial, 
attempt, effort. 

temp to, (ten to), -are, -avi, 
-atum, [?], v. tr. I, try. 

tempus, -oris, [unc. root, (perh. 
akin to Ttfiuw) + us], n. (limit), 
(spot), temple (of the head). — 
Transf., limit (of time), time, 
lapse of time, season, day, age, life 
(as lapse of time). 

tenax, -acis, [^/ten (root of 
teneo) + ax], adj., tenacious, 
persistent. 

tendo, -ere, tetendl, tentum 
(tensum), [?, akin to teneo], 
v. tr. 3, stretch, spread, stretch out, 
strain, set (net) . — Absolutely, 
hold one's course, aim at (perh. 
from aiming the bow). 

tenebrae, -arum, [?], f. pi., dark- 
ness, shades. 

tenebrosus, -a, -um, [tenebra + 
osus], adj., dark, gloomy. 

Tenedos, -T, [Gr. TeVeSos], f., an 
island in the yEgean, off the Troad. 

teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum, [ v /ten, 
prob. through noun stem, cf. 
tenus], v. tr. 2, hold, hold fast, 
grasp, cling to, clasp, keep, retain, 
possess, occupy, maintain. — So, 
attain, reach, gain, catch. — Also, 
hold, restrain, prevent, stop, detain, 
delay. 

tener, -era, -erum, [V TEN n 
sense of ' stretch,' cf. tendo) + 
rus], adj., delicate, tender, thin, 
yielding, feeble, young. 

tenor, -oris, [V TEN + or ]» m -> 
{holding of a course) , movement 
(in a certain direction). 



Vocabulary. 



153 



tenuis, -e, [y/TEN + uis], adj., 
{stretched), thin, delicate, fine, 
narrow, little, slight, light (firmis), 
small. 

tenuo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tenui- 
(as if a-stem) -f o], v. tr. 1, 
make thin, shrink, attenuate. — 
Vslss., grow thin, grow shrill (vox). 

tenus, [prob. ace. n. of same word 
as tenor], prep., (following its 
noun), as far as, up to. 

tepefaeio, -ere, -feci, -factum, 
[tepe- (stem akin to tepeo) + 
facio] , v. tr. 3, make warm, warm 
(with one's blood, hastam). 

tepeo, -ere, -ul, no sup., [unc. 
stem (akin to tepor) -f eo], v. 
tr. 2, be warm. — pres. p., warm. 

tepesco, -ere, tepui, no sup., 
[tepe- (stem of tepeo) + seo], 
v. intr. 3, grow zvarm, warm. 

tepidus, -a, -um, [ftepi- (stem 
akin to tepeo) -f dus], adj., 
warm, tepid. — Esp. of blood, 
reeking (the earth by bloodshed). 

ter [unc. case form of tres], adv., 
thrice, three times. 

terebro, -are, -avi, -atum, [tere- 
bra -f- o], v. tr. I, bore, pierce. 

teres, -etis, [y/TER (in tero) -f 
tis (reduced)], adj., {rubbed), 
smooth round, round (and usually 
smooth). 

tergeo, -ere, (and tergo, -ere), 
tersl, tersum, [?, prob. adj. stem, 
akin to tergus], v. tr. 2 and 3, 
clean, scour. 

tergum, -I, [?, akin to tergeo], 
n., {hide ?), back. — Hence, side 
(of pork), fleece (of sheep) : 
tergo {from behind, behind) ; 
terga dare, etc. {turn the back, 
in flight). 

tergus, -oris, [akin to tergum], 
n., back, flitch (of bacon). 



terni, -ae, -a, [ter- (as stem of 
tres) + nus], adj., three at a 
time, three. 

tero, -ere, trivl, tritum, [^/ter], 
v. tr. 3, rub, pound (in a mortar), 
mix, grind, sharpen, whet, graze. 
— p.p., beaten (track). 

terra, -ae, [akin to torreo], f., 
earth (dry land as dist. from sea), 
land, earth (clay) : terrarum 
orbis, the circle of lands {the 
lands, the world). — Also pi. — 
Also, personified, the Earth, 
mother of the Titans and the 
giants. 

terrenus, -a, -um, [terra- (as if 
terre-) + nus, (cf. egenus)], adj., 
earthy, earthen, of the earth. 

terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [?, prob. 
adj. stem fterro +0], v. tr. 2, 
frighten, alarm. 

terribilis, -e, [terri- (as if stem of 
terreo) + bilis], adj., dread, 
fearful, terrible, dire. 

terrificus, -a, -um, [fterro- (akin 
to terreo, perh. its origin) + ficus 
(-y/FAC + us)], adj., terrifying, 
dreadful, dread. 

terrigena, -ae, [terra-gena ( ^/gen 
-fa)], m., earthbom. 

terror, -oris, [terr- (as if root of 
terreo) -f or], m., terror, panic, 
fright. — Also person., Terror, 
the god of Terror. 

tertius, -a, -um, [ter- (as stem of 
tres) + tius], adj., third. 

tesca, -orum, [unc. root -f cus], 
n. pi., thicket (apparently spots 
left uncultivated as sacred), forest, 
wild woods. 

testa, -ae, [?, perh. akin to 
torreo], f., {baked earthenware), 
jar, potsherd. — Less exactly, shell 
(of ice). 

testificor, -ari, -atus, [ftestifico- 



154 



Vocabulary. 



(as if a-stem) + o], v. dep. i, 
bear witness, disclose (as a wit- 
ness). 

testis, -is, [?], c, zvitness. 

testor, -ari, -atus, [testi- (as if a- 
stem) + o], bear witness to, show, 
express. — Also, call to witness. 

Tethys, -yos, [Gr. Tqftus], f., a 
sea-goddess, nurse of Juno, wife 
of Oceanus, and mother of Cly- 
mene. 

Teuthranteus, -a, -um, [as if Gr. 
Tcvdpduretos], adj., of Teuthrania, 
a district in Mysia. — Less exactly, 
Mysian. 

texo, -ere, texui, textum [ ?] , v. 
tr. 3, weave. 

textum, -I, [n. p.p. of texo], n., 
web, cloth. 

thalamus, -T, [Gr. BaKa/xos], m., 
marriage-chamber, marriage-bed, 
marriage. — Also pi. 

Thalia, -ae, [Gr. ©aAeia], f., the 
Muse of Comedy. 

Thaumantias, -adis, [Gr. &avfxav- 
rtds], f. adj., daughter of Thau- 
mas, Iris. 

Thaumantis, -idos, [Gr. ®avp.av- 
ris], f. adj., daughter of Thaumas, 
Iris. 

theatrum, -I, [Gr. Ocarpov], n., 
theatre: structum utrimque (i.e. 
amphitheatre) . 

Thebae, -arum, [Gr. ®r)8at],f. pi., 
Thebes, the famous city of Bceo- 
tia. 

Thebanus, -a, -um, [Theba + 
nus], adj., Theba n, of Thebes: 
soror {Antigone, who buried her 
brother against the command of 
the king). 

Themis, -idos, (ace. Themin, 
voc. Themi), [Gr. ®cp.is], f., 
daughter of Heaven and Earth, 
goddess of law, predecessor of 



Apollo in the oracle at Delphi. — 
Hence Parnasia, for Delphi was 
on the slope of Parnassus. 

Theridamas, (only nom.), [Gr. 
07?/)t5a / uas], n., one of Actaeon's 
hounds. 

Thermodon, -ontis, [Gr. ®ep/j.u>- 
S^v], m., a river of Pontus, fa- 
mous as being in the region of 
the Amazons. 

Thermodontiacus, -a, -um, [Gr. 
Qepfioodouriaxos], adj., of or from 
the Thermodon. — Less exactly, 
Amazonian. 

Theron, -onis, [Gr. 07jpa>j/], m., 
one of Actseon's dogs. 

Thersites, -ae, [Gr. &epai : rr]s'}, m., 
the ugliest, most impudent, and 
most talkative of the Grecian 
army at Troy. 

Thesetis, -a, -um, [Gr. ©Tjo-elos], 
adj., of Theseus. 

Theseus, -ei (-eos), [Gr. ®f)<xevs'\, 
m., a king of Athens, who took 
part in the Calydonian hunt, killed 
the Minotaur, and did many other 
great deeds. 

Thessalia, -ae, [Gr. ©eo-o-aAta], f., 
Thessaly, the eastern part of north- 
ern Greece. 

Thessalus, -a, -um, [Gr. Qeaaa- 
Aos], adj., Thessalian, of Thessaly. 

Thestiades, -ae, [Gr. ©ecrrta^s], 
m., son of Thestius. The sons of 
Thestius, Plexippus and Toxeus, 
were killed by their nephew 
Meleager. 

Thestias, -adis, [Gr. ■ cartas'], f., 
daughter of Thestius, Althcea, 
mother of Meleager. 

Thestius, -I, [Gr. ®4<xnos], m., 
king of yEtolia, father of Althaea, 
Toxeus, Plexippus, etc. 

Thestorides, -ae, [Gr. ®caropi- 
or)s], m., the son of Thestor, Cal- 



Vocabulary. 



155 



chas, the soothsayer of the Greek 

army at Troy. 
Thineius, (occurs only once), [as 

if Gr. OtWjtos], adj., of IhincBum, 

or a place of some similar name, 

at or near which Philemon and 

Baucis lived. 
Thisbe, -es, [Gr. ©tovSrj], f., a Baby- 
lonian maiden, beloved byPyramus. 
rhous, -i, [Gr. ®6os~\, m., one of 

Actseon's dogs. 
Thraeius, -a, -um, [Gr. ©pantos], 

adj., Thracian. 
Thrax, -cis, [Gr. ®pa|], m., a 

Thracian. 
Threce, -es, [Gr. ®pyi<r{], f., 

Thrace, the country north of the 

^Egean Sea. 
Thre'icius, -a, -um, [Gr. &pr)i- 

kios~], adj., of Thrace, Thracian. 

— Fem. pi., the Thracian women. 
Thybris (Ty-), -is, [?], m., the 

Tiber, the river of Rome. 
thyrsus, -I, [Gr. dvp<ros~\, m., thyr- 
sus (the wand of Bacchus). 
tiara, ae, [Gr. ndpx], f., cap, tiara, 

head-dress. 
Tiberiuus, -a, -um, [Tlberi -f 

nus], adj., of the Tiber; Ostia 

{at the mouth of the Tiber - ). 
tibia, -ae, [?], f., pipe (resembling 

a clarinet). 
Tibullus, -T, [?], m., a Roman 

lyric poet, an older contemporary 

of Ovid. 
tignum, -i, [unc. root + num (n. 

of -nus)], n., log, beam. 
tigris, -is (-idis), [Gr. riypis], c, 

tiger. 
Tigris, -idis, [Gr. Tiypu], f., Tiger, 

one of Actseon's hounds. 
tilia, -ae, [?], f., linden. 
timeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [prob. 

timo- (cf. timid us) -f eo], v. tr. 

2, fear. 



timide, [old abl. of timid us], 

adv., timidly. 

timidus, -a, -um, [stem (prob. 
timo-, akin to timeo) + dus], 
adj., frightened, timid. — As noun, 
a coward. 

Timolus, -i, m., see Tmolus. 

timor, -oris, [tim- (as root of 
timeo) + or], m., fear, fright, 
alarm. — Person., Fear. 

tiuctilis, -e, [tincto + lis], adj., 
fluid. 

tinguo (tingo), -ere, tinxl, tinc- 
tum, \_y/T\G, formed with n], v. 
tr. 3, moisten, wet, dip, bathe, 
plunge, dye, slain, tinge. — Pass., 
in middle sense, plunge. 

tin us, -I, [?], f., viburnum (a 
shrub). 

Tiphys, -yos, [Gr. Tikis'], m., the 
pilot of the ship Argo. 

Tirynthius, -a, -um, [Gr. Tipvv- 
dios~], adj., of Tiryns (an ancient 
city of Argolis), Tirynthian. — 
Masc, Hercules. — Fem., Alcmene, 
the mother of Hercules. 

Tisiphone, -es, [Gr. Ti<xi<p6vri], f., 
one of the Furies. 

Titan, -anis, [Gr. Tndv], m., a 
Titan, one of a race of giants, 
sons of Heaven and Earth, who 
warred against Jupiter. One of 
the Titans was Hyperion, father 
of the Sun and the Moon, and 
these latter are called Titans 
also. 

TItanis, -idis (-i los), [Gr. Tira- 
vis], f. adj., daughter of a Titan. 
— Esp., Latona, daughter of 
Coeus. 

Titanius, -a, -um, [Gr. Th-cu/jos], 
adj., of the Titans, Titanian. — 
Esp. fem., Diana. — Also, Pyrrha, 
as daughter of the Titan Epime- 
theus. 



i 5 6 



Vocabulary. 



titubo, -5re, -avi, -at urn, [?], 

v. intr. I, stagger. 
titulus, -i, [ ?, perh. tito -f lus], 

m., inscription, tablet. — Hence, 
fame, honor. 

Tityos (-us), -I, [Gr. Tituos], m., a 
giant of Euboea who offered vio- 
lence to Latona. He was pun- 
ished in Tartarus, stretched out 
on the ground, and having his 
liver torn by vultures. 

Tityrus, -i, [Gr. Tirvpos, Doric 
form of ~2.a.Tupos\ m., a shepherd's 
name in Virgil's bucolic poems. 

Tlepolemus, -1, [Gr. TAtj n-o A e^os], 
m., a son of Hercules, leader of 
the Rhodians in the Trojan war. 

Tmolus (Tim-), -I, [Gr. T>£Aos], 
m., a mountain in Lydia. — Also 
the god of the mountain. 

tofus (tophus), -l, [?], m., tufa 
(a kind of stone). — Also pi. 

toga, -ae, [^/tag + a], f., toga 
(the Roman robe). — Hence, 
peace (as opposed to ' arms'). 

tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, [ftoler- 
(as stem of f tolus, v'tol + us) -f 
o], v. tr. I, bear, endure. 

tollo, -ere, (^/tol formed with y), 
sustuli, sublatum, [perf. and 
sup. of suffero], v. tr. 3, raise, 
lift up, take up, pick up. — Hence, 
take away, remove. — With reflex., 
rise. — Also in imperative, cease, 
away with. 

Tomitae, -arum, [Gr. TofuVcu], 
m. pi., the inhabitants of Tomi, 
the town on the Black Sea to 
which Ovid was banished. 

tonans, see tono. 

toruleo, -ere, totondi, ton sum, 
[?], v. tr. 2, shear. 

tonitrus, -us, [toni- (as if stem of 
tono) -f trusj, m., thunder, light- 
ninsr. 



tonitruum, -1, [tonitru + urn], n., 
thunder. 

tono, -are, tonui, tonitum, [?], 
v. intr. 1, thunder. — pres. p., 
tonans, thundering. — As noun, 
the Thunderer (Jove). 

tormentum, -1, [torqu- (as root 
of torqueo) -f mentum], n., 
sling (of twisted rope), engine 
(of war). 

torpesco, -ere, torpul, no sup., 
[torpe- (as stem of torpeo) + 
sco], v. intr. 3, become inactive, 
become torpid. 

torpor, -oris, [torp- (as root of 
torpeo) -f or], m., lethargy, tor- 
por. 

torqueo, -ere, torsi, tortum, [?], 

v. tr. 2, twist, whirl, roll. — 

Hence, hurl. — Also, torture. 
.j _ 
torreo, -ere, torrui, tostum, 

[^/TOS, of unc. formation, cf. 

torris], v. tr. 2, roast, parch, 

bake, scorch, bum. 
torris, -is, [torr- (as if root of 

torreo) + is], m., firebrand, 

brand. 
tortilis, -e, [torto + lis], adj., 

twisted, tzvined, winding. 
tortus, p.p. of torqueo. 
torus, i, [?], m., bed, cottch. — 

Esp., niarriage-bed, marriage. — 

Also, bier. — Also, muscle. 
torvus, -a, -um, [?], adj., angry, 

stem, lowering, gloomy, frowning. 
tot, [orig. ftoti (akin to tarn, 

etc.)], adj., so many (cf. quot). 
totidem, [toti -f dem (cf. idem)], 

adj., as many, an equal number. 
totiens, [tot -f iens (cf. quoti- 

ens)], adv., so often, so many 

times. 
totus, -a, -um, [akin to tot], adj., 

whole, entire, the whole, wholly (in 

agreement). 



Vocabulary. 



157 



Toxeus, -el, [Gr. To|eus], m., a son 
of Thestius and uncle of Meleager. 

trabeatus, -a, -uni, [trabea + 
tus, as if p.p.], adj., clad in the 
trabea Ccf. ' booted and spurred '). 

trabs, trabis, [?], f., beam, log, 
trunk. 

Trachas, -antis, [Gr. Tpdxas'], f., 
an old name of the town of Tarra- 
cina near the Pomptine Marshes. 

Trachin (-s), -inis, [Gr. Tpa%iV], 
f., a town in Malis, the home of 
Ceyx and Alcyone. 

tracto, -are, -avi, -atum, 
[tracto- (as if a-stem) + 0], v. 
tr. 1, handle. 

tractus, -us, [trail- (as root of 
traho) + tus], m., course, path, 
flight. "Also, region, tract. — Also, 
handling, drawing. 

trado, -ere, tradidi, traditum, 
[trans-do], v. tr. 3, hand over, 
give over, hand, give, pass (from 
one to another), exchange, trans- 
fer, communicate, assign. 

traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, 
[ x /TRA(g)h], v. tr. 3, drag, draw, 
drag on, drag out (senectam), 
draw in, draw away, take in, 
bring on, carry (with one), dis- 
tract : ignem (become inflamed)-, 
in pestem {drag into pestilence, 
by contagion). 

traicio (trajicio), -ere, -jeci, 
-jectum, [trans-jacio], v. tr. 3, 
throw across, throw through. — 
Hence, pierce, transfix. 

trames, -itis, [trans -f mes (Vme, 
in meo + tis), cf. comes], m., 
by-path, path. 

trans, [?], prep., through, across. 

transcribe, -ere, -scrips!, -scrip- 
turn, [trans-scribo], v. tr. 3, 
transcribe. — Hence, transfer (on 
military rolls). 



transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [trans- 

eo], v. tr. irr., go across, pass 
over, go by, pass, pass into. 

transfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, 
[trans-fero], v. tr. Irr., bear 
across, bear over, send over, allow 
to go over, transfer. 

trausilio (transsilio), -ire, -silui 
(-ivi), no sup., [trans-salio], v. 
tr. 4, leap over, leap through. 

transitus, -us, [trans-itus (perh. 
through transeo)], m., a going 
over, passage, change. 

transmitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 
[trans-mitto], v. tr. 3, let go 
through, hurl through, send 
through. 

tremebundus, -a, -um, [treme- 
(as stem of tremo) + bundus], 
adj., trembling, quivering. 

tremesco (-isco), [treme- (as 
stem of tremo) + sco], v. intr. 3, 
tremble. 

tremo, -ere, tremui, no sup., 
[^/TREM], v. intr. 3, tremble, 
quiver, shudder. 

tremor, -oris, [trem- (as root of 
tremo) + or], m., tremor, shud- 
der, trembling. — Hence, earth- 
quake. 

tremulus, -a, -um, [prob. ftremo- 
(trem + us) + lus], adj., trem- 
bling, quivering, shaking, flutter- 
ing _ 

trepido, -are, -avi, -atum, [tre- 
pido + 0], v. intr. 1, bustle about. 
— Hence, be alarmed, tremble, 
quiver. — pres. p., trembling, 
timid, terrified. 

trepidus, -a, -um, [as if trepo- 
(cf. trepo) -f dus], adj., restless, 
bustling, trembling, shuddering, 
quivering, alarmed, in terror. 

tres, tria, [?, stem tri-], adj., 
three. 



158 



Vocabulary. 



tribula, -ae, [tri- (as root of 
tero) -f- bula], f., drag (for 
threshing), thresher, harrow. 

tribulus, -I, [Gr. rpi/SoAos], m., 
thorn, thistle. 

tribuo, -ere, tribui, tributum, 
[tribu- (intribus) + o], v. tr. 3, 
{assign to each tribe its share ?), 
assign, grant, assume (sibi) : me 
tribuente {at my hands). 

tributum, -i, [n. p.p. of tribuo], 
n., tribute (that part assigned to 
one to pay). 

triceps, -cipitis, [tri- (as stem of 
tres) + ceps(caput, reduced, and 
decl. as adj.)], adj., three-headed. 

tricuspis, -idis, [tri- (cf. tres) + 
cuspis], adj., three-forked, three- 
pointed : telum (i.e. trident). 

tridens, -dentis, [tri- (cf. tres) 
-f-dens], adj., three-toothed. — As 
noun, trident. 

trifidus, -a, -um, [tri- (cf. tres) 
-ffidus (V FID > m findo, + us)], 
adj., three-cleft, forked. 

triform is, -e, [tri- (cf. tres) + 
formis (forma, weakened and 
decl. as adj.)], adj., three-formed. 

Trinacria, -ae, [Gr. TpivaKpla], f. 
(of adj.), Sicily (the three-cor- 
nered island). 

Trinacris, -idis, [Gr. Tpij/a/cpis], f. 
(adj.), Sicily. 

Triones, -um, [ ?], m. pi., the Great 
Bear (constellation). 

triplex, -plicis, [tri- (cf. tres) + 
plex (cf. duplex)], adj., triple, 
threefold : sorores {born three at 
a birth). 

Triptolemus, -i, [Gr.l>7rToA e,uos], 
m., son of King Celeus of Eleusis. 
He was sent by Ceres to teach 
agriculture. 

tristis, -e, [?], adj., gloomy, cruel, 
sad : tristia officia {complaint). 



trisulcus, -a, -um, [tri- (cf. tres) 
+ sulcus], adj., {making three 
furrows) , three-forked. 

triticeus, -a, -um, [tritico (re- 
duced) -f- eus], adj., of wheat, 
wheaten. 

triticum, -i, [trito- -f cum (n. of 
-cus)], n., {the threshed grain ?), 
wheat. 

Triton, -onis, [Gr. Tpirwv'], m., a 
sea-god, son of Neptune, repre- 
sented as blowing a conch-shell. 
— PL, sea -gods. 

Tritonia, -ae, [Gr. Tpirwvios'], f., a 
name or appellation of Pallas 
(Minerva), prob. derived from a 
Boeotian stream (Triton). 

Trltonis, -idis, [ace. ida], f. adj., 
of Tritonia, of Pallas. — Also, 
as subst., Pallas, Minerva. 

tritus, p.p. of tero. 

triumpho, -are, -av T i, -atum, 
[triumpho + 0], v. intr. 1, tri- 
umph (lit. and fig.). — p.p., led in 
triumph. 

triumphus, -1, [Gr. 6pta/uL&os'], m., 
triumph. 

Troes, -um, see Tros. 

Troicus, -a, -um, [Gr. TpwiKos'], 
adj., Trojan, of Troy, of the Tro- 
jans. 

TroYus, -a, -um, [Gr. Tp^i'os], 
adj., Trojan, of Troy, of the Tro- 
jans. 

Troja, -ae, [fern of Troius], f., 
the city of Tros, Troy. 

Trojanus, -a, -um, [fTroja + nus], 
adj., Trojan. — As subst., a Tro- 
jan. 

Tros, -ois, [Gr. Tp'j>s~\, m., a king of 
Phrygia, after whom Troy and the 
Trojans were said to have been 
named. — As adj., Trojan. — As 
subst, a Trojan.— 'PL, the Tro- 
jans. 



Vocabulary. 



159 



truculentus, -a, -um, [stem akin 
to trux + lentus], adj., savage, 
churlish. 

trunco, are, -avi, -atum, [trunco- 
(as if a-stem) -f 0], v. tr. I, cut 
off, strip. 

truncus, -I, [?], m., trunk (of tree), 
body (of a man). 

trux, trueis, [?], adj., savage. 

tfi, tui, [V TU ]> P ron -> thou, you. 

tuba, -ae, [?], f, trumpet. 

tueor, -eri, tuitus (tutus), [prob. 
ftuo- (cf. aedituus) + eo], v. 
dep. 2, {look after ?) , guard, pro- 
tect, behold, see, gaze at. — See 
also tutus. 

turn, [pron. stem fto- (cf. iste), 
perh. ace. (cf. num, duin)], adv., 
then, thereupon. 

tumeo, -ere, -ul, no sup., [prob. 
ftumo- (cf. tumulus, etc.) + 
eo], v. intr. 2, swell, be sivollen, 
be puffed up (as with pride). 

tumes^o, -ere, tumui, [tume (as 
stem of tumeo) -f sco], v. intr. 
3, swell, be puffed up. 

tumidus, -a, -um, [ftumo- (cf. 
tumeo) -f dus], adj., swelling, 
sivollen. 

tumulo, -are, -avi, -atum, [tu- 
mulo- (as if a-stem) + o], v. 
tr. I, entomb. 

tumultus, -us, [tumulo- (reduced) 
+ tus], m., szuelling crowd or 
noise, disturbance. 

tumulus, -I, [ftumo- (cf. tumeo) 
-f lus], m., {swelling) , hill, mound, 
tomb. 

tunc, [tum-ce], adv., then, at that 
time (more demonstrative than 
tuiri), at that point. 

tundo, -ere, tutudi, tnsum (tun- 
sum), [y"ruD, formed with n], v. 
tr. 3, beat, pound. 

tunica, -ae, [?, perh. corrupted 



and further formed from Gr. %t- 

t<x>v~\, f., tunic (the inner garment 

of the ancients). 
turba, -ae, [apparently ^/tur ? + 

ba], f., {whirl), throng, crowd, 

number (great), body. — Hence, 

the people (as opposed to princes). 
turbo, -are, -avi, -atum, [turba 

-f o], v. tr. I, (make a disorderly 

crowd disperse), drive away (in 

disorder), drive. — Also, confuse, 

disturb. — p.p., in disorder, angry 

(mare). 
turbo, -inis, [turba + o], m., 

whirl, whirlwind, spiral. — Less 

exactly, rush (militiae). 
Turnus, -I, m., a Rutulian king, 

who, as a suitor for the hand of 

Lavinia, resisted the settlement of 

yEneas in Latium, and was finally 

slain by him. 
turpis, -e, [?], adj., unsightly, ugly, 

unbecoming, vile. — Morally, base. 
turpiter, [turpi + ter], adv., 

vilely, basely , foully . 
turris, -is, [Gr. rvpais], f., tower, 

tozvering roof. 
turtur, -uris, [prob. from sound], 

m, turtle dove. 
tus, turis, [?], n., incense. — Also 

pi. 
tutela, -ae, [tuto- (or kindred 

stem) -f- ela], f., guardianship. — 

Concretely, guardian. 
tutor, -ari, -atus, [tuto- (as if 

a-stem) + o], v. dep., guard, 

protect. 
tutus, -a, -um, [p.p. of tueor], as 

adj., protected, defended, safe (cf. 

securus), secure, in safety. — 

Abl., tuto, safely. 
tuus, -a, -um, [tu -f us], adj., 

{thine), your, yours. — PI. as 

nora., your (friends, subjects, 

etc.). 



i6o 



Vocabulary. 



Tydldes, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], 
m., son of Tydeus, Diomedes. 

tympanum, -l, [Gr. Tvfx-rravov'], n., 
drum. 

Tyndarides, -ae, [Gr. TwSaplSris], 
m., son of Tyndarus (king of 
Sparta) . — Esp. pi., Castor and 
Pollux, sons of Tyndarus. 

Typhoeus, -el, (eos), [Gr. Tu<£a>- 
eus],m., a giant also called Typhon. 
According to a fable, he was 
struck by lightning, and buried 
under the island of Sicily, his 
fiery breath issuing from the vol- 
cano Mt. NlViZ.. He seems to 
have been a type of volcanoes in 
general. 

tyrannus, -I, [Gr. Tvpawos~\, m., 
king, monarch. 

Tyrius, -a, -um, [fTyro- (re- 
duced) + ius], adj., of Tyre, 
Tyrian. — As Tyre was famous for 
its purple (red) dye, purple, red, 
brilliant. 

U. 

fiber, -eris, [? cf. uber, fertile'], n., 
udder. 

fiber, -eris, [? cf. uber, udder], 
adj., fruitful, plentiful, abound- 
ing, fertile. 

ubi, [?], dat. or loc. of qui], adv., 
where, when. 

ubique, [ubi-que, cf. quisque], 
adv., everyzvhere. 

fidus, -a, -um, [fuvo- (cf. uveo), 
-f dus], adj., moist, wet, dripping. 

ulciscor, -I, ultus, [ulc- (as root) 
formed with -sco], v. dep. 3, 
avenge, revenge, punish. 

Ulixes, -is, (-el, -i), [dialectic 
form of Gr. 'Oduaa-evs], m., Ulys- 
ses, a Greek hero of the Trojan 
war famed for his cunning. His 
wife was Penelope, 



fillus, -a, -um, [prob. for funulus 
(uno -f lus)], adj. pron., any. — 
Without noun, anybody. 

ulmus, -1, [?], f., elm. 

ulna, -ae, [?], f., elbow, arm (as 
used in an embrace). 

ulterior, -ius, [fultero (cf. ultra) 
-f ior], did]., farther, later. — n., 
ulterius, as adv., farther, longer. 
— Superl., ultimus, last, last of, 
farthest. 

ultimus, see ulterior. 

ultor, -oris, [ulc- (as root of ul- 
ciscor) + tor], m., avenger. 

ultra, [unc. case-form (prob. instr.) 
of fulterus (ul -J- terus)], adv., 
farther, longer, more. — As prep., 
beyond. 

ultrix, -icis, [ulc- (as root of 
ulciscor) -f- trix], f., avenger. — 
As adj., avenging, vengeful. 

ultro, [dat. (cf. eo) of fulterus 
(cf. ultra)], adv., {to the farther 
side). — Hence, beyond (what is 
expected, etc.), tmprovoked, in 
offensive war, gratuitously, of 
one's own accord. 

ululatus, -fis, [ulula + tus], m., 
scream, cry. 

ululo, -are, -avi, -atum, [stem 
formed from the sound +0], v. 
intr. I, hoivl, cry, scream. 

ulva, -ae, [ ?] , f., sedge. 

umbra, -ae, [?], f., shade, dark- 
ness, shadow. — Esp., a shade (de- 
parted spirit). — PI., the Shades, 
the world below. 

umbrosus, -a, -um, [umbra -f 
osus], adj., shady. 

umeo (hum-), -ere, no perf., no 
sup., [?, perh. humo + eo], v. 
intr. 2, be wet, be moist. — pres. p., 
moist, wet, damp. 

umerus (hum-), -i, [?], m., shoul- 
der. 



Vocabulary, 



161 



umidus, (hum-), -a, -um, [? , 

perh. kmo + dus], adj., moist, 
wet. 

amor (hum-), -oris, [um- (as if 
root of umeo) + or], m., moist- 
ure, liquid. 

umquam (unq-), [prob. cum + 
qtiam, cf. ubi and quisquam], 
adv., ever, at any time. 

una, [case (prob. instr.) of unus], 
adv., together y at the same time, 
with (anybody). 

uucus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hooked, 
curved. 

unrla, -ae, [?], f., wave, tvater (in 
any form) . — PL, waves, sea, water, 
waters, stream. 

unde, [?, akin to ubi], adv., (interr. 
and rel.), whence, wherefrom,from 
whence, whereupon. 

undeoimus, -a, -um, [undecim + 
mus], adj., eleventh. 

undique, [unde-que, cf. quisque], 
adv., fro7n every quarter, on all- 
sides, on every hand. 

ungo (unguo), -ere, unxi, unc- 
tuiii, [?], v. tr. 3, anoint. 

unguis, -is, [?], m., nail, talon, 
claw. 

ungula, -ae, [ungui- (or kindred 
stem) -f la], f., hoof. 

unguo, see uugo. 

unicolor, -oris, [uno-color], adj., 
of one color. 

unicus, -a, -um, [uno -f- cus], 
adj., single, the only, unique, one. 

unus, -a, -um, [?, old oenus, unc. 
root], adj., one, a single, alone: 
non unus {not one only). — Also, 
not the same: in unum (to- 
gether). — Also pi., with plural 
nouns. 

urbs, urbis, [?], f., city. — Esp., the 
Cily (Rome). 

urgeo (gueo), -ere, ursi, no 



sup., [?], v. tr. 2, press, press upon, 
press on, roll tip, pursue. 

urna, -ae, [?], f., jar, water-jar t 
burial urn. 

uro, -ere, ussi, ustum, [?], v. tr. 
3, burn, consume. — Pass., burn, 
(intrans.), be seared, be scorched. 
— Also, burn with love, burn. — ■ 
p.p., ustus, burning. 

ursa, ae, [?], f., she-bear. 

usquam, [case-form akin to ubi 
(cf. usque, obs. subs) + quam 
(cf. quisquam)], adv., anywhere 
(with negatives) . 

usque [us (cf. usquam) -f que 
(cf. quisque)], adv., all the way 
(to a place) , to that degree, as far 
as, even to. — Also,, ever, con- 
stantly (of time). 

ustus, p.p. of uro. 

usus, -us, [unc. root (in utor) -f- 
tus], m., use, experience, advan- 
tage, service, result. — Also, use 
(habit), habit, enjoyment, loan 
(use of a thing). — Hence, need : 
praebere usum (Jake the place 
of). 

usus, -a, -um, p.p. of utor. 

ut (uti), [unc. form akin to unde, 
etc.], conj. (interr. and rel.), 
how ? when ? — With indicative, 
when, as, just as, as if (with a 
noun), in proportion as. — With 
subjunctive, that, in order that, so 
that, to, although, though : ut . . . 
sic (although . . . yet) ; ut quis- 
que, etc., whenever any one, etc. 

uter, utra, utrum, [u- (as in ubi) 
-f terus], pron. (interr. and rel.), 
which (of two). 

uterque, utraque, utrumque, 
[uter-que (cf. quisque)], pron., 
each (of two), both : Phoebus 
(i.e. rising and selling sun); 
inter utrumque (between the 



1 62 



Vocabulary. 



two); utrumque prohibeo 
(either). 

uterus, -I, [?], m., belly, womb. — 
Hence, offspring. 

uti, see ut. 

utilis, -e, [as if futo- (akin to 
utor) + lis], adj., useful, benefi- 
cial, valuable. 

utilitas, -atis, [utili + tas], f., 
usefulness, advantage. 

utiliter, [utili + ter], adv., advan- 
tageously, to advantage, better (to 
more profit), to one's help. 

utinam, [uti-nam (cf. quisnam)], 
conj., {how in the world) , would that. 

utor, -T, nsus, [?, cf. utilis], v. 
dep. 3, use, employ, avail one's self 
of take advantage of, take (con- 
siliis) . 

utrimque, [utrim (cf. nine, 
illim) -f que (cf. quisque)], 
adv., on both sides. 

uva, -ae, [?], f, bunch of grapes, 
grapes. 

uxor, -oris, [?], f., wife. 



vacca, -ae, [?], f., cow, heifer. 
vaco, -are, -avi, -atum, [?, cf. 

vacuus], v. intr. I, be ei?ipty, be 

devoid of, have roo?n for. 
vacuus, -a, -um, [prob. for vaci- 

vus (stem akin to vaco) + vus], 

adj., e7npty, void {of), unoccupied, 

vacated, deserted. 
vado, -ere, no perf., no sup., [?], v. 

intr. 3, go, come, depart, begone 

(vade procul). 
vadum, -T, [ ?], n., shallows, channel. 
vagina, -ae, [?], f., sheath. 
vagor, -ari, -atus, [vago- (as if a- 

stem) + o], v. dep. I, rove, ra?7ible, 

wander. 
vagus, -a, -um, [?], adj., roving, 



wandering, unsteady, uncertain 
wild, flying. 
valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, [?], be 

strong, be well, be able, have power, 
prevail, avail: vale (farewell). 

— pres. p., valens, stout, strong. 
validus, -a, -um, [as if vale 

(stem of valeo) -f dus], adj., 
stout, strong, sturdy, violent. 

vallis (-es), -is, [?], f., valley. 

valva, -ae, [?], i.,door (one side of 
double doors). — PI., doors. 

vanesco, -ere, vanui, no sup., 
[vano- (as if a-stem) + o], v. 
intr. 3, vanish. 

van us, -a, -um, [?, perh. vac- (in 
vacuus) + nus], adj., empty, use- 
less, idle, ineffectual, vain, false, 
untruthful. 

vapor, -oris, [?, unc. root (cf. 
vapidus) -f- or], m., steam, smoke, 
heat, fiery breath, vapor. 

vario, -are, -avi, -atum, [vario- 
(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. I, 
change. — Also, intr., waver, be at 
variance. 

varius, -a, -um, [varo + ius], 
adj., {crooked, irregular ?), vari- 
ous, variegated, spotted, parti-col- 
ored. — Also, various parts of, 
many kinds of. 

Varro, -onis, [?], m., a Roman 
name. — Esp., Varro Atacinus 
(82-37 B.C.), who translated into 
Latin the Argonautica of Apollo- 
nius Rhodius. 

vastator, -oris, [vasta -f tor], 
m., devastator, ravisher. 

vastus, -a, -um, [?], adj., vast, 
monstrous, enormous. — Also (wh. 
meaning is original is uncertain), 
waste, desolate. 

vates, -is, [?], c, soothsayer, seer. 

— Hence, bard (inspired) , poet, 
singer, poetess. 



Vocabulary. 



163 



-ve, [?], conj. (enclitic), or : neve 

{and not). 
vecto, -are, -avl, -atum, [vecto- 

(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. 1, carry, 

bear. — Pass., ride. 
veetus, p.p. of veho. 
velio, -ere, vexi, vectum, 

[^/ve^h], v. tr. 3, bear, carry. 

— Pass., be borne, ride. — p.p. vee- 
tus, riding, sailing. 
vel, [prob. imperative of volo], 

conj., or: vel . . . vel, either 

. . . or. — Also, even. 
velamen, -inis, [vela -f men], n., 

covering, garments. 
velifer, -era, -erum, [velo-fer 

(for ferus)], adj., sail-bearing, 

sail-clad. 
vello, -ere, vulsi, vulsum, [?], 

v. tr. 3, pluck, pull up, pull, tear. 
vellus, eris, [veil- (as root of 

vello) + us], n., fleece (plucked), 
fleece, coat (of hair), wool, skin. — 

Less exactly, sheep. 
velo, -are, -avl, -atum, [velo- (as 

if a-stem) + o], v. tr. 1, cover, 

veil. — p.p., vela tus, clothed. 
veloeiter [veloci- (as stem of 

(velox) + ter], adv., swiftly. 
velox, -ocis, [stem akin to volo 

(perh. its root) + ox], adj., 

swift, fleet, active (ingenium). 
velum, -1, [?, cf. velo], n., awn- 
ing, sail, veil. 
velut (velutl), [vel ut], conj., as 

if like, as it were. 
vena, -ae, [?], f., vein (of the 

body, of earth, or a stream of 

water), metal, vitality. 
venabulum, -I, [vena -j- bulum], 

n., hunting- spear. 
venatus, -us, [vena + tus], m., 

hunting, the chase. 
venefica, -ae, [unc. stem (akin to 

venerium) -f ficus (yTAC + 



us)], f., poisoner. — Also (from 
use of drugs), enchantress. 

veueuifer, -era, -erum, [veneno- 
fer (for ferus)], adj., poisonous? 
venomous. 

veneuum, -I, [?, perh. fvene- 
(stem of lost verb, poss. akin to 
venor) + num], n., poison, drug, 
charm, venom. 

veneror, -ari, -atus, [vener- (as 
stem of Venus) -f o], v. dep. 1, 
worship (orig. Venus), venerate. 

veuia, -ae, [?, akin to Venus], f., 
grace, indulgence, pardon, excuse. 

venio, -ire, veni, ventum, [ v'ven 
formed with i], v. intr. 4, come, 
arrive. 

venter, -tris, [?], m., belly. 

ventus, -1, [unc. root + tus], m., 
wind. 

Venus, -eris, [^/ven (akin to Sk. 
^/van) + us (cf. genus)], f., 
grace, beauty. — Esp., Venus, the 
goddess of love and beauty. — 
Also (cf. Ceres, com), love. — 
Concretely, a loved one. 

vepris (-es), -is, [?], f., bramble. 

ver, veris, [?], n., spring (time). 

verbena, -ae, [?], f., sacred herb. 

verber, -eris, [?], n., lash. 

verbero, -are, -avl, -atum, [ver- 
ber + o], v. tr. I, lash, beat.-— 
Less exactly, ply (with). 

verbosus, -a, -una, [verbS + 
osus], adj., wordy, prolix. 

verbum, -i, [?], n., word, words, 
language. 

vere, [old abl. of verus], adv., 
truly {with truth), really. 

verecundus, -a, -um, [vere + 
cundus], adj., shy, diffident, modest. 

vereor, -erf, veritus, [?], v. dep. 
2, fear (weaker than timeo), be 
fearful of, be alarmed. — Ger., 
verendus, venerable. 



164 



Vocabulary. 



Vergilius (the proper Latin spell- 
ing, not VIrg-), -I (ii), [?, cf. 
Vergiliae], m., a Roman gentile 
name. — Esp., Publius Vergilias 
Maro, Virgil (the established 
English word, cf. Horace, Livy, 
Leghorn), the poet of the ^Eneid, 
etc. 

vergo, -ere, no perf., no sup., [?], 
v. tr. 3, incline. — Hence, pour. 

verno, -are, avi, -atum, [verno- 
(as if a-stem) + o], v. intr. 1, 
bloom. 

vermis, -a, -um, [ver -f nus], 
adj., of the spring, spring. 

vero, [abl. of verus], adv., in 
truth, truly, in fact. — Transi- 
tional (introducing a new mo- 
ment) , but : ut vero {but when) ; 
turn vero, then (with emphasis). 

Verona, -ae, [akin to Verus], f., 
a city of Cisalpine Gaul, the birth- 
place of the poet Catullus (still 
called Verona). 

verro, -ere, verrl, versum, [?], 
v. tr. 3, sweep. — Often fig., as in 
English. 

verso (vorso), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[verso- (as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. 
I, turn (repeatedly), stir, twirl, 
whirl. 

versus, -a, -um, p.p. of verto. 

versus, -us, [^/vert (of verto) + 
tus], m., a turn, a turning. So, 
a furrow, a line, a row, and esp., 
a verse (of poetry), poetry. 

vertex (vortex), -icis, [fverto- 
(akin to verto) + ex], m., {whorl 
on the head, crown) . — Hence, 
eddy, head, top, summit, crown. 

vertigo, -inis, [fverto- (cf. ver- 
tex) -f go (perh. really vertic + 
0?], f., whirling. 

verto (vorto) , -ere, vertl (vorti), 
versum (vorsum), [-^/vert], 



v. tr. 3, turn, change, convert, 
overturn. — Hence, drive (of cat- 
tle). — Pass., be turned, turn (in- 
trans.). 

verum, [n. ace. of verus], adv., 
in truth, however, but. 

verus, -a, -um, [?], adj., true, un- 
doubted, real. — N. as noun, truth. 

vesper, -eri (-eris), [?, cf. Hespe- 
rus], m., evening-star. — Hence, 
evening, the west. 

Vesta, -ae, [?, cf. k<j Ha, poss. ^/ves, 
dzvell? (cf. Sk. vas and &<ttu, but 
also ver) + ta], f., the goddess of 
household fire. She is the em- 
blem of household purity and fam- 
ily life. Her sacred fire was kept 
constantly burning in charge of 
the vestal virgins at Rome. — Also, 
the household fire, the hearth. 

vester, -tra, -trum, [vos + ter], 
adj., your, yours. 

vestigium, [fvestigo + ium], n., 
track, footstep, print (of foot) , sole 
(of foot) . — Hence, trace (gener- 
ally)^ 

vestigo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fves- 
tigo- (as if a-stem) + 0], v. tr. 1, 
trace, track. 

vestio, -ire, -Ivi, (-ii), -Itum, 
[vesti + o] , v. tr. 4, clothe, cover, 
adorn. 

vestis, -is, [y'VES (cf. £<r0j)s, Skt. 
y'VAS, clothe) + tis], f., clothing, 
clothes, garment, robe. 

veto, -are, -ui, -itum, [prob. akin 
to vetus] , v. tr. I , forbid, bid not 
(to, etc.). 

vetus, veteris, [?, cf. eros, year], 
adj. (prob. orig. noun), old, an- 
cient. 

vetustas, -atis, [vetus + tas], f., 
antiquity, lapse of time. 

vetustus, -a, -um, [vetus + tus, 
(cf. robustus)], adj., ancient. 



Vocabulary. 



65 



via, -ae, [?, perh. for fvehia, 
akin to xehoj, [., path, way, road, 
course, journey. 

viator, -oris, [via- (prob. stem of 
f vio, cf. iuvio) + tor] , m., way- 
farer. 

vibro, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr. 

1, shake, brandish. — Also, intrans., 
quiver. — p.p., quivering. 

vlciiiia, -ae, [vicino + ia], f., 
proximity, vicinity, the vicinity, 
neighborhood. — Concretely, neigh- 
bors. 

victims, -a, -urn, [vied + inns], 
adj., {belonging to the samev'\Q,Vi'&), 
near, neighboring, near by. — N. 
pi., vicina, the neighborhood. 

fvicis, vicis, [?], f . , (defect.), 
change, vicissitude : in vices, in 
vicera (in turn). 

victima, -ae, [victo + ma (f. of 
mus)], f. (orig. conquered enemy 
or the like), victim (in sacrifice). 

victor, -oris, [ V VIC ( in vinco) + 
tor], m., victor. — As adj., victo- 
rious, conquering. 

victoria, -ae, [victor + ia], f., 
victory. 

victrix, -Icis, [V VIC ( in vinco) 
+ trix], f., victor (female). — 
As adj. (f. and n.), victorious, 
successful. 

victus, -us, [unc. root (of vivo) 
4- tus], m.,food, subsistence. 

victus, -a, -11m, p.p. of vinco. 

video, -ere, vid.1, visum, [partly 
fr. fvido- (cf. invidus)], v. tr. 

2, see, behold, look upon. — Pass., 
be seen, seem, appear. — Hence, 
seem good : visi dolores {the sight 
of, etc.) : videndo (at the sight). 

viduus, -a, -um, [y'viD (separate) 
-f vus], adj., widowed, lonely, soli- 
tary (noctes, lectus). 

vigeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., [prob. 



fvigd (cf. vigil) + eo], v. intr. 2, 
flourish, be strong, be vigorous, be 
great (fama). 

vigil, vigilis, [f vigo- (cf. vigeo) 
+ lis (reduced)], adj., awake, 
wide awake, watchful, wakeful. 

vigilax, -acis, [vigila 4- cus (re- 
duced)], adj., -watchful, wakeful. 

vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum, [vigil- 
(as if a-stem)], v. intr. 1, wake, 
lie awake, watch. — pres. p., awak- 
ing, wakeful, watchful. 

vigor, -oris, [vig- (as root of 
vigeo) + or], m., strength, vigor, 
power. 

vilis, -e, [?], adj., cheap. — Hence, 
of little account, worthless, poor, 
mean. 

villa, -ae, [poss. for fvinola, cf. 
v ilium], f., (vineyard ?), farm- 
house. 

viliosus, -a, -um, [villo + osus], 
adj., shaggy, hairy. 

villus, -i, [?, cf. vellus], m., [usu- 
ally plu.), hair (of animals), coat. 
— Hence, nap (of cloth). 

vimen, -inis, [vi- (as root or stem 
of vieo) -f men], n., osier, twig 
(flexible). 

vincio, -Ire, vinxT, vlnctum, [?, 
prob. fvinco- (or i-) -f o], v. tr. 
4, bind, fasten, chain, wind, en- 
twine. 

vinclum, see vinculum. 

vinco, -ere, vici, victum, [unc. 
root (prob vie)], v. tr. 3, over- 
come, overpozver, vanquish, con- 
quer, prevail over. — pp., over- 
thrown, prevailed on, exhausted, 
baffled. 

vinculum (vinclum), -T, [vinco- 
(cf. vincio) + lum], n., fasten- 
ing, band, bond, chain, cord, lacing 
(of sandals), strings. 

vindex, -icis, [unc. stem (akin to 



1 66 



Vocabulary. 



vis) -f dex (y'Dic as stem), 
perh. made by analogy from 
vindico (cf. judex, judico)], 

a, (claimant, in law). — Hence, 
champion (upholder of rights and 
punisher of wrongs), avenger, 
prosecutor, defender. — As adj., 
avenging. 

vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, [vin- 
dic- (stem of viudex) + o (but 
cf. viudex)], v. tr. I, claim, de- 
fend, assert, avenge. 

vludicta, -ae, [vindic- (stem of 
viudex) -f ta (perh. as in 
nauta)], f., claimant'' s staff. — 
Hence, championship, vengeance, 
punishment. 

vinetuui, -i, [vino + etum (as if 
fvine + turn)], n., vineyard. 

vinum, -i, [prob. borr. fr. olvos, but 
assimilated to vieo, vitis] , n. , wine. 

viola, -ae, [?], f., violet (poss. 
akin to vis through blue color, 
cf. ' black and blue '). 

vlolentia, -ae, [violento + ia], 
f M violence: vultus. {savage ex- 
pression of). 

violentus, -a, -um, [unc. stem 
(akin to vis) + lentus], adj., 
savage, violent, wrathful, unta?ned 
(of an unmarried maid). 

violo, -are, -avi, -atum, [fviola- 
(dimin. of vis?) + o], v. tr. I, 
injure, do violence to. 

vipera, -ae, [for fvivipara], f., 
viper, snake. 

vipereus, -a, -um, [vipera -f eus], 
adj., of vipers, of a {the) serpent, 
snaky. 

vir, viri, [?], m., husband, man, 
consort, hero, lord (as husband). 

virago, -inis, [?, akin to vir, 
perh. fviraco- (cf. vigilax) + o], 
f., manly zvoman, fierce maiden, 
warrior maid. 



vireo, -ere, no perf., no sup., [?, 
akin to vir or vis], v. intr. 2, 
bloom, flourish, grow strong, grow 
green. — pres. p., green. 

virga, -ae, [?, akin to viridis, 
vireo] , f., new shoot, twig, branch, 
osier, sapling, stalk. 

virgineus, -a, -um, [virgin -f 
eus], adj., of maidens, of a 
maiden, virgin, a maiden's : Hel- 
icon {loved of the Maids, i.e. the 
Muses). 

virginitas, -atis, [virgini- (as if 
stem of virgo) -f- tas], f., mai- 
denhood. 

virgo, -iuis, [prob. virga -j- o, cf. 
'scion,' 'a slip of a girl'], f., a 
maid, the maid. 

viridis, -e, [prob. fviro- (cf. vireo) 
-f dus, weakened], adj., green, 
fresh, blooming. 

virilis, -e, [viro + His] , adj., of a 
man, of the hero, of one's husband. 

virtus, -litis, [viro- (reduced) + 
tus], f., manliness, heroism, prow- 
ess. — Hence, virtue (quality of a 
true man), value (cf. 'virtue'). 

virus, -i, [akin to viridis], n., 
poison, venom. 

vis, vis, [ ?] , f., violence. force. — PL, 
forces, might, strength, powers, po- 
tency, influence, means. 

viscus, -eris, [?], n., bowels, inter- 
nal organs, flesh, body, ' bowels ' (of 
compassion, heart), soul. 

viso, -ere, visi, visum, [old de- 
siderative of video], v. tr. 3, go to 
see, visit, see. 

visus, -us, [y'viD + tus], m., 
sight. 

vita, -ae, [viv- (as root of vivo) + 
ta], f., life. 

vitio, -are, -avi, -atum, [vitio- 
(as if a-stem) + o], v. tr. 1, cause 
a flaw in, corrupt, vitiate, spoil, 



Vocabulary. 



167 



poison, injure, violate, change, 

make sterile. 
vitis, -is, [y/vi (in vieo) + tis], 

{., vine, 
vitiosus, -a, -um, [vitio + osus], 

a ( 1 j . , fa ulty, spoiled. 
vi tin in, -1, [?], n., flaw, crack, 

dross. — Also, morally, vice, cri?ne, 

fault. 
vito, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. tr. 

I, avoid, shun, escape. 
vitrum, -T, [prob. y/viD -f truni], 

n., glass. 
vitta, -ae, [?, cf. vieo], f., fillet. 
vitulus, -1, [prob. akin to vetus], 

m., {a yearling), bullock, calf. 
vivax, -aeis, [vivo- (or viv-, as 

root of vivo) -f ax], adj., tena- 
cious of life, long-lived. 
vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, [root of 

una form, as if vi(g)v], v. intr. 3, 

live. 
vivus, -a, -um, [root of unc. form, 

as if vi(g)v + us], adj., living, 

alive, still alive, in one's lifetime, 

native (rock), solid. 
vix, [?], adv., hardly, scarcely. 
vocalis, -e, [voc- (as stem of vox) 

-f alis], adj., vocal, tuneful. 
voco, -are, -avi, -atum, [yVoc, 

of unc. formation], v. tr. 1, call, 

summon, call upon, draw out: 

vocati, the summoned {gods). 
volatus, -us, [vola -f tus], m., 

flight, szvoop. 
Voleanus, see Vulcanus. 
volgus, and derivatives, see vul- 

giis. 
volito, -ar?, -avi, -atum, [volito- 

(as if p.p. of volo) + o], v. intr. 

i,flit,fly. 
volniis, and derivatives, see vul- 

nus. 
volo, -are, -avi, -atum, [?], v. 

intr. 1, fly. 



volo, velle, volui, no sup., [y'voL], 

v. tr. irr., zvish, be zvilling, will. 
Volturnus (Vul-), -i, [fvoltur + 

nus], m., a river of Campania 

{Volturnd). 
voltus, see vultus. 
volubilis, -e, [volvi- (as stem of 

volvo) + bilis], adj., rolling, 

winding, coiling. 
volucer, -oris, -ere, [volo- (as 

stem of volo or kindred stem) + 

cris], adj., flying, swift-flying, 

winged. — As noun, bird. — PI., 

The Birds, a work of Macer. 
volumen, -inis, [volvi- (as stem 

of volvo) + men], n., whirling, 

rolling, spinning, fold (of snake), 

roll. 
voluntas, -atis, [volent- (stem of 

pres. p. of volo) + tas], f., wish, 

desire. — Hence, esp., goodwill. 
voluptas, -atis, [volupi- (reduced) 

+ tas], f., pleasure, delight (con- 
cretely). 
voluto, -are, -avi, -atum, [voluto- 

(as if a-stem) -f o], v. tr. I, roll. 

— Fig., revolve (verba). 
volvo, -ere, volvi, volutum, [?], 

v. tr. 3, roll, fling. — Pass., be rolled, 

roll. 
vomer, -eris, [perb. akintovomo], 

m., ploughshare, plough. 
vomo, -ere, -111, -itum, [?, cf. 

eue'a>], v. tr. 3, throw up, vomit, 

throzv out, send for tk, breathe forth. 
vorto, and derivatives, see verto. 
vos, pi. of tu. 
votum, -T, [n. p.p. of voveo], n., 

vo?a, prayer, desire, hope (object 

prayed for). 
voveo, -ere, vovi, votum, [?], v. 

tr. 2, vow, pray for, pray. 
vox, vocis, [^/voc, as stem], f., 

voice, sound, word. — Sometime? 

better trans., lips. 



1 68 



Vocabulary. 



&t-j> 



Vulcanius (Vol-), -a, -urn, [Vul- 
cano + ius], adj., of Vulcan. — 
Less exactly, of fire. 

Vulcanus (Vol-), -I, [?], m., Vul- 
can, the god of tire in its mechan- 
ical and destructive forms. — Less 
exactly, fire. 

vulgo (volgo), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[vulgo- (as if a-stem) -f o], v. tr. 
I, make common, spread abroad, 
make known. — p.p., famed, com- 
mon. 

valgus (volg-), -I, [?], n., the 
crowd, the people. 

vulnero (voln-), -are, -avi, -atum, 
[vulner- (as stem of vulnus) + 
o], v. tr. I, wourd. 

vulnificus (voln-), -a, -urn, 
[fvolno- (perh. only vulnus, re- 
duced) + ficus], adj., deadly. 

vulnus (voln-), -eris, [akin to 
vi»llo (i.e. vein 4- us)], n., wound, 
attempted wound, thrust: vulnera 
minitans {to wound). 



vultur (vol), -uris, [?], m., vul- 
ture. 

vultus (vol-), -us, [Vvol + tus], 
m., expression, countenance, face. 

X. 

Xanthus, -I, [Gr. s.di>6os~], m., i. A 
river of the Troad; 2. A river in 
Lycia, a favorite haunt of Apollo. 



Z. 



Zacynthos (-us), -i, [Gr. Zolkw- 

0os], f., an island in the Ionian 

Sea (now Zante). 
Zephyrus, -I, [Gr. Ze^upoy], m., 

Zephyr us (the west wind) . — Less 

exactly, wind (from any quarter), 

zephyr. 
zmaragdus (sm-),-I, [Gr. (/xapay- 

5-ts~\, f., emerald. 
zona, -ae, [Gr. £&vt\\, f., girdle* 

zone. 



